You Must Be Gentle, Part 3

I watched an interview with Ingmar Bergman on the DVD version of “Persona” called “A Poem in Images.”  He spoke in English, not his native language, but I left the quote below verbatim because I liked the ideas expressed as they were.

“I was ill and they had to make some sort of operation.  And I got in my arm an injection…I had been unconscious six hours.  You know I had no feeling about time, of hour.  From existing, I have being in the situation of nonexisting.  And that makes me very happy….I am conscious about myself and everything and then suddenly, or slowly, my consciousness fades out, switches off.  And it is a not existing.  That is a marvelous feeling.  From existing I am not existing.  And at that moment nothing can happen to me.  I think it would be terrible if somebody came after this marvelous not existing and wake me up, and said, ‘You are a returned soul Mr. Bergman,’ or something like that, ‘and you have to go here or there; you are guilty for that, not guilty for that.’  I think it’s just crazy.”

I was about five years old when I accepted what I thought was the gospel: believe in the Lord Jesus Christ or burn in hell for all eternity.  It seemed like a no brainer.  I was surprised that everyone in children’s church didn’t choose Jesus right there and then.  (I can’t say for certain that I was taught this until an evangelism course I took as an adult, but the first time I seriously questioned whether this ultimatum was the Gospel was during that course.)  I was saved, saved from hell, because I confessed that I was a sinner and believed in Jesus.  And it worked in the sense that I grew up among fundamentalist Christians and can’t recall ever having any fear that I would go to hell, not as a child, anyway.

Hell was never taught as something I should fear.  It was taught as motivation to invite my friends to Sunday school, friends who would go to hell if they didn’t confess that they were sinners and ask Jesus into their hearts.  I tried to invite my next door neighbor once.  In fact, I probably tried to save him myself right there and then.  But my Catholic friend knew as much (or more) about trusting Jesus as I did.  So I decided that my Sunday school teachers didn’t know much about my friends.

“So this feeling of not existence made me very happy,” Bergman continued, “because it was a feeling of relief, because this feeling of a god, this idea about a god, was very unhealthy.  It was a feeling of something that was perfect, extremely perfect, the most extreme perfect that exists.  In comparison to that I always must feel like a snake, like a dirty snake.  For a human being to feel like a dirty snake is not good.”

In Junior High I pretended to be ill one morning so I could stay home and finish reading “Phaedo” by Plato, the death of Socrates.  Socrates concluded, “if while in company with the body the soul cannot have pure knowledge, one of two things seems to follow—either knowledge is not to be attained at all, or, if at all, after death.”1  This has had a lifelong impact on me.  Perhaps the main reason I have believed that each of us will give an account of himself to God2 (when I believed little else) is the hope that some clarity will come in his response to my account.  The primary torment of Sartre’s hell in his play “No Exit” is not knowing for certain why, or if, one is there.  Knowledge was the hardest thing to give up when I flirted with atheism.  To accept that knowledge is either unattainable, or that the verdict of a jury of my peers (or even a cadre of knowledge elites) is the highest form of truth and justice, is a camel I can’t swallow.

So though I have experienced anesthesia and even wondered if that was what death was like, it was never comforting to me.  Still, I could relate because I had been enamored with the fantasy of having never been bothered with existence in the first place.

As a child I prayed for two things: that my parents would get along and that I could hit a fast pitch baseball.  Sure, I probably prayed for other things, too, but these are the prayers I remember.  I certainly prayed them the most.  My parents never did get along any better.  They separated in my early twenties.  And I hit the ball once, until my neighbor friend shared a record with me, a recording of Stan Musial talking about hitting.

I was hit by a pitch at practice early in my first season.  It broke my finger and I had to sit the season out.  Stan Musial seemed to understand my fear.  I don’t even remember now what he said.  I only remember that I began to stand in without shying away, watch the ball all the way to the bat and make contact.  I’m sure coaches had yelled things like that at me many times before.  But I had stood at Sportsmen’s Park banging my wooden seat on its hinges when Stan the Man came up to bat.  Sometimes he struck out.  But the next time we stood and banged our seats again, and more often than not, often enough to satisfy us all, Stan the Man hit it out of the park.  When Stan Musial said it, I listened.  And I decided that he was a much better hitter than God.

In my late twenties I spent several years studying the Bible, history and philosophy.  I prayed for answers to the questions my studies posed, then I trusted that those answers would be forthcoming, and kept on studying.  By contrast I hated the Bible as a child.  When I was forced to read it I didn’t hear anything because I thought I already knew what it said from Sunday school classes.  I didn’t particularly like Sunday school classes either.  The few times I did pick it up on my own I found some things that didn’t sound like my Sunday school and I assumed I didn’t understand the Bible, or that my understanding couldn’t possibly be right because so many people before me had understood it like my Sunday school classes.  In my late twenties I probably still thought I already knew what the Bible said, but I was driven to read it, insatiably driven.  Answers came, sometimes amazingly.

