Category Archives: Father, Son and Holy Spirit

Father, Son and Holy Spirit – Part 4

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This is a continuation of my intent to become much more familiar with the Greek translation of יְהֹוָ֨ה (Yᵊhōvâ) and יֱהֹוִה֙ (yᵊhōvâ) in the Septuagint.  There were no occurrences of either in Genesis 1:1-19.

I did find forms of אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) translated with forms of θεός, both translated God (G-d) in English.[1]  I also discovered וְר֣וּחַ (rûaḥ) אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘ĕlōhîm), translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ (a form of θεός) in the Septuagint and the spirit of G-d (Tanakh), the Spirit of God (NET, English Elpenor) or a divine wind (NETS) in English.[2]

I began this thread thinking I lacked the language to describe the relationship of יְהֹוָ֨ה (Yᵊhōvâ), יֱהֹוִה֙ (yᵊhōvâ) and וְר֣וּחַ (rûaḥ) אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘ĕlōhîm) to אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm).  But Paul described the relationship of וְר֣וּחַ (rûaḥ) אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘ĕlōhîm) to אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) with the following analogy (1 Corinthians 2:9-11 NET):

But just as it is written, “Things that no eye has seen, or ear heard, or mind imagined, are the things God (θεὸς) has prepared for those who love him.”  God (θεὸς) has revealed these to us by the[3] Spirit (πνεύματος, a form of πνεῦμα).  For the Spirit (πνεῦμα) searches[4] all things, even the deep things of God (θεοῦ, a form of θεὸς).  For who among men knows the things of a man except the man’s spirit (πνεῦμα) within him?  So too, no one knows[5] the things of God (θεοῦ, a form of θεὸς) except the Spirit (πνεῦμα) of God (θεοῦ, a form of θεὸς).

According to a note (7) in the NET, Paul quoted Isaiah 64:4.  A table comparing Paul’s Greek to that of the Septuagint follows.

1 Corinthians 2:9b (NET Parallel Greek)

 Isaiah 64:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 64:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδεν καὶ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν καὶ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἀνέβη, |ἃ| ἡτοίμασεν ὁ θεὸς τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσαμεν οὐδὲ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν εἶδον θεὸν πλὴν σοῦ καὶ τὰ ἔργα σου ἃ ποιήσεις τοῗς ὑπομένουσιν ἔλεον ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσαμεν, οὐδὲ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν εἶδον Θεὸν πλὴν σοῦ καὶ τὰ ἔργα σου, ἃ ποιήσεις τοῖς ὑπομένουσιν ἔλεον

1 Corinthians 2:9b (NET)

 Isaiah 64:4 (NETS)

Isaiah 64:4 (English Elpenor)
Things that no eye has seen, or ear heard, or mind imagined, are the things God has prepared for those who love him. From ages past we have not heard, nor have our eyes seen any God besides you, and your works, which will do to those who wait for mercy. From of old we have not heard, neither have our eyes seen a God beside thee, and thy works which thou wilt perform to them that wait for mercy.

I’m more inclined to consider this an allusion to, even Paul’s amplification of, Isaiah 64:4.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Isaiah 64:4 (Tanakh) Isaiah 64:4 (NET) Isaiah 64:4 (NETS)

Isaiah 64:4 (English Elpenor)
For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God (אֱלֹהִים֙), beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him. Since ancient times no one has heard or perceived, no eye has seen any God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) besides you, who intervenes for those who wait for him. From ages past we have not heard, nor have our eyes seen any God (θεὸν) besides you, and your works, which will do to those who wait for mercy. From of old we have not heard, neither have our eyes seen a God (Θεὸν) beside thee, and thy works which thou wilt perform to them that wait for mercy.

New Testament Greek – 1 Corinthians 2:9 (NET)
But just as it is written, “Things that no eye has seen, or ear heard, or mind imagined, are the things God (ὁ θεὸς) has prepared for those who love him.”

The English translation of the Tanakh on Chabad.org reads: And whereof no one had ever heard, had ever perceived by ear, no eye had ever seen a god besides You perform for him who hoped for him.[6]  While the equation of those who wait for him (NET), those who wait for mercy (NETS) or who hoped for him (Chabad.org) with those who love him (NET) is intriguing, I’ll content myself here with the equation of אֱלֹהִים֙ (‘ĕlōhîm), Θεὸν (a form of Θεός) and ὁ θεὸς.  Paul also commented on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to believers (Romans 8:26, 27 NET).

In the same way, the Spirit (τὸ πνεῦμα) helps us in our weakness,[7] for we do not know how we should pray,[8] but[9] the Spirit (τὸ πνεῦμα) himself intercedes for us[10] with inexpressible groanings.  And he who searches our hearts knows the mind of the Spirit (τοῦ πνεύματος), because the Spirit intercedes on behalf of the saints according to God’s (θεὸν, a form of θεός) will.

Jesus said (John 3:6-8 NET):

What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit (τοῦ πνεύματος) is spirit (πνεῦμα).  Do not be amazed that I said to you, ‘You must all be born from above.’  The wind (τὸ πνεῦμα) blows wherever it will, and you hear the sound it makes, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going.  So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit (τοῦ πνεύματος).

I’ll continue in Genesis with the fifth day of creation.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 1:20, 21 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:20, 21 (NET) Genesis 1:20, 21 (NETS) Genesis 1:20, 21 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) said: ‘Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let fowl fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven’. God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.” And God (ὁ θεός) said, “Let the waters bring forth creeping things among living creatures and birds flying on the earth against the firmament of the sky.”  And it became so. And God (ὁ Θεός) said, Let the waters bring forth reptiles having life, and winged creatures flying above the earth in the firmament of heaven, and it was so.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) created the great sea-monsters, and every living creature that creepeth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after its kind, and every winged fowl after its kind; and G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) saw that it was good. God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) created the great sea creatures and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.  God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) saw that it was good. And God (ὁ θεὸς) made the great sea monsters and every creature among creeping animals, which the waters brought forth according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to kind.  And God (ὁ θεὸς) saw that they were good. And God (ὁ Θεὸς) made great whales, and every living reptile, which the waters brought forth according to their kinds, and every creature that flies with wings according to its kind, and God (ὁ Θεός) saw that they were good.

This is another example of the truth of God’s word: He does what He says and makes it so.  And here again טֽוֹב (ṭôḇ), translated καλά (a form of καλός) in the Septuagint and good in English, serves in my opinion as an innate and self-imposed limit on God’s absolute power and authority.  It is worth a moment to consider the definitions of καλός in the Koine Greek Lexicon: “beautiful (in appearance), fair; good and pleasing in appearance, beautiful; good, useful; conducive to pleasure and enjoyment; advantageous, beneficial, desirable; free from defects, fine, precious; morally good, honest, noble, praiseworthy, contributing to salvation; blameless, excellent, unobjectionable; free from defects, fine, precious; pleasant, desirable, advantageous.”

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 1:22-23 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:22-23 (NET) Genesis 1:22-23 (NETS) Genesis 1:22-23 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) blessed them, saying: ‘Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth’ [Table]. God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the water in the seas, and let the birds multiply on the earth.” And God (ὁ θεὸς) blessed them, saying, “Increase, and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth [Table]. And God (ὁ Θεός) blessed them saying, Increase and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let the creatures that fly be multiplied on the earth.
And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day. There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day. And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a fifth day. And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.

God blessed them.  The Hebrew word translated blessed was וַיְבָ֧רֶךְ (bāraḵ), which was translated ηὐλόγησεν and εὐλόγησεν (both forms of εὐλογέω) in the Septuagint.  God gives the gifts He deems appropriate to whomever He chooses to give them.  His word is gracious.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 1:24, 25 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:24, 25 (NET) Genesis 1:24, 25 (NETS) Genesis 1:24, 25 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֗ים) said: ‘Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind’ And it was so. God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.”  It was so. And God (ὁ θεός) said, “Let the earth bring forth the living creature according to kind: quadrapeds and creeping things and wild animals of the earth according to kind.”  And it became so. And God (ὁ Θεός) said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature according to its kind, quadrupeds and reptiles and wild beasts of the earth according to their kind, and it was so.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִים֩) made the beast of the earth after its kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the ground after its kind; and G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) saw that it was good. God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds.  God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) saw that it was good. And God (ὁ θεὸς) made the wild animals of the earth according to kind and the cattle according to kind and all the creeping things of the earth according to their kind.  And God (ὁ θεὸς) saw that they were good. And God (ὁ Θεὸς) made the wild beasts of the earth according to their kind, and cattle according to their kind, and all the reptiles of the earth according to their kind, and God (ὁ Θεός) saw that they were good.

Here is yet another example of the truth of God’s word.  He does what He says and makes it so.  And again the qualifier טֽוֹב (ṭôḇ), translated καλά (a form of καλός) in the Septuagint and good in English occurs in the text.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 1:26, 27 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:26, 27 (NET) Genesis 1:26, 27 (NETS) Genesis 1:26, 27 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) said: ‘Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth’. Then God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) said, “Let us make humankind in our image, after our likeness, so they may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.” Then God (ὁ θεός) said, “Let us make humankind according to our image and according to likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and the cattle and all the earth and all the creeping things that creep upon the earth.” And God (ὁ Θεός) said, Let us make man according to our image and likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the flying creatures of heaven, and over the cattle and all the earth, and over all the reptiles that creep on the earth.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֤ים) created man in His own image, in the image of G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) created He him; male and female created He them [Table]. God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) created humankind in his own image, in the image of God (‘ĕlōhîm, אלהים) he created them, male and female he created them. And God (ὁ θεὸς) made humankind; according to divine (θεοῦ) image he made it; male and female he made them [Table]. And God (ὁ Θεὸς) made man, according to the image of God (Θεοῦ) he made him, male and female he made them.

Here is another example of the truth of God’s word.  He does what He says and makes it so.  There were no occurrences of either יְהֹוָ֨ה (Yᵊhōvâ) or יֱהֹוִה֙ (yᵊhōvâ) in Genesis 1:20-27.  I’ll pick this up in another essay.

Tables comparing Isaiah 64:4; Genesis 1:20; 1:21; 1:23; 1:24; 1:25 and 1:26 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET; and tables comparing the Greek of Isaiah 64:4; Genesis 1:20; 1:21; 1:23; 1:24; 1:25 and 1:26 in the BLB and Elpenor versions of the Septuagint, and tables comparing 1 Corinthians 2:10, 11 and Romans 8:26 in the NET and KJV follow.