One was in a book from the British Museum.  A friend gave it to me after a trip to London.  He didn’t know the question I was asking and he didn’t know the answer was in the book he purchased for me.  He simply thought I would like the book.  And he was wrong!  Apart from the question I was asking, I would have had no interest in this book at all.

Nietzsche: Friedrich Nietzsche was much smarter than I am.  He would have convinced me of atheism apart from the Lord’s answers to his questions, or the questions he fostered in me.  I will be forever grateful to Nietzsche for those questions.  The Lord’s answers changed the way I read and understand the Bible.

Yet after that amazing time I was still disgruntled.  Writing this has forced me to ask myself why.  The answer that comes to me is that I was not actually as open-minded as I like to remember the story.  I was trying to find a rational alternative to faith (i.e., that arrived at the same conclusions but required no faith).  My best effort was indistinguishable from faith.  In other words, I had failed.  So as the Lord and I did our postmortem on those years, I said the time was better than I had expected (recalling my parents and hitting a baseball), but that I was still inclined to wish for never having been born.

He was angry.  But I didn’t respond in what I consider a typical male response to anger, matching anger for anger, blow for blow.  To repeat what He said wouldn’t mean much.  It was completely in tune with the years we had spent analyzing statements and their negations.  The thrust of it was, “I don’t care what you want, I called you into existence to love you.”  My uncharacteristic response—one I have noticed in women responding to men’s anger, especially their jealousy—was, “He loves me.”

So while Bergman’s musings about anesthesia and death form a bond of recognition in me, and his taking comfort in nonexistence is endearing, I can’t follow Ingmar Bergman.  Clearly I am inferior to God.  But He has gone so out of his way to demonstrate his love and mercy to me that I can’t help but feel like a beloved child rather than a dirty snake.  For you did not receive the spirit of slavery leading again to fear, Paul wrote the Romans, but you received the Spirit of adoption, by whom we cry, “Abba, Father.”3


3 Romans 8:15 (NET)

Romans, Part 38

For Moses writes about the righteousness that is by the law, Paul continued.  “The one who does these things will live by them [Table]” [Table].  But the righteousness that is by faith says:Do not say in your heart [Table], ‘Who will ascend into heaven? [Table]’” (that is, to bring Christ down) or “Who will descend into the abyss? [Table]” (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead).  But what does it say?  “The word is near you, in your mouth and in your heart [Table]” (that is, the word of faith that we preach)1

I have already gone into this in some detail elsewhere, when it seemed appropriate to understand Paul’s rhetorical question: If some did not believe, does their unbelief nullify the faithfulness of God?2  Here I will simply point out the recurring pattern.  The righteousness that is by the law is an external code of conduct forced upon the sinful flesh of Adam.  There are rewards for compliance, and threats of violence and death for noncompliance.  The righteousness that is by faith wells up from the Holy Spirit and communes intimately with the spirit born from above, so intimately that this righteousness seems like that spirit’s own idea and longing.

Paul continued, because if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord3  There is a note (10) in the NET here: “Or ‘the Lord.’  The Greek construction, along with the quotation from Joel 2:32 in v. 13 (in which the same ‘Lord’ seems to be in view) suggests that κύριον (kurion) is to be taken as ‘the Lord,’ that is, Yahweh…”  Jesus was quite clear on the subject, saying, I tell you the solemn truth, before Abraham came into existence, I am!4

Paul continued, and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved (σωθήσῃ, a form of σώζω).5  What this salvation is substantively is the righteousness that is by faith, a righteousness that comes from God through his Holy Spirit.  When Peter defended his actions with Cornelius, he said, He informed us how he had seen an angel standing in his house and saying, “Send to Joppa and summon Simon, who is called Peter [Table], who will speak a message (ρήματα, a form of ῥῆμα) to you by which you and your entire household will be saved (σωθήσῃ, a form of σώζω).”  Then as I began to speak, the Holy Spirit fell on them just as he did on us at the beginning.  And I remembered the word (ρήματος, another form of ῥῆμα) of the Lord, as he used to say, “John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit”6 [Table].