Isaiah 64:4 (Tanakh) Isaiah 64:4 (KJV) Isaiah 64:4 (NET)
For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him. For since the beginning of the world men have not heard, nor perceived by the ear, neither hath the eye seen, O God, beside thee, what he hath prepared for him that waiteth for him. Since ancient times no one has heard or perceived, no eye has seen any God besides you, who intervenes for those who wait for him.
Isaiah 64:4 (Septuagint BLB) Isaiah 64:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσαμεν οὐδὲ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν εἶδον θεὸν πλὴν σοῦ καὶ τὰ ἔργα σου ἃ ποιήσεις τοῗς ὑπομένουσιν ἔλεον ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσαμεν, οὐδὲ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἡμῶν εἶδον Θεὸν πλὴν σοῦ καὶ τὰ ἔργα σου, ἃ ποιήσεις τοῖς ὑπομένουσιν ἔλεον
Isaiah 64:4 (NETS) Isaiah 64:4 (English Elpenor)
From ages past we have not heard, nor have our eyes seen any God besides you, and your works, which will do to those who wait for mercy. From of old we have not heard, neither have our eyes seen a God beside thee, and thy works which thou wilt perform to them that wait for mercy.
Genesis 1:20 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:20 (KJV) Genesis 1:20 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let fowl fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven’. And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. God said, “Let the water swarm with swarms of living creatures and let birds fly above the earth across the expanse of the sky.”
Genesis 1:20 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 1:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν καὶ πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν καὶ πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως
Genesis 1:20 (NETS) Genesis 1:20 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let the waters bring forth creeping things among living creatures and birds flying on the earth against the firmament of the sky.”  And it became so. And God said, Let the waters bring forth reptiles having life, and winged creatures flying above the earth in the firmament of heaven, and it was so.
Genesis 1:21 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:21 (KJV) Genesis 1:21 (NET)
And G-d created the great sea-monsters, and every living creature that creepeth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after its kind, and every winged fowl after its kind; and G-d saw that it was good. And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good. God created the great sea creatures and every living and moving thing with which the water swarmed, according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind.  God saw that it was good.
Genesis 1:21 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 1:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὰ κήτη τὰ μεγάλα καὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ζῴων ἑρπετῶν ἃ ἐξήγαγεν τὰ ὕδατα κατὰ γένη αὐτῶν καὶ πᾶν πετεινὸν πτερωτὸν κατὰ γένος καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλά καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὰ κήτη τὰ μεγάλα καὶ πᾶσαν ψυχὴν ζῴων ἑρπετῶν, ἃ ἐξήγαγε τὰ ὕδατα κατὰ γένη αὐτῶν, καὶ πᾶν πετεινὸν πτερωτὸν κατὰ γένος. καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλά
Genesis 1:21 (NETS) Genesis 1:21 (English Elpenor)
And God made the great sea monsters and every creature among creeping animals, which the waters brought forth according to their kinds, and every winged bird according to kind.  And God saw that they were good. And God made great whales, and every living reptile, which the waters brought forth according to their kinds, and every creature that flies with wings according to its kind, and God saw that they were good.
Genesis 1:23 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:23 (KJV) Genesis 1:23 (NET)
And there was evening and there was morning, a fifth day. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day. There was evening, and there was morning, a fifth day.
Genesis 1:23 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 1:23 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα πέμπτη καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωΐ, ἡμέρα πέμπτη
Genesis 1:23 (NETS) Genesis 1:23 (English Elpenor)
And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a fifth day. And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.
Genesis 1:24 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:24 (KJV) Genesis 1:24 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let the earth bring forth the living creature after its kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after its kind’ And it was so. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: cattle, creeping things, and wild animals, each according to its kind.”  It was so.
Genesis 1:24 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 1:24 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν κατὰ γένος τετράποδα καὶ ἑρπετὰ καὶ θηρία τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· ἐξαγαγέτω ἡ γῆ ψυχὴν ζῶσαν κατὰ γένος, τετράποδα καὶ ἑρπετὰ καὶ θηρία τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος. καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως
Genesis 1:24 (NETS) Genesis 1:24 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let the earth bring forth the living creature according to kind: quadrapeds and creeping things and wild animals of the earth according to kind.”  And it became so. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature according to its kind, quadrupeds and reptiles and wild beasts of the earth according to their kind, and it was so.
Genesis 1:25 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:25 (KJV) Genesis 1:25 (NET)
And G-d made the beast of the earth after its kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the ground after its kind; and G-d saw that it was good. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good. God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the cattle according to their kinds, and all the creatures that creep along the ground according to their kinds.  God saw that it was good.
Genesis 1:25 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 1:25 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὰ θηρία τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος καὶ τὰ κτήνη κατὰ γένος καὶ πάντα τὰ ἑρπετὰ τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος αὐτῶν καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλά καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὰ θηρία τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος, καὶ τὰ κτήνη κατὰ γένος αὐτῶν καὶ πάντα τὰ ἑρπετὰ τῆς γῆς κατὰ γένος αὐτῶν. καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλά
Genesis 1:25 (NETS) Genesis 1:25 (English Elpenor)
And God made the wild animals of the earth according to kind and the cattle according to kind and all the creeping things of the earth according to their kind.  And God saw that they were good. And God made the wild beasts of the earth according to their kind, and cattle according to their kind, and all the reptiles of the earth according to their kind, and God saw that they were good.
Genesis 1:26 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:26 (KJV) Genesis 1:26 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth’. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. Then God said, “Let us make humankind in our image, after our likeness, so they may rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move on the earth.”
Genesis 1:26 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 1:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ᾽ εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν καὶ καθ᾽ ὁμοίωσιν καὶ ἀρχέτωσαν τῶν ἰχθύων τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ πάσης τῆς γῆς καὶ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν τῶν ἑρπόντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ᾿ εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν καὶ καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν, καὶ ἀρχέτωσαν τῶν ἰχθύων τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ πάσης τῆς γῆς καὶ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν τῶν ἑρπόντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς
Genesis 1:26 (NETS) Genesis 1:26 (English Elpenor)
Then God said, “Let us make humankind according to our image and according to likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the sky and the cattle and all the earth and all the creeping things that creep upon the earth.” And God said, Let us make man according to our image and likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the flying creatures of heaven, and over the cattle and all the earth, and over all the reptiles that creep on the earth.
1 Corinthians 2:10, 11 (NET) 1 Corinthians 2:10, 11 (KJV)
God has revealed these to us by the Spirit.  For the Spirit searches all things, even the deep things of God. But God hath revealed them unto us by his Spirit: for the Spirit searcheth all things, yea, the deep things of God.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
ἡμῖν |δὲ| ἀπεκάλυψεν ὁ θεὸς διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος· τὸ γὰρ πνεῦμα πάντα ἐραυνᾷ, καὶ τὰ βάθη τοῦ θεοῦ ημιν δε ο θεος απεκαλυψεν δια του πνευματος αυτου το γαρ πνευμα παντα ερευνα και τα βαθη του θεου ημιν δε ο θεος απεκαλυψεν δια του πνευματος αυτου το γαρ πνευμα παντα ερευνα και τα βαθη του θεου
For who among men knows the things of a man except the man’s spirit within him?  So too, no one knows the things of God except the Spirit of God. For what man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him? even so the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
τίς γὰρ οἶδεν ἀνθρώπων τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ; οὕτως καὶ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐδεὶς ἔγνωκεν εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ θεοῦ τις γαρ οιδεν ανθρωπων τα του ανθρωπου ει μη το πνευμα του ανθρωπου το εν αυτω ουτως και τα του θεου ουδεις οιδεν ει μη το πνευμα του θεου τις γαρ οιδεν ανθρωπων τα του ανθρωπου ει μη το πνευμα του ανθρωπου το εν αυτω ουτως και τα του θεου ουδεις οιδεν ει μη το πνευμα του θεου
Romans 8:26 (NET) Romans 8:26 (KJV)
In the same way, the Spirit helps us in our weakness, for we do not know how we should pray, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with inexpressible groanings. Likewise the Spirit also helpeth our infirmities: for we know not what we should pray for as we ought: but the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which cannot be uttered.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
Ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα συναντιλαμβάνεται τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ ἡμῶν· τὸ γὰρ τί προσευξώμεθα καθὸ δεῖ οὐκ οἴδαμεν, ἀλλὰ αὐτὸ τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις ωσαυτως δε και το πνευμα συναντιλαμβανεται ταις ασθενειαις ημων το γαρ τι προσευξωμεθα καθο δει ουκ οιδαμεν αλλ αυτο το πνευμα υπερεντυγχανει υπερ ημων στεναγμοις αλαλητοις ωσαυτως δε και το πνευμα συναντιλαμβανεται ταις ασθενειαις ημων το γαρ τι προσευξομεθα καθο δει ουκ οιδαμεν αλλ αυτο το πνευμα υπερεντυγχανει υπερ ημων στεναγμοις αλαλητοις

[1] Table: Genesis 1:1, 2; Table: Genesis 1:3-5; Table: Genesis 1:6-8; Table: Genesis 1:9-10; Table: Genesis 1:11-13; Table: Genesis 1:14-19

[2] Table: Genesis 1:1, 2

[3] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αυτου (KJV: his) here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[4] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐραυνᾷ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ερευνα (KJV: searcheth).

[5] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἔγνωκεν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had οιδεν (KJV: knoweth).

[6] Isaiah 64:3 (Tanakh chabad.org)

[7] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the singular τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the plural ταις ασθενειαις (KJV: infirmities).

[8] The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus had προσευξώμεθα here, where the Byzantine Majority Text had προσευξομεθα.

[9] The NET parallel Greek text had ἀλλὰ here, where the NA28, Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ἀλλ’.

[10] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had υπερ ημων (KJV: for us) here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

Father, Son and Holy Spirit – Part 3

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I intend to become much more familiar with the Greek translation of יְהֹוָ֨ה (yehôvâh) and יֱהֹוִה֙ (yehôvih) in the Septuagint.  To do that I decided to start at the beginning, noting all divine references.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 1:1, 2 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:1, 2 (NET) Genesis 1:1, 2 (NETS)

Genesis 1:1, 2 (English Elpenor)
IN THE beginning G-d (אֱלֹהִ֑ים) created the heaven and the earth. In the beginning God (‘elohiym, אלהים) created the heavens and the earth. In the beginning God (θεὸς) made the sky and the earth. IN the beginning God (Θεὸς) made the heaven and the earth.
Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit (וְר֣וּחַ) of G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) hovered over the face of the waters. Now the earth was without shape and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep, but the Spirit (ruwach, ורוח) of God (‘elohiym, אלהים) was moving over the surface of the water. Yet the earth was invisible and unformed, and darkness was over the abyss, and a divine (θεοῦ) wind (πνεῦμα) was being carried along the water. But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit (πνεῦμα) of God (Θεοῦ) moved over the water.

Thus far I have the plural אֱלֹהִ֑ים (‘elohiym, translated Θεὸς, God) and וְר֣וּחַ (ruwach, translated πνεῦμα, spirit, wind) אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘elohiym, translated Θεοῦ, of God, divine).  I was raised on an abbreviated version of Lord Acton’s maxim:

Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men, even when they exercise influence and not authority, still more when you superadd the tendency or the certainty of corruption by authority.

It’s difficult to say now if I would’ve learned more from this fuller treatment or rebelled more against it.  Still, I find myself searching almost instinctively for a limit on the power and authority of אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘elohiym).

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 1:3-5 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:3-5 (NET) Genesis 1:3-5 (NETS)

Genesis 1:3-5 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) said: ‘Let there be light’ And there was light. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) said, “Let there be light.”  And there was light! And God (θεός) said, “Let light come into being.”  And light came into being. And God (Θεός) said, Let there be light, and there was light.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֛ים) saw the light, that it was good; and G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) divided the light from the darkness. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) saw that the light was good, so God (‘elohiym, אלהים) separated the light from the darkness. And God (θεὸς) saw the light, that it was good.  And God (θεὸς) separated between the light and between the darkness. And God (Θεὸς) saw the light that it was good, and God (Θεὸς) divided between the light and the darkness.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֤ים) called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night And there was evening and there was morning, one day. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) called the light “day” and the darkness “night.”  There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day. And God (θεὸς) called the light Day and the darkness he called Night.  And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, day one. And God (Θεὸς) called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night, and there was evening and there was morning, the first day.

The Hebrew word translated good was ט֑וֹב (towb).  It was translated καλόν (a form of καλός) in the Septuagint.  This beautiful good could be the limit I seek on the power and authority of אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘elohiym).  Granted, its meaning is his own.  But I’ll take what I can get in the face of such fearful power and authority.

Years ago, studying this opening chapter, I realized it wasn’t instructional in the sense that I could read it and then go out and create the heaven and the earth.  Encouraged by Paul’s instruction to Timothy—Every scripture is inspired by God and useful for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness [Table], that the person dedicated to God may be capable and equipped for every good (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) work[1]—I was casting about for some useful instruction here.  It dawned on me finally that this chapter describes the word of God (before sin entered the world through one man and death through sin[2]).

And G-d said: ‘Let there be light’ And there was light.[3]  God’s word is powerful: He spoke and it happened as He said.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 1:6-8 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:6-8 (NET) Genesis 1:6-8 (NETS)

Genesis 1:6-8 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) said: ‘Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters’. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate water from water.” And God (θεός) said, “Let a firmament come into being in the midst of the water, and let it be a separator between water and water.” And God (Θεός) said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it be a division between water and water, and it was so.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִים֘) made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. So God (‘elohiym, אלהים) made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.  It was so. And God (θεὸς) made the firmament, and God (θεὸς) separated between the water that was under the firmament and between the water that was above the firmament. And God (Θεὸς) made the firmament, and God (Θεὸς) divided between the water which was under the firmament and the water which was above the firmament.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֛ים) called the firmament Heaven And there was evening and there was morning, a second day. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) called the expanse “sky.”  There was evening, and there was morning, a second day. And God (θεὸς) called the firmament Sky.  And God (θεὸς) saw that it was good.  And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a second day. And God (Θεὸς) called the firmament Heaven, and God (Θεὸς) saw that it was good, and there was evening and there was morning, the second day.

The word good (καλόν, a form of καλός) is repeated here in the Septuagint, though not in the Masoretic text.  And G-d said: ‘Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters’.  And G-d made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so.[4]  God’s word is true: He did what He said and made it so.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 1:9, 10 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:9, 10 (NET) Genesis 1:9, 10 (NETS)

Genesis 1:9, 10 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֗ים) said: ‘Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear’ And it was so. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”  It was so. And God (θεός) said, “Let the water that is under the sky be gathered into one gathering, and let the dry land appear.”  And it became so.  And the water that was under the sky was gathered into their gatherings, and the dry land appeared. And God (Θεός) said, Let the water which is under the heaven be collected into one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so.  And the water which was under the heaven was collected into its places, and the dry land appeared.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֤ים) called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters called He Seas; and G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) saw that it was good. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.”  God (‘elohiym, אלהים) saw that it was good. And God (θεὸς) called the dry land Earth, and the systems of the waters he called Seas.  And God (θεὸς) saw that it was good. And God (Θεὸς) called the dry land Earth, and the gatherings of the waters he called Seas, and God (Θεὸς) saw that it was good.

Here both the Masoretic text and Septuagint reiterated the qualifier good (towb, טֽוֹב; καλόν, a form of καλός) and the power of God’s word: And G-d said: ‘Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear’ And it was so.[5]  His power and authority (Matthew 8:23-27; Mark 4:35-41; Luke 8:22-25) were described vividly in the Septuagint: And the water which was under the heaven was collected into its places, and the dry land appeared.[6]

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 1:11-13 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:11-13 (NET) Genesis 1:11-13 (NETS)

Genesis 1:11-13 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֗ים) said: ‘Let the earth put forth grass, herb yielding seed, and fruit-tree bearing fruit after its kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth’ And it was so. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.”  It was so. And God (θεός) said, “Let the earth put forth herbaceous vegetation, seeding seed according to kind and according to likeness, and a fruit-bearing tree producing fruit of which its seed is in it according to kind, on the earth.”  And it became so. And God (Θεός) said, Let the earth bring forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit-tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and it was so.
And the earth brought forth grass, herb yielding seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after its kind; and G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) saw that it was good. The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds.  God (‘elohiym, אלהים) saw that it was good. And the earth brought forth herbaceous vegetation, seeding seed according to kind and according to likeness, and a fruit-bearing tree producing fruit of which its seed is in it according to kind, on the earth.  And God (θεὸς) saw that it was good. And the earth brought forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and God (Θεός) saw that it was good.
And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. There was evening, and there was morning, a third day. And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a third day. And there was evening and there was morning, the third day.

Again, both the Masoretic text and Septuagint reiterated the qualifier good (towb, טֽוֹב; καλόν, a form of καλός).  And G-d said: ‘Let the earth put forth grass, herb yielding seed, and fruit-tree bearing fruit after its kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth’ And it was so.  And the earth brought forth grass, herb yielding seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after its kind; and G-d saw that it was good.[7]  God’s word is authoritative: He spoke and the earth obeyed Him.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 1:14-19 (Tanakh) Genesis 1:14-19 (NET) Genesis 1:14-19 (NETS)

Genesis 1:14-19 (English Elpenor)
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֗ים) said: ‘Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years; God (‘elohiym, אלהים) said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years, And God (θεός) said, “Let luminaries come into being in the firmament of the sky for illumination of the earth, to separate between the day and between the night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and for years, And God (Θεός) said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, to divide between day and night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and for years.
and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth’ And it was so. and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.”  It was so. and let them be for illumination in the firmament of the sky so as to give light upon the earth.  And it became so. And let them be for light in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon the earth, and it was so.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֔ים) made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night; and the stars. God (‘elohiym, אלהים) made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.  He made the stars also. And God (θεὸς) made the two great luminaries, the great luminary for rulership of the day and the lesser luminary for rulership of the night, and the stars. And God (Θεὸς) made the two great lights, the greater light for regulating the day and the lesser light for regulating the night, the stars also.
And G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, God (‘elohiym, אלהים) placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth, And God (θεὸς) set them in the firmament of the sky so as to give light upon the earth And God (Θεὸς) placed them in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon the earth,
and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness; and G-d (אֱלֹהִ֖ים) saw that it was good. And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God (‘elohiym, אלהים) saw that it was good. and to rule the day and the night and to separate between the light and between the darkness.  And God (θεὸς) saw that it was good. and to regulate day and night, and to divide between the light and the darkness.  And God (Θεός) saw that it was good.
And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day. There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day. And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a fourth day. And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day.

Here is another example of the truth of God’s word: He did what He said and made it so.  And good occurs in both the Masoretic text (towb, טֽוֹב) and Septuagint (καλόν, a form of καλός).  Jesus gave the following insight how the beautiful goodness of the works of אֱלֹהִ֖ים (‘elohiym) serves to limit the abuses of power and authority one expects of human rule (Matthew 5:43-48 NET):

You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor’ and ‘hate your enemy.’  But I say to you, love your enemy and pray for those who persecute you [Table], so that you may be like your Father in heaven,[8] since he causes the sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous.  For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have?  Even the tax collectors do the same, don’t they?  And if you only greet your brothers, what more do you do?  Even the Gentiles[9] do the same, don’t they?  So then, be perfect (τέλειοι, a form of τέλειος), as[10] your heavenly[11] Father is perfect (τέλειος).

The origin and development stories[12] of the socially constructed reality I inhabit deny the truth, power and authority of the word of אֱלֹהִ֔ים (‘elohiym).  Though the work of creation scientists has helped me break through this intellectual barrier to faith, these days I find it is quicker to imagine standing before the judgment seat of Christ and using any aspect[13] of these stories as an excuse for having disbelieved Him.  To paraphrase Paul (Galatians 3:1-5): Did I receive the Spirit—and a continuous infusion of God’s own love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control—by socially constructed origin and development stories or by believing what I heard in Christ?

I’ll pick this up in another essay.

Tables comparing Genesis 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4; 1:5; 1:6; 1:7; 1:8; 1:9; 1:10; 1:11; 1:12; 1:13; 1:14; 1:15; 1:16; 1:17; 1:18 and 1:19 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET; and tables comparing Genesis 1:1; 1:2; 1:3; 1:4; 1:5; 1:6; 1:7; 1:8; 1:9; 1:10; 1:11; 1:12; 1:13; 1:14; 1:15; 1:16; 1:17; 1:18 and 1:19 in the BLB and Elpenor versions of the Septuagint with the English translations from Hebrew and Greek follow.  Following these are tables comparing Matthew 5:45 and 5:47, 48 in the NET and KJV.

Genesis 1:1 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:1 (KJV)

Genesis 1:1 (NET)
IN THE beginning G-d created the heaven and the earth. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.

Genesis 1:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν ΕΝ ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν

Genesis 1:1 (NETS)

Genesis 1:1 (English Elpenor)
In the beginning God made the sky and the earth. IN the beginning God made the heaven and the earth.

Genesis 1:2 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:2 (KJV)

Genesis 1:2 (NET)
Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of G-d hovered over the face of the waters. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep.  And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. Now the earth was without shape and empty, and darkness was over the surface of the watery deep, but the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the water.

Genesis 1:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος καὶ σκότος ἐπάνω τῆς ἀβύσσου καὶ πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος ἡ δὲ γῆ ἦν ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστος, καὶ σκότος ἐπάνω τῆς ἀβύσσου, καὶ πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος

Genesis 1:2 (NETS)

Genesis 1:2 (English Elpenor)
Yet the earth was invisible and unformed, and darkness was over the abyss, and a divine wind was being carried along the water. But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit of God moved over the water.

Genesis 1:3 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:3 (KJV)

Genesis 1:3 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let there be light’ And there was light. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. God said, “Let there be light.”  And there was light!

Genesis 1:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός γενηθήτω φῶς καὶ ἐγένετο φῶς καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· γενηθήτω φῶς· καὶ ἐγένετο φῶς

Genesis 1:3 (NETS)

Genesis 1:3 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let light come into being.”  And light came into being. And God said, Let there be light, and there was light.

Genesis 1:4 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:4 (KJV)

Genesis 1:4 (NET)
And G-d saw the light, that it was good; and G-d divided the light from the darkness. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. God saw that the light was good, so God separated the light from the darkness.

Genesis 1:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ φῶς ὅτι καλόν καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ θεὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ φωτὸς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ σκότους καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ φῶς, ὅτι καλόν· καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ Θεὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ φωτὸς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ σκότους

Genesis 1:4 (NETS)

Genesis 1:4 (English Elpenor)
And God saw the light, that it was good.  And God separated between the light and between the darkness. And God saw the light that it was good, and God divided between the light and the darkness.

Genesis 1:5 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:5 (KJV)

Genesis 1:5 (NET)
And G-d called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night And there was evening and there was morning, one day. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. God called the light “day” and the darkness “night.”  There was evening, and there was morning, marking the first day.

Genesis 1:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ φῶς ἡμέραν καὶ τὸ σκότος ἐκάλεσεν νύκτα καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα μία καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ φῶς ἡμέραν καὶ τὸ σκότος ἐκάλεσε νύκτα. καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωΐ, ἡμέρα μία

Genesis 1:5 (NETS)

Genesis 1:5 (English Elpenor)
And God called the light Day and the darkness he called Night.   And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, day one. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night, and there was evening and there was morning, the first day.

Genesis 1:6 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:6 (KJV)

Genesis 1:6 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters’. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters and let it separate water from water.”

Genesis 1:6 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός γενηθήτω στερέωμα ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ ἔστω διαχωρίζον ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὕδατος καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· γενηθήτω στερέωμα ἐν μέσῳ τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ ἔστω διαχωρίζον ἀνὰ μέσον ὕδατος καὶ ὕδατος. καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως

Genesis 1:6 (NETS)

Genesis 1:6 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let a firmament come into being in the midst of the water, and let it be a separator between water and water.” And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it be a division between water and water, and it was so.

Genesis 1:7 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:7 (KJV)

Genesis 1:7 (NET)
And G-d made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. So God made the expanse and separated the water under the expanse from the water above it.  It was so.

Genesis 1:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ θεὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος ὃ ἦν ὑποκάτω τοῦ στερεώματος καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώματος καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα, καὶ διεχώρισεν ὁ Θεὸς ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ ὕδατος, ὃ ἦν ὑποκάτω τοῦ στερεώματος, καὶ ἀναμέσον τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώματος.

Genesis 1:7 (NETS)

Genesis 1:7 (English Elpenor)
And God made the firmament, and God separated between the water that was under the firmament and between the water that was above the firmament. And God made the firmament, and God divided between the water which was under the firmament and the water which was above the firmament.

Genesis 1:8 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:8 (KJV)

Genesis 1:8 (NET)
And G-d called the firmament Heaven And there was evening and there was morning, a second day. And God called the firmament Heaven.  And the evening and the morning were the second day. God called the expanse “sky.”  There was evening, and there was morning, a second day.

Genesis 1:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα οὐρανόν καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλόν καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα δευτέρα καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα οὐρανόν. καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλόν, καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωΐ, ἡμέρα δευτέρα

Genesis 1:8 (NETS)

Genesis 1:8 (English Elpenor)
And God called the firmament Sky.  And God saw that it was good.  And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a second day. And God called the firmament Heaven, and God saw that it was good, and there was evening and there was morning, the second day.

Genesis 1:9 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:9 (KJV)

Genesis 1:9 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear’ And it was so. And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place and let dry ground appear.”  It was so.

Genesis 1:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός συναχθήτω τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ ξηρά καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως καὶ συνήχθη τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν καὶ ὤφθη ἡ ξηρά Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· συναχθήτω τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν, καὶ ὀφθήτω ἡ ξηρά. καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως. καὶ συνήχθη τὸ ὕδωρ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ὤφθη ἡ ξηρά

Genesis 1:9 (NETS)

Genesis 1:9 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let the water that is under the sky be gathered into one gathering, and let the dry land appear.”  And it became so.  And the water that was under the sky was gathered into their gatherings, and the dry land appeared. And God said, Let the water which is under the heaven be collected into one place, and let the dry land appear, and it was so.  And the water which was under the heaven was collected into its places, and the dry land appeared.

Genesis 1:10 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:10 (KJV)

Genesis 1:10 (NET)
And G-d called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters called He Seas; and G-d saw that it was good. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. God called the dry ground “land” and the gathered waters he called “seas.” God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν γῆν καὶ τὰ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἐκάλεσεν θαλάσσας καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλόν καὶ ἐκάλεσεν ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ξηρὰν γῆν καὶ τὰ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἐκάλεσε θαλάσσας. καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλόν

Genesis 1:10 (NETS)

Genesis 1:10 (English Elpenor)
And God called the dry land Earth, and the systems of the waters he called Seas.  And God saw that it was good. And God called the dry land Earth, and the gatherings of the waters he called Seas, and God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:11 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:11 (KJV)

Genesis 1:11 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let the earth put forth grass, herb yielding seed, and fruit-tree bearing fruit after its kind, wherein is the seed thereof, upon the earth’ And it was so. And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so. God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: plants yielding seeds and trees on the land bearing fruit with seed in it, according to their kinds.”  It was so.

Genesis 1:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:11 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου σπεῗρον σπέρμα κατὰ γένος καὶ καθ᾽ ὁμοιότητα καὶ ξύλον κάρπιμον ποιοῦν καρπόν οὗ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ κατὰ γένος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου σπεῖρον σπέρμα κατὰ γένος καὶ καθ᾿ ὁμοιότητα, καὶ ξύλον κάρπιμον ποιοῦν καρπόν, οὗ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ κατὰ γένος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως

Genesis 1:11 (NETS)

Genesis 1:11 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let the earth put forth herbaceous vegetation, seeding seed according to kind and according to likeness, and a fruit-bearing tree producing fruit of which its seed is in it according to kind, on the earth.”  And it became so. And God said, Let the earth bring forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit-tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and it was so.

Genesis 1:12 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:12 (KJV)

Genesis 1:12 (NET)
And the earth brought forth grass, herb yielding seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after its kind; and G-d saw that it was good. And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. The land produced vegetation—plants yielding seeds according to their kinds, and trees bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds.  God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:12, 13a (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐξήνεγκεν ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου σπεῗρον σπέρμα κατὰ γένος καὶ καθ᾽ ὁμοιότητα καὶ ξύλον κάρπιμον ποιοῦν καρπόν οὗ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ κατὰ γένος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλόν καὶ ἐξήνεγκεν ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου σπεῖρον σπέρμα κατὰ γένος καὶ καθ᾿ ὁμοιότητα, καὶ ξύλον κάρπιμον ποιοῦν καρπόν, οὗ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ κατὰ γένος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς (13) καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλόν

Genesis 1:12 (NETS)

Genesis 1:12 (English Elpenor)
And the earth brought forth herbaceous vegetation, seeding seed according to kind and according to likeness, and a fruit-bearing tree producing fruit of which its seed is in it according to kind, on the earth.  And God saw that it was good. And the earth brought forth the herb of grass bearing seed according to its kind and according to its likeness, and the fruit tree bearing fruit whose seed is in it, according to its kind on the earth, and God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:13 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:13 (KJV)

Genesis 1:13 (NET)
And there was evening and there was morning, a third day. And the evening and the morning were the third day. There was evening, and there was morning, a third day.

Genesis 1:13 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:13b (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα τρίτη καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωΐ, ἡμέρα τρίτη

Genesis 1:13 (NETS)

Genesis 1:13 (English Elpenor)
And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a third day. And there was evening and there was morning, the third day.

Genesis 1:14 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:14 (KJV)

Genesis 1:14 (NET)
And G-d said: ‘Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years; And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years: God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and let them be signs to indicate seasons and days and years,

Genesis 1:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός γενηθήτωσαν φωστῆρες ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς φαῦσιν τῆς γῆς τοῦ διαχωρίζειν ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ ἔστωσαν εἰς σημεῗα καὶ εἰς καιροὺς καὶ εἰς ἡμέρας καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτοὺς Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· γενηθήτωσαν φωστῆρες ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ εἰς φαῦσιν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τοῦ διαχωρίζειν ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τῆς νυκτός· καὶ ἔστωσαν εἰς σημεῖα καὶ εἰς καιροὺς καὶ εἰς ἡμέρας καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτούς

Genesis 1:14 (NETS)

Genesis 1:14 (English Elpenor)
And God said, “Let luminaries come into being in the firmament of the sky for illumination of the earth, to separate between the day and between the night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and for years, And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, to divide between day and night, and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and for years.

Genesis 1:15 (Tanakh)

Genesis 1:15 (KJV)

Genesis 1:15 (NET)
and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth’ And it was so. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so. and let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the earth.”  It was so.

Genesis 1:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἔστωσαν εἰς φαῦσιν ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὥστε φαίνειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως καὶ ἔστωσαν εἰς φαῦσιν ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὥστε φαίνειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. καὶ ἐγένετο οὕτως

Genesis 1:15 (NETS)

Genesis 1:15 (English Elpenor)
and let them be for illumination in the firmament of the sky so as to give light upon the earth.  And it became so. And let them be for light in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon the earth, and it was so.