For with the heart one believes and thus has righteousness, Paul continued, and with the mouth one confesses and thus has salvation.7  This translation is a little confusing.  It sounds like one possesses two different things by two different means:  1) my heart believes and thus has righteousness and 2) my mouth confesses and thus has salvation.  But the Greek word ἔχω (to have, to hold) is not found in the text.  The actual word is εἰς (into, unto): For with the heart one believes unto (εἰς) righteousness, and with the mouth confession is made unto (εἰς) salvation.8

I did not believe once upon a time and thus possess righteousness.  I did not confess once upon a time and thus possess salvation.  I believe and confess daily that I am utterly dependent on Christ’s righteousness and faithfulness.  Give us today our daily bread9 of this new life, the fruit of your Spirit: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.  Against such things there is no law10 [Table].  What is our belief and confession (Titus 3:3-6 NET)?

For we too were once foolish, disobedient, misled, enslaved to various passions and desires, spending our lives in evil and envy, hateful and hating one another.  But “when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared, he saved (ἔσωσεν, another form of σώζω) us not by works of righteousness that we have done but on the basis of his mercy, through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit [Table], whom he poured out on us in full measure through Jesus Christ our Savior.”

“And so, since we have been justified by his grace, since we are experiencing this salvation, this righteousness by faith (through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit),11 we become heirs with the confident expectation of eternal life.”12  Now having written that “we are experiencing this salvation, this righteousness by faith,” I certainly don’t mean that “our experience” is a 100% accurate translation of Christ’s righteousness.  When it came to his bout with coveting Paul wrote, For I want (θέλειν, a form of θέλω) to do the good, but I cannot do it [Table] (literally, For to wish is present in/with me, but not to do it).13  Still, he recognized that this desire was from God and not from himself or his own righteousness by the law, for the one bringing forth in you both the desire (θέλειν, a form of θέλω) and the effort – for the sake of his good pleasure – is God.14

For the scripture says, Paul continued in Romans, “Everyone who believes in him will not be put to shame.”  For there is no distinction between the Jew and the Greek, for the same Lord is Lord of all, who richly blesses all who call on him.  For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved (σωθήσεται, another form of σώζω).15

 

Addendum: August 10, 2025
According to a note (13) in the NET, Paul quoted from Isaiah 28:16 in Romans 10:11. A table comparing the Greek of Paul’s quotation to that of the Septuagint follows.

Romans 10:11b (NET Parallel Greek)

Isaiah 28:16b (Septuagint BLB) Table

Isaiah 28:16b (Septuagint Elpenor)

πᾶς ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται

καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ

καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ

Romans 10:11b (NET)

Isaiah 28:16b (NETS)

Isaiah 28:16b (English Elpenor)

Everyone who believes in him will not be put to shame.

and the one who believes in him will not be put to shame.

and he that believes [on him] shall by no means be ashamed.

According to a note (14) in the NET, Paul quoted from Joel 2:32 in Romans 10:13. A table comparing the Greek of Paul’s quotation to that of the Septuagint follows.

Romans 10:13 (NET Parallel Greek)

Joel 2:32b (Septuagint BLB) Table

Joel 3:5b (Septuagint Elpenor)

πᾶς γὰρ ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου σωθήσεται

πᾶς ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα κυρίου σωθήσεται

πᾶς, ὃς ἂν ἐπικαλέσηται τὸ ὄνομα Κυρίου, σωθήσεται

Romans 10:13 (NET)

Joel 2:32b (NETS)

Joel 3:5b (English Elpenor)

For everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved.

everyone who calls on the name of the Lord shall be saved,

whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved:


1 Romans 10:5-8 (NET)

2 Romans 3:3 (NET)

3 Romans 10:9a (NET)

5 Romans 10:9b (NET)

6 Acts 11:13-16 (NET)

7 Romans 10:10 (NET)

8 Romans 10:10 (NKJV)

10 Galatians 5:22, 23 (NET)

11 Titus 3:5b (NET)

12 Titus 3:7 (NET) Table

13 Romans 7:18b (NET)

14 Philippians 2:13 (NET) Table

15 Romans 10:11-13 (NET)

Fear – Genesis, Part 6

After Jacob and his family spent some time in Bethel they moved on to Ephrath (Bethlehem).  On the way Rachel went into labor – and her labor was hard.  When her labor was at its hardest, the midwife said to her, “Don’t be afraid (yārē’
, תִּירְאִי), for you are having another son.”1  The rabbis who translated the Septuagint changed the word to θάρσει in Greek.  “Have courage (θάρσει), son!  Jesus said to the paralytic lying on a mat.  Your sins are forgiven.”2  With her dying breath, Rachel named him Ben-Oni [NET note 38: “son of my suffering”].  But his father called him Benjamin [NET note 39: “son of the (or “my”) right hand”] instead.3

Rachel was Jacob’s favorite wife.  Her father had tricked him into marrying her sister Leah as well.  Bilhah and Zilpah, Rachel’s and Leah’s servant girls, were given to Jacob when the sisters vied with each other for their husband’s affection.  Joseph, Rachel’s firstborn, was Jacob’s favorite son.  Joseph’s elder brothers hated him.  On top of that Joseph had a couple of dreams which indicated to his brothers and Jacob that Joseph thought he would rule over them.