Genesis 1:16 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:16 (KJV)

Genesis 1:16 (NET)
And G-d made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night; and the stars. And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also. God made two great lights—the greater light to rule over the day and the lesser light to rule over the night.  He made the stars also.

Genesis 1:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τοὺς δύο φωστῆρας τοὺς μεγάλους τὸν φωστῆρα τὸν μέγαν εἰς ἀρχὰς τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ τὸν φωστῆρα τὸν ἐλάσσω εἰς ἀρχὰς τῆς νυκτός καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας καὶ ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς δύο φωστῆρας τοὺς μεγάλους, τὸν φωστῆρα τὸν μέγαν εἰς ἀρχὰς τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ τὸν φωστῆρα τὸν ἐλάσσω εἰς ἀρχὰς τῆς νυκτός, καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας

Genesis 1:16 (NETS)

Genesis 1:16 (English Elpenor)
And God made the two great luminaries, the great luminary for rulership of the day and the lesser luminary for rulership of the night, and the stars. And God made the two great lights, the greater light for regulating the day and the lesser light for regulating the night, the stars also.

Genesis 1:17 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:17 (KJV)

Genesis 1:17 (NET)
And G-d set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth, God placed the lights in the expanse of the sky to shine on the earth,

Genesis 1:17 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἔθετο αὐτοὺς ὁ θεὸς ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὥστε φαίνειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἔθετο αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς ἐν τῷ στερεώματι τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὥστε φαίνειν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς

Genesis 1:17 (NETS)

Genesis 1:17 (English Elpenor)
And God set them in the firmament of the sky so as to give light upon the earth And God placed them in the firmament of the heaven, so as to shine upon the earth,

Genesis 1:18 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:18 (KJV)

Genesis 1:18 (NET)
and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness; and G-d saw that it was good. And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good. And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:18 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἄρχειν τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ διαχωρίζειν ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ φωτὸς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ σκότους καὶ εἶδεν ὁ θεὸς ὅτι καλόν καὶ ἄρχειν τῆς ἡμέρας καὶ τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ διαχωρίζειν ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ φωτὸς καὶ ἀνὰ μέσον τοῦ σκότους. καὶ εἶδεν ὁ Θεός, ὅτι καλόν

Genesis 1:18 (NETS)

Genesis 1:18 (English Elpenor)
and to rule the day and the night and to separate between the light and between the darkness.  And God saw that it was good. and to regulate day and night, and to divide between the light and the darkness.  And God saw that it was good.

Genesis 1:19 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 1:19 (KJV)

Genesis 1:19 (NET)
And there was evening and there was morning, a fourth day. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day. There was evening, and there was morning, a fourth day.

Genesis 1:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 1:19 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωί ἡμέρα τετάρτη καὶ ἐγένετο ἑσπέρα καὶ ἐγένετο πρωΐ, ἡμέρα τετάρτη

Genesis 1:19 (NETS)

Genesis 1:19 (English Elpenor)
And it came to be evening, and it came to be morning, a fourth day. And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day.

Matthew 5:45 (NET)

Matthew 5:45 (KJV)
so that you may be like your Father in heaven, since he causes the sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
ὅπως γένησθε υἱοὶ τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν τοῦ ἐν οὐρανοῖς, ὅτι τὸν ἥλιον αὐτοῦ ἀνατέλλει ἐπὶ πονηροὺς καὶ ἀγαθοὺς καὶ βρέχει ἐπὶ δικαίους καὶ ἀδίκους οπως γενησθε υιοι του πατρος υμων του εν ουρανοις οτι τον ηλιον αυτου ανατελλει επι πονηρους και αγαθους και βρεχει επι δικαιους και αδικους οπως γενησθε υιοι του πατρος υμων του εν τοις ουρανοις οτι τον ηλιον αυτου ανατελλει επι πονηρους και αγαθους και βρεχει επι δικαιους και αδικους

Matthew 5:47, 48 (NET)

Matthew 5:47, 48 (KJV)
And if you only greet your brothers, what more do you do?  Even the Gentiles do the same, don’t they? And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so?

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ ἐὰν ἀσπάσησθε τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ὑμῶν μόνον, τί περισσὸν ποιεῖτε; οὐχὶ καὶ οἱ ἐθνικοὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ποιοῦσιν και εαν ασπασησθε τους αδελφους υμων μονον τι περισσον ποιειτε ουχι και οι τελωναι ουτως ποιουσιν και εαν ασπασησθε τους φιλους υμων μονον τι περισσον ποιειτε ουχι και οι τελωναι ουτως ποιουσιν
So then, be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect. Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
ἔσεσθε οὖν ὑμεῖς τέλειοι ὡς ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος τέλειος ἐστιν εσεσθε ουν υμεις τελειοι ωσπερ ο πατηρ υμων ο εν τοις ουρανοις τελειος εστιν εσεσθε ουν υμεις τελειοι ωσπερ ο πατηρ υμων ο εν τοις ουρανοις τελειος εστιν

[1] 2 Timothy 3:16, 17 (NET)

[2] Romans 5:12a (NET)

[3] Genesis 1:3 (Tanakh)

[4] Genesis 1:6, 7 (Tanakh)

[5] Genesis 1:9 (Tanakh)

[6] Genesis 1:9b (Elpenor)

[7] Genesis 1:11, 12 (Tanakh)

[8] The Byzantine Majority Text had the article τοις preceding heaven.  The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus did not.

[9] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐθνικοὶ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had τελωναι (KJV: publicans).

[10] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὡς here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ωσπερ (KJV: even as).

[11] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had εν τοις (KJV: in) preceding heaven(ly).  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[12] From: The Social Construction of Reality, Introduction, by Peter L Berger and Thomas Luckmann, pp. 20, 21: “It is safe to say when sociologists today think of the sociology of knowledge, pro or con, they usually do so in terms of Mann­heim’s formulation of it…Mannheim’s understanding of the sociology of knowledge was much more far-reaching than Scheler’s, possibly because the confrontation with Marxism was more prominent in his work.  Society was here seen as determining not only the appearance but also the content of human ideation, with the exception of mathematics and at least parts of the natural sciences.”

Mannheim’s “exception” sounds like pandering to me.  The natural sciences are the most obvious examples of the social construction of reality, the very things the man in the street takes for granted.  “The man in the street does not ordinarily trouble himself about what is ‘real’ to him and about what he ‘knows’ unless he is stopped short by some sort of problem.  He takes his ‘reality’ and his ‘knowledge’ for granted” (ibid. p.14).

A woman, her reason clearly tormented by personal loss and grief, wrote an obituary blaming the chief law enforcement officers of her state and nation for not enforcing current medical opinion as stringently as she deemed appropriate.  She also judged, and hoped for the condemnation of, any who had not complied with that opinion. Did those who voted for these men truly expect them to use the power of their offices to enforce medical opinion as law?

I didn’t stumble across the obituary this woman wrote for her husband on my own.  It was presented to me as pamphleteering for the U.S. election in November.

And in mathematics: -7(-7) = 7(7) is true.

[13] One of the skills I learned from creation scientists was to actually listen to scientists, not as a student seeking “correct” answers to potential test questions but in a more open (and ultimately more critical) way.  Here are links to two short videos: Dr. Becky Smethurst explains the history of the social construction of reality of the wave-particle duality and speed of light.

Father, Son and Holy Spirit – Part 2

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Masoretic Text Septuagint
Psalm 110:1 (Tanakh) Psalm 110:1 (NET) Psalm 109:1 (NETS) Psalm 109:1 (English Elpenor)
The LORD (יְהֹוָ֨ה) said unto my Lord (לַֽאדֹנִ֗י), Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. A psalm of David.  Here is the Lord’s (yehôvâh, יהוה) proclamation to my lord (ʼâdôn, לאדני): “Sit down at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool.” Pertaining to Dauid.  A Psalm.  The Lord (κύριος) said to my lord (κυρίῳ), “Sit on my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.” [A Psalm of David.]  The Lord (Κύριος) said to my Lord (Κυρίῳ), Sit thou on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.

This verse has compelled me to consider something more like trinitarianism to continue to believe that Jesus is יְהֹוָ֨ה (yehôvâh) come in human flesh.  A table comparing the two Hebrew words translated Lord in Morfix follows.  My procedure was the same: if I got no result using vowel points I used the word from the NET parallel Hebrew text without vowel points.

Psalm 110:1
Hebrew Tanakh Homographs English Definitions
יְהֹוָ֨ה יהוה The LORD יְהֹוָה (biblical) Jehovah, God, the Lord
הִוָּה to constitute
לַֽאדֹנִ֗י לאדני my Lord אֶדֶן windowsill; railway sleeper; (flowery) base, foundation
אֲדֹנָי God, the Lord

It seems odd to list אֶדֶן and אֲדֹנָי as homographs since they are so distinctly different, but אָדֹן occurred in Strong’s concordance as well.  I don’t know Hebrew well enough to do much more than report at this point.  Apparently this is not the only homograph of אֲדֹנָי.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 15:1, 2 (Tanakh) Genesis 15:1, 2 (NET) Genesis 15:1, 2 (NETS) Genesis 15:1, 2 (English Elpenor)
After these things the word of HaShem (יְהֹוָה֙) came unto Abram in a vision, saying: ‘Fear not, Abram, I am thy shield, thy reward shall be exceeding great.’ After these things the Lord’s  (yehôvâh, יהוה) message came to Abram in a vision: “Fear not, Abram!  I am your shield and the one who will reward you in great abundance.” Now after these matters the Lord’s (κυρίου) word came to Abram in a vision, saying, “Do not be afraid, Abram; I am shielding you; your reward shall be very great.” AND after these things the word of the Lord (Κυρίου) came to Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram, I shield thee, thy reward shall be very great.
And Abram said: ‘O L-rd (אֲדֹנָ֤י) GOD (יֱהֹוִה֙), what wilt Thou give me, seeing I go hence childless, and he that shall be possessor of my house is Eliezer of Damascus?’ But Abram said, “O Sovereign (ʼădônây, אדני) Lord (yehôvih, יהוה), what will you give me since I continue to be childless, and my heir is Eliezer of Damascus?” But Abram was saying, “O Master (δέσποτα), what will you give me?  And I, I am going away childless; as for the son of Masek, my female homebred, he is Damascus Eliezer.” And Abram said, Master (δέσποτα) [and] Lord (Κύριε), what wilt thou give me? whereas I am departing without a child, but the son of Masek my home-born female slave, this Eliezer of Damascus [is mine heir.]

Morfix didn’t recognize any difference between the homographs אֲדֹנָֽי (ʼâdôn) and אֲדֹנָ֣י (ʼădônây), but I only got a result when I used the NET parallel Hebrew אדני without vowel points.

Psalm 110:1
Hebrew Tanakh Homographs English Definitions
לַֽאדֹנִ֗י לאדני my Lord אֶדֶן windowsill; railway sleeper; (flowery) base, foundation
אֲדֹנָי God, the Lord
Genesis 15:2
אֲדֹנָ֤י אדני L-rd אֶדֶן windowsill; railway sleeper; (flowery) base, foundation
אֲדֹנָי God, the Lord

The rabbis chose δέσποτα a form of δεσπότης, “lord, master, despot; owner of a ship; one who wields absolute authority and control,” for אֲדֹנָ֤י (ʼădônây).  In Psalm 110:1 they had chosen Κυρίῳ (Table2 below) a form of κύριος, “Lord, master, Sir, God; owner, someone who owns and controls (possessions); someone addressed as being of a higher social standing; someone who exercises absolute authority over someone else or something,” for לַֽאדֹנִ֗י (ʼâdôn).  The words are synonyms.  The rabbis’ choice of δέσποτα here avoided the awkward Κύριε Κύριε (Table6 below) and in the following example (Table12 below).

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 15:6-8 (Tanakh) Genesis 15: 6-8 (NET) Genesis 15: 6-8 (NETS) Genesis 15: 6-8 (English Elpenor)
And he believed in HaShem (בַּֽיהֹוָ֑ה); and He counted it to him for righteousness. Abram believed the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה), and the Lord credited it as righteousness to him. And Abraham believed God (θεῷ), and it was reckoned to him as righteousness. And Abram believed God (Θεῷ), and it was counted to him for righteousness.
And He said unto him: ‘I am HaShem (יְהֹוָ֗ה) that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it.’ The Lord said to him, “I am the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to possess.” Then he said to him, “I am the God (θεὸς) who brought you out of the country of the Chaldeans so as to give you this land to possess.” And he said to him, I am God (Θεὸς) that brought thee out of the land of the Chaldeans, so as to give thee this land to inherit.
And he said: ‘O L-rd (אֲדֹנָ֣י) GOD (יֱהֹוִ֔ה), whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?’ But Abram said, “O Sovereign (ʼădônây, אדני) Lord (yehôvih, יהוה), by what can I know that I am to possess it?” But he said, “O Master (δέσποτα), Lord (κύριε), how shall I know that I shall possess it?” And he said, Master (Δέσποτα) [and] Lord (Κύριε), how shall I know that I shall inherit it?

The next occurrence of אֲדֹנָ֗י (ʼădônây) was not immediately followed by יֱהֹוִ֔ה (yehôvih); the rabbis chose κύριε rather than δέσποτα.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 18:1-3 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:1-3 (NET) Genesis 18:1-3 (NETS) Genesis 18:1-3 (English Elpenor)
And HaShem (יְהֹוָ֔ה) appeared unto him by the terebinths of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre while he was sitting at the entrance to his tent during the hottest time of the day. AND God (θεὸς) appeared to him by the oak of Mambre, as he sat by the door of his tent at noon. AND God (Θεὸς) appeared to him by the oak of Mambre, as he sat by the door of his tent at noon.
and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth, Abraham looked up and saw three men standing across from him.  When he saw them he ran from the entrance of the tent to meet them and bowed low to the ground. And looking up with his eyes he saw, and see, three men stood over him.  And when he saw them, he ran forward from his tent door to meet them and did obeisance upon the ground And he lifted up his eyes and beheld, and lo! three men stood before him; and having seen them he ran to meet them from the door of his tent, and did obeisance to the ground.
and said: ‘My lord (אֲדֹנָ֗י), if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant. He said, “My lord (ʼădônây, אדני), if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by and leave your servant. and said, “Lord (κύριε), if perchance I have found favor before you, do not pass by your servant. And he said, Lord (κύριε), if indeed I have found grace in thy sight, pass not by thy servant.