Joseph’s brothers decided to kill him.  Reuben, Jacob’s firstborn, talked his younger siblings down from murder.  They put Joseph in a dry cistern.  Reuben hoped to return later to rescue him.  Judah—Leah’s fourth born son after Reuben, Simeon and Levi—said to his brothers, “What profit is there if we kill our brother and cover up his blood?  Come, let’s sell him to the Ishmaelites, but let’s not lay a hand on him, for after all, he is our brother, our own flesh.”  His brothers agreed.4  The Ishmaelites sold Joseph to Potiphar the Egyptian, and eventually Joseph became a ruler in Egypt because of his ability to interpret prophetic dreams.

There was a famine in the land and Jacob sent ten of Joseph’s brothers to Egypt to buy grain.  Now Joseph was the ruler of the country, the one who sold grain to all the people of the country.  Joseph’s brothers came and bowed down before him with their faces to the ground.5  Joseph recognized his brothers, but they did not recognize him.  Then Joseph remembered the dreams he had dreamed about them, and he said to them, “You are spies; you have come to see if our land is vulnerable!”6

Though I have heard it many times I am not persuaded that Joseph had some wise master plan to test his brothers’ repentance.  I think he was the outcast little brother who had his elder brothers right where he wanted them, and he wanted to make them squirm.  Beyond that he wanted to see his younger brother Benjamin.  But when he heard his brothers’ fears, he was moved, perhaps even to a repentance of his own:  They said to one other, “Surely we’re being punished because of our brother, because we saw how distressed he was when he cried to us for mercy, but we refused to listen.  That is why this distress has come on us!”  Reuben said to them, “Didn’t I say to you, ‘Don’t sin against the boy,’ but you wouldn’t listen?  So now we must pay for shedding his blood!”7

Joseph spoke to them through an interpreter, but understood their language as they whispered among themselves.  He turned away from them and wept.8  Here, I can be persuaded that Joseph began to formulate a plan to both save face as a ruler of Egypt who had embarked on a path of revenge, and to share with his brothers some of the mercy the Lord had shown him.  When he turned around and spoke to them again, he had Simeon taken from them and tied up before their eyes.  Then Joseph gave orders to fill their bags with grain, to return each man’s money to his sack, and to give them provisions for the journey.  His orders were carried out.9

On their return journey one of the brothers discovered the money in his sack.  They were dismayed; they turned trembling one to another and said, “What in the world has God done to us?”10  The brothers were so sure that God was punishing them they misunderstood his mercy.  The man, the lord of the land, spoke harshly to us and treated us as if we were spying on the land,11 they told Jacob their father.  Then the man, the lord of the land, said to us, “This is how I will find out if you are honest men.  Leave one of your brothers with me, and take grain for your hungry households and go.  But bring your youngest brother back to me so I will know that you are honest men and not spies.  Then I will give your brother back to you and you may move about freely in the land.”12

When they were emptying their sacks, there was each man’s bag of money in his sack!  When they and their father saw the bags of money, they were afraid (yârêʼ, וַיִּירָאוּ).13  In the Septuagint this was translated ἐφοβήθησαν.  Jesus took Peter, James, and John up a mountain.  And he was transfigured before them. His face shone like the sun, and his clothes became white as light [Table].  Then Moses and Elijah also appeared before them, talking with him [Table].14  Peter, James and John took all this in stride.  They had been with Jesus awhile by then and were becoming somewhat accustomed to the spectacular and miraculous events that accompanied Him.

Peter offered to build three shelters (or, shrines) to honor Jesus, Moses and Elijah.  While he was still speaking, a bright cloud overshadowed them, and a voice from the cloud said, “This is my one dear Son, in whom I take great delight.  Listen to him!”  When the disciples heard this, they were overwhelmed with fear (ἐφοβήθησαν, a form of φοβέω) and threw themselves down with their faces to the ground [Table].15  I don’t know how to write about the relationship of these two passages without first considering the Son of God.