In the next occurrence יְהֹוָ֔ה (yehôvâh) was translated Κύριος and אֲדֹנָ֔י (ʼădônây) Κύριόν (another form of κύριος).

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 18:26, 27 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:26, 27 (NET) Genesis 18:26, 27 (NETS) Genesis 18:26, 27 (English Elpenor)
And HaShem (יְהֹוָ֔ה) said: ‘If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will forgive all the place for their sake.’ So the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) replied, “If I find in the city of Sodom fifty godly people, I will spare the whole place for their sake.” Then the Lord (κύριος) said, “If I find in Sodoma fifty righteous in the city, I will forgive the whole place for their sake.” And the Lord (Κύριος) said, If there should be in Sodom fifty righteous in the city, I will spare the whole city, and the whole place for their sakes.
And Abraham answered and said: ‘Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the L-rd (אֲדֹנָ֔י), who am but dust and ashes. Then Abraham asked, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord [ʼădônây, אדני] (although I am but dust and ashes), And Abraam said in reply, “Now I have begun to speak to the Lord (κύριον), though I am earth and ashes. And Abraam answered and said, Now I have begun to speak to my Lord (Κύριόν), and I am earth and ashes.

In the next example two occurrences of לַֽאדֹנָי֙ (ʼădônây) were translated κύριε (another form of κύριος) and אֲדֹנָ֔י (ʼădônây) κύριον, while the lone instance of יְהֹוָ֔ה (yehôvâh) was translated Κύριος.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 18:30-33 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:30-33 (NET) Genesis 18:30-33 (NETS) Genesis 18:30-33 (English Elpenor)
And he said: ‘Oh, let not the L-rd (לַֽאדֹנָי֙) be angry, and I will speak.  Peradventure there shall thirty be found there.’  And He said: ‘I will not do it, if I find thirty there.’ Then Abraham said, “May the Lord (ʼădônây, לאדני) not be angry so that I may speak!  What if thirty are found there?”  He replied, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.” And he said, “Pardon, Lord (κύριε), if I should speak.  But if thirty should be found there?”  And he said, “I will not destroy it, if I find thirty there.” And he said, Will there be anything [against me], Lord (κύριε), if I shall speak? but if there be found there thirty?  And he said, I will not destroy it for the thirty’s sake.
And he said: ‘Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the L-rd (אֲדֹנָ֔י).  Peradventure there shall be twenty found there.’  And He said: ‘I will not destroy it for the twenty’s sake.’ Abraham said, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord (ʼădônây, אדני), what if only twenty are found there?”  He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the twenty.” And he said, “Since I am compelled to speak to the Lord (κύριον)—and if twenty should be found there?”  And he said, “On account of the twenty I will not destroy it.” And he said, Since I am able to speak to the Lord (κύριον), what if there should be found there twenty?  And he said, I will not destroy it, if I should find there twenty.
And he said: ‘Oh, let not the L-rd (לַֽאדֹנָי֙) be angry, and I will speak yet but this once.  Peradventure ten shall be found there.’  And He said: ‘I will not destroy it for the ten’s sake.’ Finally Abraham said, “May the Lord (ʼădônây, לאדני) not be angry so that I may speak just once more.  What if ten are found there?”  He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the ten.” And he said, “Pardon, Lord (κύριε), if I should speak once more.  But if ten should be found there?”  And he said, “On account of the ten I will not destroy it.” And he said, Will there be anything [against me], Lord (κύριε), if I speak yet once? but if there should be found there ten?  And he said, I will not destroy it for the ten’s sake.
And HaShem (יְהֹוָ֔ה) went His way, as soon as He had left off speaking to Abraham; and Abraham returned unto his place. The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) went on his way when he had finished speaking to Abraham.  Then Abraham returned home. Then the Lord (κύριος) went away, when he had left off speaking to Abraam, and Abraam returned to his place. And the Lord (Κύριος) departed, when he left off speaking to Abraam, and Abraam returned to his place.

The next occurrence of אֲדֹנַ֗י (ʼâdôn) was translated κύριοι (another form of κύριος).

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 19:1, 2 (Tanakh) Genesis 19:1, 2 (NET) Genesis 19:1, 2 (NETS) Genesis 19:1, 2 (English Elpenor)
And the two angels came to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the gate of Sodom; and Lot saw them, and rose up to meet them; and he fell down on his face to the earth; The two angels came to Sodom in the evening while Lot was sitting in the city’s gateway.  When Lot saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face toward the ground. Now the two angels came to Sodoma at evening, and Lot was sitting beside the gate of Sodoma.  And when Lot saw them he rose to meet them and did obeisance with his face upon the ground AND the two angels came to Sodom at evening.  And Lot sat by the gate of Sodom, and Lot having seen them, rose up to meet them, and he worshipped with his face to the ground, and said,
and he said: ‘Behold now, my lords (אֲדֹנַ֗י), turn aside, I pray you, into your servant’s house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your way.’  And they said: ‘Nay; but we will abide in the broad place all night.’ He said, “Here, my lords (ʼâdôn, אדני), please turn aside to your servant’s house.  Stay the night and wash your feet.  Then you can be on your way early in the morning.”  “No,” they replied, “we’ll spend the night in the town square.” and said, “Here, lords (κύριοι), turn aside to your servant’s house, and find lodging, and wash your feet, and when you have risen early you will depart on your way.”  They, however, said, “No, but we will find lodging in the street.” Lo! [my] lords (κύριοι), turn aside to the house of your servant, and rest from your journey, and wash your feet, and having risen early in the morning ye shall depart on your journey.  And they said, Nay, but we will lodge in the street.

In the next example אֲדֹנָֽי (ʼâdôn) was translated κύριε (another form of κύριος).

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 19:16-18 (Tanakh) Genesis 19: 16-18 (NET) Genesis 19: 16-18 (NETS) Genesis 19: 16-18 (English Elpenor)
But he lingered; and the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters; HaShem (יְהֹוָ֖ה) being merciful unto him.  And they brought him forth, and set him without the city. When Lot hesitated, the men grabbed his hand and the hands of his wife and two daughters because the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) had compassion on them.  They led them away and placed them outside the city. And they were confounded, and the angels seized his hand and his wife’s hand and his daughters’ hands, as the Lord (κύριον) spared him. And they were troubled, and the angels laid hold on his hand, and the hand of his wife, and the hands of his two daughters, in that the Lord (Κύριον) spared him.
And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that he said: ‘Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the Plain; escape to the mountain, lest thou be swept away.’ When they had brought them outside, they said, “Run for your lives!  Don’t look behind you or stop anywhere in the valley!  Escape to the mountains or you will be destroyed!” And it came about when they had brought them outside, that then they said, “In saving, save your own soul; do not look around backwards or stop in the whole region round about; get safely to the mountain, that you not be included.” And it came to pass when they brought them out, that they said, Save thine own life by all means; look not round to that which is behind, nor stay in all the country round about, escape to the mountain, lest perhaps thou be overtaken together with them.
And Lot said unto them: ‘Oh, not so, my lord (אֲדֹנָֽי); But Lot said to them, “No, please, Lord (ʼâdôn, אדני)! But Lot said to them, “I pray, Lord (κύριε), And Lot said to them, I pray, Lord (κύριε),

The distinction between the homographs אֲדֹנָ֣י (ʼădônây) and אֲדֹנָֽי (ʼâdôn) seems to be a matter of vowel points and context.  I can understand why a religious mind might wish to make this distinction.  I was highly offended that my third grade spelling book presented God as a spelling word.  I still wanted a good grade, so I compromised.  Every time I practiced spelling God (and on the spelling test itself) I drew lines radiating out from His name, like rays of sunlight.  The rabbis who translated the Septuagint don’t seem to have recognized any distinction between אֲדֹנָ֣י (ʼădônây) and אֲדֹנָֽי (ʼâdôn).  So far most occurrences were translated with forms of Κύριος.

Reference Chabad.org NET Strong’s BLB Elpenor
Psalm 110:1 לַֽאדֹנִ֗י לאדני ʼâdôn κυρίῳ Κυρίῳ
Genesis 18:3 אֲדֹנָ֗י אדני ʼădônây κύριε κύριε
Genesis 18:27 אֲדֹנָ֔י אדני ʼădônây κύριον Κύριόν
Genesis 18:30 לַֽאדֹנָי֙ לאדני ʼădônây κύριε κύριε
Genesis 18:31 אֲדֹנָ֔י אדני ʼădônây κύριον κύριον
Genesis 18:32 לַֽאדֹנָי֙ לאדני ʼădônây κύριος Κύριος
Genesis 19:2 אֲדֹנַ֗י אדני ʼâdôn κύριοι κύριοι
Genesis 19:18 אֲדֹנָֽי אדני ʼâdôn κύριε κύριε

The two exceptions occurred when the honorific אֲדֹנָ֤י (ʼădônây) was followed immediately by a form of the Name (יֱהֹוִה֙).

Reference Chabad.org NET Strong’s BLB Elpenor
Genesis 15:2 אֲדֹנָ֤י אדני ʼădônây δέσποτα δέσποτα
Genesis 15:8 אֲדֹנָ֣י אדני ʼădônây δέσποτα Δέσποτα

If this pattern of translation holds I’ll assume that the distinction between אֲדֹנָ֣י (ʼădônây) and אֲדֹנָֽי (ʼâdôn) originated sometime after the Old Testament was translated from Hebrew into Greek.  This study highlights another issue for me.  The superstition regarding the Name (יְהֹוָ֨ה) predates the Greek translation of the Old Testament.  The rabbis didn’t transliterate יְהֹוָ֨ה (yehôvâh) and יֱהֹוִה֙ (yehôvih) into Greek[1] but chose a form of Κύριος more often than not.

Reference Chabad.org NET Strong’s BLB Elpenor
Psalm 110:1 יְהֹוָ֨ה יהוה yehôvâh κύριος Κύριος
Genesis 15:1 יְהֹוָה֙ יהוה yehôvâh κυρίου Κυρίου
Genesis 15:2 יֱהֹוִה֙ יהוה yehôvih -na- Κύριε
Genesis 15:8 יֱהֹוִ֔ה יהוה yehôvih κύριε Κύριε
Genesis 18:26 יְהֹוָ֔ה יהוה yehôvâh κύριος Κύριος
Genesis 18:33 יְהֹוָ֔ה יהוה yehôvâh κύριος Κύριος
Genesis 19:16 יְהֹוָ֖ה יהוה yehôvâh κύριον Κύριον

There were three exceptions:

Reference Chabad.org NET Strong’s BLB Elpenor
Genesis 15:6 בַּֽיהֹוָ֑ה ביהוה yehôvâh θεῷ Θεῷ
Genesis 15:7 יְהֹוָ֗ה יהוה yehôvâh θεὸς Θεὸς
Genesis 18:1 יְהֹוָ֔ה יהוה yehôvâh θεὸς Θεὸς

I intend to become much more familiar with the Greek translation of יְהֹוָ֨ה (yehôvâh) and יֱהֹוִה֙ (yehôvih) in subsequent essays.

Tables comparing Psalm 110:1; Genesis 15:1; 15:2; 15:6; 15:7; 15:8; 18:1; 18:2; 18:3; 18:26; 18:27; 18:30; 18:31; 18:32; 18:33; 19:1; 19:2; 19:16; 19:17 and 19:18 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET; and tables comparing Psalm 110:1 (109:1); Genesis 15:1; 15:2; 15:6; 15:7; 15:8; 18:1; 18:2; 18:3; 18:26; 18:27; 18:30; 18:31; 18:32; 18:33; 19:1; 19:2; 19:16; 19:17 and 19:18 in the BLB and Elpenor versions of the Septuagint follow.