I can’t help but feel a great sympathy for those who pursued a law of righteousness.16  About the time they got a really firm grasp on the fact that Yahweh was not like the gods of the nations, He visited them as a pagan myth, a Son of God.  Growing up I would have interpreted the statement, God has sent his one and only Son into the world so that we may live through him,17 this way: “Yahweh has sent Jesus into the world so that we may live through Him.”  But the more seriously I take Jesus’ words, before Abraham came into existence, I am!18 the more I am compelled to acknowledge that it was Yahweh (He is; I am was literally the unspeakable name of God) who was sent into the world to be born as a human being named Jesus (the Greek translation of Yahweh saves in Hebrew) so that we may live through Him [Addendum 7/22/2025: Much of this came into question in my own mind years later].  Then Yahweh/Jesus began to speak of another God, his Father, whom no one had known: no one knows the Father except the Son and anyone to whom the Son decides to reveal him.19

The voice that frightened Peter, James and John also spoke after Jesus’ baptism, This is my one dear Son; in him I take great delight.20  After Jesus walked on the water and calmed the storm, those who were in the boat worshiped him, saying, “Truly you are the Son of God.”21  Peter testified, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.”  And Jesus answered him, “You are blessed, Simon son of Jonah, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but my Father in heaven!” [Table]22  Then he instructed his disciples not to tell anyone that he was the Christ.23  And as they came down the mountain after his transfiguration Jesus commanded them, “Do not tell anyone about the vision until the Son of Man is raised from the dead.”24  The reason for this gag order was fairly obvious (Matthew 26:63-66 NET):

The high priest25 said to [Jesus], “I charge you under oath by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.”  Jesus said to him, “You have said it yourself.  But I tell you, from now on you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Power and coming on the clouds of heaven.”  Then the high priest tore his clothes and declared, “He has blasphemed!  Why do we still need witnesses?  Now you have heard the26 blasphemy!  What is your verdict?”  They answered,27 “He is guilty and deserves death.”

I was curious how the three carried out the Lord’s command to tell about the vision after Jesus’ resurrection.  James, John’s brother, didn’t write any of the New Testament and Herod had him executed with a sword28 early in the first century.  Peter described Jesus as both Lord and Christ but did not mention the offensive Son of God in any of his recorded sermons in Acts.  In fact, in one sermon it seemed that Peter was still making Jesus equal to Moses: “Moses said,The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your brothers.’”29  Did Peter not know that Moses was faithful in all God’s house as a servant…[Table] But Christ is faithful as a son over God’s house?30  Or am I in error when I assume that he was ascribing this prophecy to Christ, the Son of God?  Peter did however recount the story of the transfiguration in his second letter (2 Peter 1:16-18 NET):

For we did not follow cleverly concocted fables when we made known to you the power and return of our Lord Jesus Christ; no, we were eyewitnesses of his grandeur.  For he received honor and glory from God the Father, when that voice was conveyed to him by the Majestic Glory: “This is my31 dear Son, in whom I am delighted.”  When this voice was conveyed from heaven, we ourselves heard it, for we were with him on the32 holy mountain.

John was the one who wrote most forthrightly about Jesus as the Son of God.  In all fairness to Peter, John probably didn’t write any of these things until after 70 A.D. when the ecclesiastical power of those who pursued a law of righteousness was destroyed.  And this is where I began to see the relationship of the two fears (ἐφοβήθησαν).  Both groups of men were eyewitnesses to the mercy of God and both groups feared punishment because God’s mercy did not match their preconceptions (or their rulers’ preconceptions) of “what is,” or “how things should be.”  Despite all of God’s mercy toward him Jacob was most eloquent in his fear when he complained to his sons, You are making me childless!  Joseph is gone.  Simeon is gone.  And now you want to take Benjamin!  Everything is against me.33

 

Addendum: July 28, 2025
Tables comparing Genesis 35:16; 35:17; 35:18; 37:26; 37:27; 42:6; 42:8; 42:9; 42:21; 42:22; 42:24; 42:25; 42:28; 42:30; 42:33; 42:34; 42:35 and 42:36 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Genesis 35:16 (35:21, 16); 35:17; 35:18; 37:26; 37:27; 42:6; 42:8; 42:9; 42:21; 42:22; 42:24; 42:25; 42:28; 42:30; 42:33; 42:34; 42:35 and 42:36 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 26:63; 26:65, 66; Acts 12:2; Hebrews 3:6 and 2 Peter 1:17, 18 in the KJV and NET follow.

Genesis 35:16 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:16 (KJV)

Genesis 35:16 (NET)

And they journeyed from Beth-el; and there was still some way to come to Ephrath; and Rachel travailed, and she had hard labour. And they journeyed from Bethel; and there was but a little way to come to Ephrath: and Rachel travailed, and she had hard labour. They traveled on from Bethel, and when Ephrath was still some distance away, Rachel went into labor—and her labor was hard.