Psalm 110:1 (Tanakh) Psalm 110:1 (KJV) Psalm 110:1 (NET)
The LORD (יְהֹוָ֨ה) said unto my Lord (לַֽאדֹנִ֗י), Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. A Psalm of David.  The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. A psalm of David.  Here is the Lord’s (יהוה) proclamation to my lord (לאדני): “Sit down at my right hand until I make your enemies your footstool.”
Psalm 110:1 (Septuagint BLB) Psalm 109:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
τῷ Δαυιδ ψαλμός εἶπεν ὁ κύριος τῷ κυρίῳ μου κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου Ψαλμὸς τῷ Δαυΐδ. – ΕΙΠΕΝ ὁ Κύριος τῷ Κυρίῳ μου· κάθου ἐκ δεξιῶν μου, ἕως ἂν θῶ τοὺς ἐχθρούς σου ὑποπόδιον τῶν ποδῶν σου
Psalm 109:1 (NETS) Psalm 109:1 (English Elpenor)
Pertaining to Dauid.  A Psalm.  The Lord said to my lord, “Sit on my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.” [A Psalm of David.]  The Lord said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.
Genesis 15:1 (Tanakh) Genesis 15:1 (KJV) Genesis 15:1 (NET)
After these things the word of HaShem came unto Abram in a vision, saying: ‘Fear not, Abram, I am thy shield, thy reward shall be exceeding great.’ After these things the word of the LORD came unto Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram: I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward. After these things the Lord’s message came to Abram in a vision: “Fear not, Abram!  I am your shield and the one who will reward you in great abundance.”
Genesis 15:1 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 15:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
μετὰ δὲ τὰ ῥήματα ταῦτα ἐγενήθη ῥῆμα κυρίου πρὸς Αβραμ ἐν ὁράματι λέγων μὴ φοβοῦ Αβραμ ἐγὼ ὑπερασπίζω σου ὁ μισθός σου πολὺς ἔσται σφόδρα ΜΕΤΑ δὲ τὰ ρήματα ταῦτα ἐγενήθη ρῆμα Κυρίου πρὸς ῞Αβραμ ἐν ὁράματι, λέγων· μὴ φοβοῦ ῞Αβραμ, ἐγὼ ὑπερασπίζω σου· ὁ μισθός σου πολὺς ἔσται σφόδρα
Genesis 15:1 (NETS) Genesis 15:1 (English Elpenor)
Now after these matters the Lord’s word came to Abram in a vision, saying, “Do not be afraid, Abram; I am shielding you; your reward shall be very great.” AND after these things the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision, saying, Fear not, Abram, I shield thee, thy reward shall be very great.
Genesis 15:2 (Tanakh) Genesis 15:2 (KJV) Genesis 15:2 (NET)
And Abram said: ‘O L-rd GOD, what wilt Thou give me, seeing I go hence childless, and he that shall be possessor of my house is Eliezer of Damascus?’ And Abram said, Lord GOD, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go childless, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus? But Abram said, “O Sovereign Lord, what will you give me since I continue to be childless, and my heir is Eliezer of Damascus?”
Genesis 15:2 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 15:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
λέγει δὲ Αβραμ δέσποτα τί μοι δώσεις ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπολύομαι ἄτεκνος ὁ δὲ υἱὸς Μασεκ τῆς οἰκογενοῦς μου οὗτος Δαμασκὸς Ελιεζερ λέγει δὲ ῞Αβραμ· δέσποτα Κύριε, τί μοι δώσεις; ἐγὼ δὲ ἀπολύομαι ἄτεκνος· ὁ δὲ υἱὸς Μασὲκ τῆς οἰκογενοῦς μου, οὗτος Δαμασκὸς ᾿Ελιέζερ
Genesis 15:2 (NETS) Genesis 15:2 (English Elpenor)
But Abram was saying, “O Master, what will you give me?  And I, I am going away childless; as for the son of Masek, my female homebred, he is Damascus Eliezer.” And Abram said, Master [and] Lord, what wilt thou give me? whereas I am departing without a child, but the son of Masek my home-born female slave, this Eliezer of Damascus [is mine heir.]
Genesis 15:6 (Tanakh) Genesis 15:6 (KJV) Genesis 15:6 (NET)
And he believed in HaShem; and He counted it to him for righteousness. And he believed in Jehovah; and he reckoned it to him for righteousness. Abram believed the Lord, and the Lord credited it as righteousness to him.
Genesis 15:6 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 15:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐπίστευσεν Αβραμ τῷ θεῷ καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην καὶ ἐπίστευσεν ῞Αβραμ τῷ Θεῷ, καὶ ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Genesis 15:6 (NETS) Genesis 15:6 (English Elpenor)
And Abram believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness. And Abram believed God, and it was counted to him for righteousness.
Genesis 15:7 (Tanakh) Genesis 15:7 (KJV) Genesis 15:7 (NET)
And He said unto him: ‘I am HaShem that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it.’ And he said unto him, I am the LORD that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it. The Lord said to him, “I am the Lord who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to possess.”
Genesis 15:7 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 15:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)
εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτόν ἐγὼ ὁ θεὸς ὁ ἐξαγαγών σε ἐκ χώρας Χαλδαίων ὥστε δοῦναί σοι τὴν γῆν ταύτην κληρονομῆσαι εἶπε δὲ πρὸς αὐτόν· ἐγὼ ὁ Θεὸς ὁ ἐξαγαγών σε ἐκ χώρας Χαλδαίων, ὥστε δοῦναί σοι τὴν γῆν ταύτην κληρονομῆσαι
Genesis 15:7 (NETS) Genesis 15:7 (English Elpenor)
Then he said to him, “I am the God who brought you out of the country of the Chaldeans so as to give you this land to possess.” And he said to him, I am God that brought thee out of the land of the Chaldeans, so as to give thee this land to inherit.
Genesis 15:8 (Tanakh) Genesis 15:8 (KJV) Genesis 15:8 (NET)
And he said: ‘O L-rd GOD, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it?’ And he said, Lord GOD, whereby shall I know that I shall inherit it? But Abram said, “O Sovereign Lord, by what can I know that I am to possess it?”
Genesis 15:8 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 15:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)
εἶπεν δέ δέσποτα κύριε κατὰ τί γνώσομαι ὅτι κληρονομήσω αὐτήν εἶπε δέ, Δέσποτα Κύριε, κατὰ τί γνώσομαι ὅτι κληρονομήσω αὐτήν
Genesis 15:8 (NETS) Genesis 15:8 (English Elpenor)
But he said, “O Master, Lord, how shall I know that I shall possess it?” And he said, Master [and] Lord, how shall I know that I shall inherit it?
Genesis 18:1 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:1 (KJV) Genesis 18:1 (NET)
And HaShem appeared unto him by the terebinths of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; And the LORD appeared unto him in the plains of Mamre: and he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day; The Lord appeared to Abraham by the oaks of Mamre while he was sitting at the entrance to his tent during the hottest time of the day.
Genesis 18:1 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ὤφθη δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ θεὸς πρὸς τῇ δρυὶ τῇ Μαμβρη καθημένου αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς αὐτοῦ μεσημβρίας ΩΦΘΗ δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς τῇ δρυΐ τῇ Μαμβρῇ, καθημένου αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς αὐτοῦ μεσημβρίας
Genesis 18:1 (NETS) Genesis 18:1 (English Elpenor)
Now God appeared to him near the oak of Mambre, while he was sitting at the door of his tent midday. AND God appeared to him by the oak of Mambre, as he sat by the door of his tent at noon.
Genesis 18:2 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:2 (KJV) Genesis 18:2 (NET)
and he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood over against him; and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed down to the earth, And he lift up his eyes and looked, and, lo, three men stood by him: and when he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself toward the ground, Abraham looked up and saw three men standing across from him. When he saw them he ran from the entrance of the tent to meet them and bowed low to the ground.
Genesis 18:2 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἀναβλέψας δὲ τοῗς ὀφθαλμοῗς αὐτοῦ εἶδεν καὶ ἰδοὺ τρεῗς ἄνδρες εἱστήκεισαν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ καὶ ἰδὼν προσέδραμεν εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῗς ἀπὸ τῆς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ἀναβλέψας δὲ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς αὐτοῦ εἶδε, καὶ ἰδοὺ τρεῖς ἄνδρες εἱστήκεισαν ἐπάνω αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἰδὼν προσέδραμεν εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς θύρας τῆς σκηνῆς αὐτοῦ καὶ προσεκύνησεν ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν
Genesis 18:2 (NETS) Genesis 18:2 (English Elpenor)
And looking up with his eyes he saw, and see, three men stood over him.  And when he saw them, he ran forward from his tent door to meet them and did obeisance upon the ground And he lifted up his eyes and beheld, and lo! three men stood before him; and having seen them he ran to meet them from the door of his tent, and did obeisance to the ground.
Genesis 18:3 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:3 (KJV) Genesis 18:3 (NET)
and said: ‘My lord, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant. And said, My Lord, if now I have found favour in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant: He said, “My lord, if I have found favor in your sight, do not pass by and leave your servant.
Genesis 18:3 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν κύριε εἰ ἄρα εὗρον χάριν ἐναντίον σου μὴ παρέλθῃς τὸν παῗδά σου καὶ εἶπε· κύριε, εἰ ἄρα εὗρον χάριν ἐναντίον σου, μὴ παρέλθῃς τὸν παῖδά σου
Genesis 18:3 (NETS) Genesis 18:3 (English Elpenor)
and said, “Lord, if perchance have found favor before you, do not pass by your servant. And he said, Lord, if indeed I have found grace in thy sight, pass not by thy servant.
Genesis 18:26 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:26 (KJV) Genesis 18:26 (NET)
And HaShem said: ‘If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will forgive all the place for their sake.’ And the LORD said, If I find in Sodom fifty righteous within the city, then I will spare all the place for their sakes. So the Lord replied, “If I find in the city of Sodom fifty godly people, I will spare the whole place for their sake.”
Genesis 18:26 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)
εἶπεν δὲ κύριος ἐὰν εὕρω ἐν Σοδομοις πεντήκοντα δικαίους ἐν τῇ πόλει ἀφήσω πάντα τὸν τόπον δι᾽ αὐτούς εἶπε δὲ Κύριος· ἐὰν ὦσιν ἐν Σοδόμοις πεντήκοντα δίκαιοι ἐν τῇ πόλει, ἀφήσω ὅλην τὴν πόλιν καὶ πάντα τὸν τόπον δι᾿ αὐτούς
Genesis 18:26 (NETS) Genesis 18:26 (English Elpenor)
Then the Lord said, “If I find in Sodoma fifty righteous in the city, I will forgive the whole place for their sake.” And the Lord said, If there should be in Sodom fifty righteous in the city, I will spare the whole city, and the whole place for their sakes.
Genesis 18:27 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:27 (KJV) Genesis 18:27 (NET)
And Abraham answered and said: ‘Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the L-rd, who am but dust and ashes. And Abraham answered and said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord, which am but dust and ashes: Then Abraham asked, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord (although I am but dust and ashes),
Genesis 18:27 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:27 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς Αβρααμ εἶπεν νῦν ἠρξάμην λαλῆσαι πρὸς τὸν κύριον ἐγὼ δέ εἰμι γῆ καὶ σποδός καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς ῾Αβραὰμ εἶπε· νῦν ἠρξάμην λαλῆσαι πρὸς τὸν Κύριόν μου, ἐγὼ δέ εἰμι γῆ καὶ σποδός
Genesis 18:27 (NETS) Genesis 18:27 (English Elpenor)
And Abraam said in reply, “Now I have begun to speak to the Lord, though I am earth and ashes. And Abraam answered and said, Now I have begun to speak to my Lord, and I am earth and ashes.
Genesis 18:30 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:30 (KJV) Genesis 18:30 (NET)
And he said: ‘Oh, let not the L-rd be angry, and I will speak.  Peradventure there shall thirty be found there.’  And He said: ‘I will not do it, if I find thirty there.’ And he said unto him, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure there shall thirty be found there.  And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there. Then Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak! What if thirty are found there?” He replied, “I will not do it if I find thirty there.”
Genesis 18:30 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:30 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν μή τι κύριε ἐὰν λαλήσω ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐκεῗ τριάκοντα καὶ εἶπεν οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσω ἐὰν εὕρω ἐκεῗ τριάκοντα καὶ εἶπε· μή τι κύριε, ἐὰν λαλήσω; ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐκεῖ τριάκοντα; καὶ εἶπεν· οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσω ἕνεκεν τῶν τριάκοντα
Genesis 18:30 (NETS) Genesis 18:30 (English Elpenor)
And he said, “Pardon, Lord, if I should speak.  But if thirty should be found there?”  And he said, “I will not destroy it, if I find thirty there.” And he said, Will there be anything [against me], Lord, if I shall speak? but if there be found there thirty?  And he said, I will not destroy it for the thirty’s sake.
Genesis 18:31 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:31 (KJV) Genesis 18:31 (NET)
And he said: ‘Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the L-rd.  Peradventure there shall be twenty found there.’  And He said: ‘I will not destroy it for the twenty’s sake.’ And he said, Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the Lord: Peradventure there shall be twenty found there.  And he said, I will not destroy it for twenty’s sake. Abraham said, “Since I have undertaken to speak to the Lord, what if only twenty are found there?”  He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the twenty.”
Genesis 18:31 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:31 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ἐπειδὴ ἔχω λαλῆσαι πρὸς τὸν κύριον ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐκεῗ εἴκοσι καὶ εἶπεν οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσω ἕνεκεν τῶν εἴκοσι καὶ εἶπεν· ἐπειδὴ ἔχω λαλῆσαι πρὸς τὸν κύριον· ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐκεῖ εἴκοσι; καὶ εἶπεν· οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσω, ἐὰν εὕρω ἐκεῖ εἴκοσι
Genesis 18:31 (NETS) Genesis 18:31 (English Elpenor)
And he said, “Since I am compelled to speak to the Lord—and if twenty should be found there?”  And he said, “On account of the twenty I will not destroy it.” And he said, Since I am able to speak to the Lord, what if there should be found there twenty?  And he said, I will not destroy it, if I should find there twenty.
Genesis 18:32 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:32 (KJV) Genesis 18:32 (NET)
And he said: ‘Oh, let not the L-rd be angry, and I will speak yet but this once.  Peradventure ten shall be found there.’  And He said: ‘I will not destroy it for the ten’s sake.’ And he said, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak yet but this once: Peradventure ten shall be found there.  And he said, I will not destroy it for ten’s sake. Finally Abraham said, “May the Lord not be angry so that I may speak just once more.  What if ten are found there?”  He replied, “I will not destroy it for the sake of the ten.”
Genesis 18:32 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:32 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν μή τι κύριε ἐὰν λαλήσω ἔτι ἅπαξ ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐκεῗ δέκα καὶ εἶπεν οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσω ἕνεκεν τῶν δέκα καὶ εἶπε· μήτι κύριε, ἐὰν λαλήσω ἔτι ἅπαξ· ἐὰν δὲ εὑρεθῶσιν ἐκεῖ δέκα; καὶ εἶπεν· οὐ μὴ ἀπολέσω ἕνεκεν τῶν δέκα
Genesis 18:32 (NETS) Genesis 18:32 (English Elpenor)
And he said, “Pardon, Lord, if I should speak once more.  But if ten should be found there?”  And he said, “On account of the ten I will not destroy it.” And he said, Will there be anything [against me], Lord, if I speak yet once? but if there should be found there ten?  And he said, I will not destroy it for the ten’s sake.
Genesis 18:33 (Tanakh) Genesis 18:33 (KJV) Genesis 18:33 (NET)
And HaShem went His way, as soon as He had left off speaking to Abraham; and Abraham returned unto his place. And the LORD went his way, as soon as he had left communing with Abraham: and Abraham returned unto his place. The Lord went on his way when he had finished speaking to Abraham. Then Abraham returned home.
Genesis 18:33 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 18:33 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἀπῆλθεν δὲ κύριος ὡς ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν τῷ Αβρααμ καὶ Αβρααμ ἀπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ ἀπῆλθε δὲ ὁ Κύριος, ὡς ἐπαύσατο λαλῶν τῷ ῾Αβραάμ, καὶ ῾Αβραὰμ ἀπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ
Genesis 18:33 (NETS) Genesis 18:33 (English Elpenor)
Then the Lord went away, when he had left off speaking to Abraam, and Abraam returned to his place. And the Lord departed, when he left off speaking to Abraam, and Abraam returned to his place.
Genesis 19:1 (Tanakh) Genesis 19:1 (KJV) Genesis 19:1 (NET)
And the two angels came to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the gate of Sodom; and Lot saw them, and rose up to meet them; and he fell down on his face to the earth; And there came two angels to Sodom at even; and Lot sat in the gate of Sodom: and Lot seeing them rose up to meet them; and he bowed himself with his face toward the ground; The two angels came to Sodom in the evening while Lot was sitting in the city’s gateway.  When Lot saw them, he got up to meet them and bowed down with his face toward the ground.
Genesis 19:1 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 19:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἦλθον δὲ οἱ δύο ἄγγελοι εἰς Σοδομα ἑσπέρας Λωτ δὲ ἐκάθητο παρὰ τὴν πύλην Σοδομων ἰδὼν δὲ Λωτ ἐξανέστη εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῗς καὶ προσεκύνησεν τῷ προσώπῳ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ΗΛΘΟΝ δὲ οἱ δύο ἄγγελοι εἰς Σόδομα ἑσπέρας· Λὼτ δὲ ἐκάθητο παρὰ τὴν πύλην Σοδόμων. ἰδὼν δὲ Λώτ, ἐξανέστη εἰς συνάντησιν αὐτοῖς καὶ προσεκύνησε τῷ προσώπῳ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν
Genesis 19:1 (NETS) Genesis 19:1 (English Elpenor)
Now the two angels came to Sodoma at evening, and Lot was sitting beside the gate of Sodoma.  And when Lot saw them he rose to meet them and did obeisance with his face upon the ground AND the two angels came to Sodom at evening.  And Lot sat by the gate of Sodom, and Lot having seen them, rose up to meet them, and he worshipped with his face to the ground, and said,
Genesis 19:2 (Tanakh) Genesis 19:2 (KJV) Genesis 19:2 (NET)
and he said: ‘Behold now, my lords, turn aside, I pray you, into your servant’s house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your way.’  And they said: ‘Nay; but we will abide in the broad place all night.’ And he said, Behold now, my lords, turn in, I pray you, into your servant’s house, and tarry all night, and wash your feet, and ye shall rise up early, and go on your ways.  And they said, Nay; but we will abide in the street all night. He said, “Here, my lords, please turn aside to your servant’s house. Stay the night and wash your feet.  Then you can be on your way early in the morning.”  “No,” they replied, “we’ll spend the night in the town square.”
Genesis 19:2 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 19:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν ἰδού κύριοι ἐκκλίνατε εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ παιδὸς ὑμῶν καὶ καταλύσατε καὶ νίψασθε τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν καὶ ὀρθρίσαντες ἀπελεύσεσθε εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν ὑμῶν εἶπαν δέ οὐχί ἀλλ᾽ ἐν τῇ πλατείᾳ καταλύσομεν καὶ εἶπεν· ἰδοὺ κύριοι, ἐκκλίνατε εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ παιδὸς ὑμῶν καὶ καταλύσατε καὶ νίψασθε τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν, καὶ ὀρθρίσαντες ἀπελεύσεσθε εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν ὑμῶν. καὶ εἶπαν· οὐχί, ἀλλ᾿ ἐν τῇ πλατείᾳ καταλύσομεν
Genesis 19:2 (NETS) Genesis 19:1b, 2 (English Elpenor)
and said, “Here, lords, turn aside to your servant’s house, and find lodging, and wash your feet, and when you have risen early you will depart on your way.”  They, however, said, “No, but we will find lodging in the street.” and said, (2) Lo! [my] lords, turn aside to the house of your servant, and rest from your journey, and wash your feet, and having risen early in the morning ye shall depart on your journey.  And they said, Nay, but we will lodge in the street.
Genesis 19:16 (Tanakh) Genesis 19:16 (KJV) Genesis 19:16 (NET)
But he lingered; and the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters; HaShem being merciful unto him.  And they brought him forth, and set him without the city. And while he lingered, the men laid hold upon his hand, and upon the hand of his wife, and upon the hand of his two daughters; the LORD being merciful unto him: and they brought him forth, and set him without the city. When Lot hesitated, the men grabbed his hand and the hands of his wife and two daughters because the Lord had compassion on them.  They led them away and placed them outside the city.
Genesis 19:16 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 19:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐταράχθησαν καὶ ἐκράτησαν οἱ ἄγγελοι τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς χειρὸς τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν δύο θυγατέρων αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ φείσασθαι κύριον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐταράχθησαν· καὶ ἐκράτησαν οἱ ἄγγελοι τῆς χειρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς χειρὸς τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν δύο θυγατέρων αὐτοῦ, ἐν τῷ φείσασθαι Κύριον αὐτοῦ
Genesis 19:16 (NETS) Genesis 19:16 (English Elpenor)
And they were confounded, and the angels seized his hand and his wife’s hand and his daughters’ hands, as the Lord spared him. And they were troubled, and the angels laid hold on his hand, and the hand of his wife, and the hands of his two daughters, in that the Lord spared him.
Genesis 19:17 (Tanakh) Genesis 19:17 (KJV) Genesis 19:17 (NET)
And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that he said: ‘Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the Plain; escape to the mountain, lest thou be swept away.’ And it came to pass, when they had brought them forth abroad, that he said, Escape for thy life; look not behind thee, neither stay thou in all the plain; escape to the mountain, lest thou be consumed. When they had brought them outside, they said, “Run for your lives!  Don’t look behind you or stop anywhere in the valley!  Escape to the mountains or you will be destroyed!”
Genesis 19:17 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 19:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐγένετο ἡνίκα ἐξήγαγον αὐτοὺς ἔξω καὶ εἶπαν σῴζων σῷζε τὴν σεαυτοῦ ψυχήν μὴ περιβλέψῃς εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω μηδὲ στῇς ἐν πάσῃ τῇ περιχώρῳ εἰς τὸ ὄρος σῴζου μήποτε συμπαραλημφθῇς καὶ ἐγένετο, ἡνίκα ἐξήγαγον αὐτοὺς ἔξω καὶ εἶπαν· σῴζων σῷζε τὴν σεαυτοῦ ψυχήν· μὴ περιβλέψῃ εἰς τὰ ὀπίσω, μηδὲ στῇς ἐν πάσῃ τῇ περιχώρῳ· εἰς τὸ ὄρος σῴζου, μήποτε συμπαραληφθῇς
Genesis 19:17 (NETS) Genesis 19:17 (English Elpenor)
And it came about when they had brought them outside, that then they said, “In saving, save your own soul; do not look around backwards or stop in the whole region round about; get safely to the mountain, that you not be included.” And it came to pass when they brought them out, that they said, Save thine own life by all means; look not round to that which is behind, nor stay in all the country round about, escape to the mountain, lest perhaps thou be overtaken together with them.
Genesis 19:18 (Tanakh) Genesis 19:18 (KJV) Genesis 19:18 (NET)
And Lot said unto them: ‘Oh, not so, my lord; And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my Lord: But Lot said to them, “No, please, Lord!
Genesis 19:18 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 19:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)
εἶπεν δὲ Λωτ πρὸς αὐτούς δέομαι κύριε εἶπε δὲ Λὼτ πρὸς αὐτούς· δέομαι κύριε
Genesis 19:18 (NETS) Genesis 19:18 (English Elpenor)
But Lot said to them, “I pray, Lord, And Lot said to them, I pray, Lord,