Genesis 35:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀπάρας δὲ Ιακωβ ἐκ Βαιθηλ ἔπηξεν τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπέκεινα τοῦ πύργου Γαδερ ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα ἤγγισεν Χαβραθα εἰς γῆν ἐλθεῖν Εφραθα ἔτεκεν Ραχηλ καὶ ἐδυστόκησεν ἐν τῷ τοκετῷ ᾿Απάρας δὲ ᾿Ιακὼβ ἐκ Βαιθήλ, ἔπηξε τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ ἐπέκεινα τοῦ πύργου Γαδέρ. ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα ἤγγισεν εἰς Χαβραθὰ τοῦ ἐλθεῖν εἰς τὴν ᾿Εφραθᾶ, ἔτεκε Ραχὴλ καὶ ἐδυστόκησεν ἐν τῷ τοκετῷ

Genesis 35:16 (NETS)

Genesis 35:16 (English Elpenor)

(21) Then after Iakob had set out from Baithel, he pitched his tent beyond the tower of Gader. (16) Now it came about when he drew near Chabratha to go to the land of Ephratha, that Rachel gave birth, and she experienced severe birth pangs in the birth. [And Jacob removed from Baethel, and pitched his tent beyond the tower of Gader,]* and it came to pass when he drew nigh to Chabratha, to enter into Ephratha, Rachel travailed; and in her travail she was in hard labour.

Genesis 35:17 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:17 (KJV)

Genesis 35:17 (NET)

And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour, that the mid-wife said unto her: ‘Fear not; for this also is a son for thee.’ And it came to pass, when she was in hard labour, that the midwife said unto her, Fear not; thou shalt have this son also. When her labor was at its hardest, the midwife said to her, “Don’t be afraid, for you are having another son.”

Genesis 35:17 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ σκληρῶς αὐτὴν τίκτειν εἶπεν αὐτῇ ἡ μαῖα θάρσει καὶ γὰρ οὗτός σοί ἐστιν υἱός ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ σκληρῶς αὐτὴν τίκτειν, εἶπεν αὐτῇ ἡ μαῖα· θάρσει, καὶ γὰρ οὗτός σοί ἐστιν υἱός

Genesis 35:17 (NETS)

Genesis 35:17 (English Elpenor)

And it came about while she was giving birth with difficulty that the midwife said to her, “Take courage, for this one also is a son for you.” And it came to pass in her hard labour, that the midwife said to her, Be of good courage, for thou shalt also have this son.

Genesis 35:18 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:18 (KJV)

Genesis 35:18 (NET)

And it came to pass, as her soul was in departing–for she died–that she called his name Ben-oni; but his father called him Benjamin. And it came to pass, as her soul was in departing, (for she died) that she called his name Benoni: but his father called him Benjamin. With her dying breath, she named him Ben Oni. But his father called him Benjamin instead.

Genesis 35:18 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἀφιέναι αὐτὴν τὴν ψυχήν ἀπέθνῃσκεν γάρ ἐκάλεσεν τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Υἱὸς ὀδύνης μου ὁ δὲ πατὴρ ἐκάλεσεν αὐτὸν Βενιαμιν ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ ἀφιέναι αὐτὴν τὴν ψυχήν, ἀπέθνησκε γάρ, ἐκάλεσε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Υἱὸς ὀδύνης μου· ὁ δὲ πατὴρ ἐκάλεσε τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Βενιαμίν

Genesis 35:18 (NETS)

Genesis 35:18 (English Elpenor)

And it came about as she was giving up her soul, for she was dying, that she called his name Son-of-my-pain, but his father called him Beniamin. And it came to pass in her giving up the ghost (for she was dying), that she called his name, The son of my pain; but his father called his name Benjamin.

Genesis 37:26 (Tanakh)

Genesis 37:26 (KJV)

Genesis 37:26 (NET)

And Judah said unto his brethren: ‘What profit is it if we slay our brother and conceal his blood? And Judah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal his blood? Then Judah said to his brothers, “What profit is there if we kill our brother and cover up his blood?

Genesis 37:26 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 37:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἶπεν δὲ Ιουδας πρὸς τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ τί χρήσιμον ἐὰν ἀποκτείνωμεν τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἡμῶν καὶ κρύψωμεν τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ εἶπε δὲ ᾿Ιούδας πρὸς τούς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ· τί χρήσιμον, ἐὰν ἀποκτείνωμεν τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἡμῶν καὶ κρύψωμεν τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ

Genesis 37:26 (NETS)

Genesis 37:26 (English Elpenor)

Then Ioudas said to his brothers, “What advantage is it if we kill our brother and conceal his blood? And Judas said to his brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal his blood?