[1] Two examples of יֱהֹוִה֙ (yehôvih) translated Κύριε cannot establish a meaningful pattern that יֱהֹוִה֙ (yehôvih) was not recognized as distinctly different from יְהֹוָ֨ה (yehôvâh) by the rabbis who translated the Old Testament, but neither do they invalidate that assumption.

Father, Son and Holy Spirit – Part 1

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I am more or less willing to be a polytheist.  Trinitarianism gives me a headache.  I’m not quite sure how anyone deduced monotheism from, HEAR, O ISRAEL: THE HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) OUR GOD (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהינו), THE HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) IS ONE[1] anyway.  The Hebrew word אלהינו (ʼĕlôhı̂ym), as I understand it, is a plural noun treated as a singular (i.e., the Gods is).

If the oneness of the אלהינו (ʼĕlôhı̂ym) meant that they were not warring among themselves, constantly working at cross-purposes like the gods of the pagan myths, then trinitarianism would be an unnecessary complication.  But the impact the quotation of Psalm 110:1 in Hebrews had on me as I read it this time compels me to consider something much closer to trinitarianism than polytheism: The LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה) said unto my Lord (ʼâdôn, לאדני), Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.[2]

But when this priest[3] had offered one sacrifice for sins for all time, the anonymous author of Hebrews wrote, he sat down at the right hand of God, where he is now waiting until his enemies are made a footstool for his feet.[4]  This made it obvious that the resurrected and ascended Jesus was signified by לאדני (ʼâdôn) in Psalm 110:1, not יהוה (yehôvâh).  As a Bible-believing polytheist I would be forced to accept that Jesus is not יהוה (yehôvâh) according to this Psalm.

The insight that Jesus is יהוה (yehôvâh) come in human flesh has revolutionized my thinking about, not to mention my feeling for, יהוה (yehôvâh).  I won’t give it up easily.  If I can believe, for instance, that the him in Yet it pleased the LORD (yehôvâh, ויהוה) to bruise him[5] was effectively Himself, it presages Jesus’ own words: I lay down my life, so that I may take it back again.  No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down of my own free will.[6]  If, however, I must believe that him was someone else יהוה (yehôvâh) abused, an only begotten Son in fact, and He wants to treat me as a son…well, those are fighting words.

As I think of it now, for foolish Gentiles to see one like the Son of man [returning] with the clouds of heaven[7] and then follow their desperate leaders in a short-lived insurrection will require a hardening much like the hardening that fortified religious minds in Jerusalem to seek the death of a man who healed the sick and raised the dead.  So rather than be hardened by a simplistic polytheism I plan to endure the headache of something more like trinitarianism.

The first occurrence of ואדני (ʼâdôn) in Genesis was from the lips of Sarah: After I am worn out will I have pleasure, especially when my husband is old too?[8]  Husband (ʼâdôn, ואדני) was lord in the Tanakh and κύριός in the Septuagint.  Peter made much of this single occurrence of ʼâdôn (1 Peter 3:5, 6 NET):

For in the same way the holy women who hoped in[9] God[10] long ago adorned themselves by being subject to their husbands, like Sarah who obeyed Abraham, calling him lord (κύριον, a form of κύριος).  You become her children when you do what is good and have no fear in doing so.

Surely the relevant relationship in Sarah’s mind as she laughed, contemplated, probably doubted the possibility of having her first child in her old age was that of husband as the NET translators suggested.  Turn, O backsliding children, saith the LORD; for I am married unto you: and I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and I will bring you to Zion: And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.[11]

The Hebrew word translated LORD here was יהוה (yehôvâh), κύριος in Greek in the Septuagint.  The Hebrew word translated for I am married was בעלתי (bâʽal).  Like אדני (ʼâdôn) בעלתי (bâʽal) can mean master.  This is what the rabbis keyed on when they chose κατακυριεύσω (a form of κατακυριεύω) to translate בעלתי (bâʽal) into Greek.  But Jesus called them and said, “You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over (κατακυριεύουσιν, another form of κατακυριεύω) them, and those in high positions use their authority over them.  It[12] must not be this way among you!”[13]  In fact, the man who beat [some Jewish exorcists] into submission[14] (κατακυριεύσας, another form of κατακυριεύω)…was possessed by [an] evil spirit,[15] not the Spirit of God.

I think the translators of the Tanakh keyed on the relevant relationship the Holy Spirit intended, for later the same passage reads: Surely as a wife treacherously departeth from her husband, so have ye dealt treacherously with me, O house of Israel, saith the LORD.[16]  Again, LORD was the translation of יהוה (yehôvâh), κύριος in the Septuagint.  The word translated husband was מרעה (rêaʽ).  It was translated συνόντα (a form of σύνειμι) by the rabbis in the Septuagint (Luke 9:18-22 NET).

Once when Jesus was praying by himself, and his disciples were nearby (συνῆσαν, another form of σύνειμι), he asked them, “Who do the crowds say that I am?”  They answered,[17] “John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others that one of the prophets of long ago has risen.”  Then he said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”  Peter[18] answered, “The Christ of God.”  But he forcefully commanded them not to tell[19] this to anyone, saying, “The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and experts in the law, and be killed, and on the third day be raised.”[20]

The LORD was determined to do good (Jeremiah 3:16-18) to Israel but questioned how since they had treacherously departed from Him: But I said, How shall I put thee among the children, and give thee a pleasant land, a goodly heritage of the hosts of nations? [21]  Jesus explained His answer—and I said, Thou shalt call me, My father; and shalt not turn away from me[22]—to Nicodemus (John 3:5-7 NET).

I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.  What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit.  Do not be amazed that I said to you, “You must all be born from above.”

So, how is one born from above?  Receive Jesus.  Actually, him in to all who have received him referred back to the Word.  I was among the slowest of the slow to realize that the Word was Jesus.  Here is John’s description of Jesus as the Word of God (John 1:1-5, 10-13 NET):

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was fully God.  The Word was with God in the beginning.  All things were created by him, and apart from him not one thing was created that has been created.  In him was life, and the life was the light of mankind.  And the light shines on in the darkness, but the darkness has not mastered it…

He was in the world, and the world was created by him, but the world did not recognize him.  He came to what was his own, but his own people did not receive him.  But to all who have received him – those who believe in his name – he has given the right to become God’s children – children not born by human parents or by human desire or a husband’s decision, but by God.

So, how does the right (John 8:40-45) to become God’s children, the fact that Thou shalt call [Him], My father ensure that thou shalt not turn away from him?  Therefore, Peter concluded his first Gospel proclamation, let all the house of Israel know beyond a doubt that God has made this Jesus whom you crucified both Lord and Christ[23] (Acts 2:37, 38 NET).

Now when they heard this, they were acutely distressed and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, “What should we do, brothers?”  Peter said to them, “Repent, and each one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.

We know that everyone fathered by God does not sin, John wrote those who had received Jesus, but God protects the one he has fathered, and the evil one cannot touch him.  We know that we are from God, and the whole world lies in the power of the evil one.  And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us insight to know him who is true, and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. This one is the true God and eternal life.[24]

So then, brothers and sisters, Paul wrote to those in Rome who believed that God has made this Jesus whom [they] crucified both Lord and Christ, who had repented and been baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of [their] sins, we are under obligation, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh (for if you live according to the flesh, you will die), but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body you will live.  For all who are led by the Spirit of God are the sons of God.  For you did not receive the spirit of slavery leading again to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption, by whom we cry, “Abba, Father.”[25]

This explains why the ark of the covenant of the Lord will no longer come to mind (Jeremiah 3:16-18 Tanakh):

And it shall come to pass, when ye be multiplied and increased in the land, in those days, saith the LORD, they shall say no more, The ark of the covenant of the LORD: neither shall it come to mind: neither shall they remember it; neither shall they visit it; neither shall that be done any more.

At that time they shall call Jerusalem the throne of the LORD; and all the nations shall be gathered unto it, to the name of the LORD, to Jerusalem: neither shall they walk any more after the imagination of their evil heart.  In those days the house of Judah shall walk with the house of Israel, and they shall come together out of the land of the north to the land that I have given for an inheritance unto your fathers.

Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD:[26]

Here again, husband was בעלתי (bâʽal) and LORD was יהוה (yehôvâh) in the Hebrew (Masoretic text), but the rabbis chose ἠμέλησα (a form of ἀμελέω) in the Septuagint.  The author of Hebrews quoted it (Hebrews 8:9 NET):

It will not be like the covenant that I made with their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they did not continue in my covenant and I had no regard (ἠμέλησα, a form of ἀμελέω) for them, says the Lord.

The NET parallel Greek text, Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text were identical here.

Hebrews 8:9 (NET Parallel Greek) Hebrews 8:9 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Hebrews 8:9 (Byzantine Majority Text)
οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν ἐποίησα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Ἀιγύπτου, ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, καγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει κύριος ου κατα την διαθηκην ην εποιησα τοις πατρασιν αυτων εν ημερα επιλαβομενου μου της χειρος αυτων εξαγαγειν αυτους εκ γης αιγυπτου οτι αυτοι ουκ ενεμειναν εν τη διαθηκη μου καγω ημελησα αυτων λεγει κυριος ου κατα την διαθηκην ην εποιησα τοις πατρασιν αυτων εν ημερα επιλαβομενου μου της χειρος αυτων εξαγαγειν αυτους εκ γης αιγυπτου οτι αυτοι ουκ ενεμειναν εν τη διαθηκη μου καγω ημελησα αυτων λεγει κυριος

There were three relatively insignificant differences compared to the BLB and Elpenor versions of the Septuagint.

Hebrews 8:9 (NET Parallel Greek)

 Jeremiah 31:32 (Septuagint BLB)

Jeremiah 38:32 (Septuagint Elpenor)
οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν ἐποίησα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Ἀιγύπτου, ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, καγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει κύριος οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου καὶ ἐγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν φησὶν κύριος οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου, ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, καὶ ἐγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, φησὶ Κύριος

If בעלתי (bâʽal) was not original in Jeremiah 31:32, it was found in Isaiah, though again it was translated κύριος (Lord) in the Septuagint (Isaiah 54:4-7 Tanakh):

Fear not; for thou shalt not be ashamed: neither be thou confounded; for thou shalt not be put to shame: for thou shalt forget the shame of thy youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy widowhood any more.  For thy Maker is thine husband (bâʽal, בעליך); the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה) of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called.  For the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה) hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God.  For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great mercies will I gather thee.

Therefore, behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her.  And I will give her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt.  And it shall be at that day, saith the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה), that thou shalt call me Ishi; and shalt call me no more Baali (baʽălı̂y, בעלי).  For I will take away the names of Baalim (baʽal, הבעלים) out of her mouth, and they shall no more be remembered by their name.[27]

Here the Hebrew word אישי (ʼı̂ysh) was transliterated as a proper name Ishi (also in the KJV).  The rabbis translated it ἀνήρ in the Septuagint.  And the man (ʼâdâm, האדם; Septuagint: Αδαμ) said: ‘This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man (ʼı̂ysh, מאיש; Septuagint: ἀνδρὸς, a form of ἀνήρ).’  Therefore shall a man (ʼı̂ysh, איש; Septuagint: ἄνθρωπος) leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh [Table].[28]  Most English Bibles that translate rather than transliterate Ishi render it my husband, including the New English Translation of the Septuagint.

Matthew (9:15), Mark (2:19, 20) and Luke (5:34, 35) all recounted Jesus reference to Himself as the bridegroom (νυμφίος).  John (3:25-30) recalled that John the Baptist also called Jesus the bridegroom.  The prophet Hosea continued quoting yehôvâh (Hosea 2:18-23 Tanakh):

And in that day will I make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field and with the fowls of heaven, and with the creeping things of the ground: and I will break the bow and the sword and the battle out of the earth, and will make them to lie down safely.  And I will betroth (ʼâraś, וארשׁתיך; Septuagint: μνηστεύσομαί, a form of μνηστεύω) thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth (ʼâraś, וארשׁתיך; Septuagint: μνηστεύσομαί, a form of μνηστεύω) thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies.  I will even betroth (ʼâraś, וארשׁתיך; Septuagint: μνηστεύσομαί, a form of μνηστεύω) thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה).

And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה), I will hear the heavens, and they shall hear the earth; And the earth shall hear the corn, and the wine, and the oil; and they shall hear Jezreel.  And I will sow her unto me in the earth; and I will have mercy upon her that had not obtained mercy; and I will say to them which were not my people, Thou art my people; and they shall say, Thou art my God.

Tables comparing Hebrews 10:12; 1 Peter 3:5; Matthew 20:26; Acts 19:16 and Luke 9:19-22 in the NET and KJV follow.

Hebrews 10:12 (NET)

Hebrews 10:12 (KJV)
But when this priest had offered one sacrifice for sins for all time, he sat down at the right hand of God, But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God;

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
οὗτος δὲ μίαν ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν προσενέγκας θυσίαν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ αυτος δε μιαν υπερ αμαρτιων προσενεγκας θυσιαν εις το διηνεκες εκαθισεν εν δεξια του θεου αυτος δε μιαν υπερ αμαρτιων προσενεγκας θυσιαν εις το διηνεκες εκαθισεν εν δεξια του θεου

1 Peter 3:5 (NET)

1 Peter 3:5 (KJV)
For in the same way the holy women who hoped in God long ago adorned themselves by being subject to their husbands, For after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands:
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
οὕτως γάρ ποτε καὶ αἱ ἅγιαι γυναῖκες αἱ ἐλπίζουσαι εἰς θεὸν ἐκόσμουν ἑαυτάς ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν ουτως γαρ ποτε και αι αγιαι γυναικες αι ελπιζουσαι επι τον θεον εκοσμουν εαυτας υποτασσομεναι τοις ιδιοις ανδρασιν ουτως γαρ ποτε και αι αγιαι γυναικες αι ελπιζουσαι επι θεον εκοσμουν εαυτας υποτασσομεναι τοις ιδιοις ανδρασιν

Matthew 20:26 (NET)

Matthew 20:26 (KJV)
It must not be this way among you!  Instead whoever wants to be great among you must be your servant, But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister;

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
οὐχ οὕτως |ἔσται| ἐν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ᾿ ὃς |ἐὰν| θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν μέγας γενέσθαι ἔσται ὑμῶν διάκονος ουχ ουτως δε εσται εν υμιν αλλ ος εαν θελη εν υμιν μεγας γενεσθαι εστω υμων διακονος ουχ ουτως δε εσται εν υμιν αλλ ος εαν θελη εν υμιν μεγας γενεσθαι εσται υμων διακονος
Acts 19:16 (NET)

Acts 19:16 (KJV)
Then the man who was possessed by the evil spirit jumped on them and beat them all into submission.  He prevailed against them so that they fled from that house naked and wounded. And the man in whom the evil spirit was leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ ἐφαλόμενος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἐν ᾧ ἦν τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ πονηρόν, κατακυριεύσας ἀμφοτέρων ἴσχυσεν κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ὥστε γυμνοὺς καὶ τετραυματισμένους ἐκφυγεῖν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου ἐκείνου και εφαλλομενος επ αυτους ο ανθρωπος εν ω ην το πνευμα το πονηρον και κατακυριευσας αυτων ισχυσεν κατ αυτων ωστε γυμνους και τετραυματισμενους εκφυγειν εκ του οικου εκεινου και εφαλλομενος επ αυτους ο ανθρωπος εν ω ην το πνευμα το πονηρον και κατακυριευσαν αυτων ισχυσεν κατ αυτων ωστε γυμνους και τετραυματισμενους εκφυγειν εκ του οικου εκεινου
Luke 9:19-22 (NET)

Luke 9:19-22 (KJV)
They answered, “John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others that one of the prophets of long ago has risen.” They answering said, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others say, that one of the old prophets is risen again.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
οἱ δὲ ἀποκριθέντες εἶπαν Ἰωάννην τὸν βαπτιστήν, ἄλλοι δὲ Ἠλίαν, ἄλλοι δὲ ὅτι προφήτης τις τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη οι δε αποκριθεντες ειπον ιωαννην τον βαπτιστην αλλοι δε ηλιαν αλλοι δε οτι προφητης τις των αρχαιων ανεστη οι δε αποκριθεντες ειπον ιωαννην τον βαπτιστην αλλοι δε ηλιαν αλλοι δε οτι προφητης τις των αρχαιων ανεστη
Then he said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”  Peter answered, “The Christ of God.” He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am?  Peter answering said, The Christ of God.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· ὑμεῖς δὲ τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; Πέτρος δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· τὸν χριστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ειπεν δε αυτοις υμεις δε τινα με λεγετε ειναι αποκριθεις δε ο πετρος ειπεν τον χριστον του θεου ειπεν δε αυτοις υμεις δε τινα με λεγετε ειναι αποκριθεις δε ο πετρος ειπεν τον χριστον του θεου
But he forcefully commanded them not to tell this to anyone, And he straitly charged them, and commanded them to tell no man that thing;

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
ὁ δὲ ἐπιτιμήσας αὐτοῖς παρήγγειλεν μηδενὶ λέγειν τοῦτο ο δε επιτιμησας αυτοις παρηγγειλεν μηδενι ειπειν τουτο ο δε επιτιμησας αυτοις παρηγγειλεν μηδενι ειπειν τουτο
saying, “The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and experts in the law, and be killed, and on the third day be raised.” Saying, The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be slain, and be raised the third day.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
εἰπων ὅτι δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ παθεῖν καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ ἀρχιερέων καὶ γραμματέων καὶ ἀποκτανθῆναι καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθῆναι ειπων οτι δει τον υιον του ανθρωπου πολλα παθειν και αποδοκιμασθηναι απο των πρεσβυτερων και αρχιερεων και γραμματεων και αποκτανθηναι και τη τριτη ημερα εγερθηναι ειπων οτι δει τον υιον του ανθρωπου πολλα παθειν και αποδοκιμασθηναι απο των πρεσβυτερων και αρχιερεων και γραμματεων και αποκτανθηναι και τη τριτη ημερα αναστηναι

[1] Deuteronomy 6:4 (Tanakh)

[2] Psalm 110:1 (Tanakh)

[3] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had οὗτος here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αυτος (KJV: this man).

[4] Hebrews 10:12, 13 (NET)

[5] Isaiah 53:10a (Tanakh)

[6] John 10:17b, 18a (NET)

[7] Daniel 7:13b (Tanakh) The Greek word translated returning in Revelation 1:7 (NET) was ἔρχεται, while the Hebrew word translated came in Daniel 7:13 (Tanakh) was translated ἐρχόμενος in the Septuagint.  Both are forms of ἔρχομαι.  ἐρχόμενος: Matthew 3:11; 11:2-6; 21:6-11; 23:37-39.

[8] Genesis 18:12 (NET)

[9] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had εἰς here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had επι.

[10] The Stephanus Textus Receptus had the article τον preceding God.  The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[11] Jeremiah 3:14, 15 (Tanakh)

[12] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had δε (KJV: But).  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[13] Matthew 20:25, 26a (NET)

[14] The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus had κατακυριεύσας here, where the Byzantine Majority Text had κατακυριευσαν.

[15] Acts 19:16 (NET)

[16] Jeremiah 3:20 (Tanakh)

[17] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had εἶπαν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ειπον (KJV: said).

[18] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article ο preceding Peter.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[19] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had λέγειν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ειπειν.

[20] The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus had ἐγερθῆναι here, where the Byzantine Majority Text had αναστηναι.

[21] Jeremiah 3:19a (Tanakh)

[22] Jeremiah 3:19b (Tanakh)

[23] Acts 2:36 (NET)

[24] 1 John 5:18-20 (NET) Table1, Table2

[25] Romans 8:12-15 (NET)

[26] Jeremiah 31:31, 32 (Tanakh)

[27] Hosea 2:14-17 (Tanakh) Table1 Table2 Table3

[28] Genesis 2:23, 24 (Tanakh)