Genesis 37:27 (Tanakh)

Genesis 37:27 (KJV)

Genesis 37:27 (NET)

Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmaelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother, our flesh.’ And his brethren hearkened unto him. Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmeelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother and our flesh. And his brethren were content. Come, let’s sell him to the Ishmaelites, but let’s not lay a hand on him, for after all, he is our brother, our own flesh.” His brothers agreed.

Genesis 37:27 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 37:27 (Septuagint Elpenor)

δεῦτε ἀποδώμεθα αὐτὸν τοῖς Ισμαηλίταις τούτοις αἱ δὲ χεῖρες ἡμῶν μὴ ἔστωσαν ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν ὅτι ἀδελφὸς ἡμῶν καὶ σὰρξ ἡμῶν ἐστιν ἤκουσαν δὲ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ δεῦτε ἀποδώμεθα αὐτὸν τοῖς ᾿Ισμαηλίταις τούτοις, αἱ δὲ χεῖρες ἡμῶν μὴ ἔστωσαν ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν, ὅτι ἀδελφὸς ἡμῶν καὶ σὰρξ ἡμῶν ἐστιν. ἤκουσαν δὲ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ

Genesis 37:27 (NETS)

Genesis 37:27 (English Elpenor)

Come, let us sell him to the Ismaelites, but let our hands not be upon him, because he is our brother and our flesh.” And his brothers listened. Come, let us sell him to these Ismaelites, but let not our hands be upon him, because he is our brother and our flesh; and his brethren hearkened.

Genesis 42:6 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:6 (KJV)

Genesis 42:6 (NET)

And Joseph was the governor over the land; he it was that sold to all the people of the land. And Joseph’s brethren came, and bowed down to him with their faces to the earth. And Joseph was the governor over the land, and he it was that sold to all the people of the land: and Joseph’s brethren came, and bowed down themselves before him with their faces to the earth. Now Joseph was the ruler of the country, the one who sold grain to all the people of the country. Joseph’s brothers came and bowed down before him with their faces to the ground.

Genesis 42:6 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)

Ιωσηφ δὲ ἦν ἄρχων τῆς γῆς οὗτος ἐπώλει παντὶ τῷ λαῷ τῆς γῆς ἐλθόντες δὲ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ Ιωσηφ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν ᾿Ιωσὴφ δὲ ἦν ὁ ἄρχων τῆς γῆς, οὗτος ἐπώλει παντὶ τῷ λαῷ τῆς γῆς· ἐλθόντες δὲ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ᾿Ιωσὴφ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν

Genesis 42:6 (NETS)

Genesis 42:6 (English Elpenor)

Now Ioseph was ruler of the land; he was selling to all the people of the land. And when Ioseph’s brothers came, they did obeisance to him face down on the ground. And Joseph was ruler of the land; he sold to all the people of the land. And the brethren of Joseph, having come, did reverence to him, [bowing] with the face to the ground.

Genesis 42:8 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:8 (KJV)

Genesis 42:8 (NET)

And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew him not. And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him. Joseph recognized his brothers, but they did not recognize him.

Genesis 42:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐπέγνω δὲ Ιωσηφ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ αὐτοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐπέγνωσαν αὐτόν ἐπέγνω δὲ ᾿Ιωσὴφ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ, αὐτοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἐπέγνωσαν αὐτόν

Genesis 42:8 (NETS)

Genesis 42:8 (English Elpenor)

Now Ioseph recognized his brothers, but they did not recognize him. And Joseph knew his brethren, but they knew not him.

Genesis 42:9 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:9 (KJV)

Genesis 42:9 (NET)

And Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed of them, and said unto them: ‘Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are come.’ And Joseph remembered the dreams which he dreamed of them, and said unto them, Ye are spies; to see the nakedness of the land ye are come. Then Joseph remembered the dreams he had dreamed about them, and he said to them, “You are spies; you have come to see if our land is vulnerable!”

Genesis 42:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐμνήσθη Ιωσηφ τῶν ἐνυπνίων ὧν εἶδεν αὐτός καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς κατάσκοποί ἐστε κατανοῆσαι τὰ ἴχνη τῆς χώρας ἥκατε καὶ ἐμνήσθη ᾿Ιωσὴφ τῶν ἐνυπνίων αὐτοῦ, ὧν εἶδεν αὐτός, καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· κατάσκοποί ἐστε, κατανοῆσαι τὰ ἴχνη τῆς χώρας ἥκατε

Genesis 42:9 (NETS)

Genesis 42:9 (English Elpenor)

And Ioseph remembered the dreams that he himself had seen, and he said to them, “You are spies; you have come to scrutinize the tracks of the country!” And Joseph remembered his dream, which he saw; and he said to them, Ye are spies; to observe the marks of the land are ye come.

Genesis 42:21 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:21 (KJV)

Genesis 42:21 (NET)

And they said one to another: ‘We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the distress of his soul, when he besought us, and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us.’ And they said one to another, We are verily guilty concerning our brother, in that we saw the anguish of his soul, when he besought us, and we would not hear; therefore is this distress come upon us. They said to one another, “Surely we’re being punished because of our brother, because we saw how distressed he was when he cried to us for mercy, but we refused to listen. That is why this distress has come on us!”

Genesis 42:21 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ἕκαστος πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ ναί ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ γάρ ἐσμεν περὶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ἡμῶν ὅτι ὑπερείδομεν τὴν θλῖψιν τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ὅτε κατεδέετο ἡμῶν καὶ οὐκ εἰσηκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν τούτου ἐπῆλθεν ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἡ θλῖψις αὕτη καὶ εἶπεν ἕκαστος πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφὸν αὐτοῦ· ναί, ἐν ἁμαρτίαις γάρ ἐσμεν περὶ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ ἡμῶν, ὅτι ὑπερείδομεν τὴν θλῖψιν τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ, ὅτε κατεδέετο ἡμῶν, καὶ οὐκ εἰσηκούσαμεν αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἕνεκεν τούτου ἐπῆλθεν ἐφ᾿ ἡμᾶς ἡ θλῖψις αὕτη

Genesis 42:21 (NETS)

Genesis 42:21 (English Elpenor)

And each one said to his brother, “Indeed, for we are at fault concerning our brother, because we disregarded the affliction of his soul, when he pleaded with us, and we did not listen to him. This is why this affliction has come upon us.” And each said to his brother, Yes, indeed, for we are in fault concerning our brother, when we disregarded the anguish of his soul, when he besought us, and we hearkened not to him; and therefore has this affliction come upon us.

Genesis 42:22 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:22 (KJV)

Genesis 42:22 (NET)

And Reuben answered them, saying: ‘Spoke I not unto you, saying: Do not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore also, behold, his blood is required.’ And Reuben answered them, saying, Spake I not unto you, saying, Do not sin against the child; and ye would not hear? therefore, behold, also his blood is required. Reuben said to them, “Didn’t I say to you, ‘Don’t sin against the boy,’ but you wouldn’t listen? So now we must pay for shedding his blood!”

Genesis 42:22 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:22 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Ρουβην εἶπεν αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἐλάλησα ὑμῖν λέγων μὴ ἀδικήσητε τὸ παιδάριον καὶ οὐκ εἰσηκούσατέ μου καὶ ἰδοὺ τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐκζητεῖται ἀποκριθεὶς δὲ Ρουβὴν εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· οὐκ ἐλάλησα ὑμῖν λέγων, μὴ ἀδικήσητε τὸ παιδάριον; καὶ οὐκ ἠκούσατέ μου; καὶ ἰδοὺ τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ ἐκζητεῖται

Genesis 42:22 (NETS)

Genesis 42:22 (English Elpenor)

Then Rouben said to them in reply, “Did I not speak to you, saying, ‘Do not injure the youngster’? And you did not listen to me. And see, his blood is being sought out.” And Ruben answered them, saying, Did I not speak to you, saying, Hurt not the boy, and ye heard me not? and, behold, his blood is required.

Genesis 42:24 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:24 (KJV)

Genesis 42:24 (NET)

And he turned himself about from them, and wept; and he returned to them, and spoke to them, and took Simeon from among them, and bound him before their eyes. And he turned himself about from them, and wept; and returned to them again, and communed with them, and took from them Simeon, and bound him before their eyes. He turned away from them and wept. When he turned around and spoke to them again, he had Simeon taken from them and tied up before their eyes.

Genesis 42:24 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:24 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀποστραφεὶς δὲ ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν ἔκλαυσεν Ιωσηφ καὶ πάλιν προσῆλθεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἔλαβεν τὸν Συμεων ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ ἔδησεν αὐτὸν ἐναντίον αὐτῶν ἀποστραφεὶς δὲ ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν ἔκλαυσεν ᾿Ιωσήφ. καὶ πάλιν προσῆλθε πρὸς αὐτοὺς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· καὶ ἔλαβε τὸν Συμεὼν ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ ἔδησεν αὐτὸν ἐναντίον αὐτῶν

Genesis 42:24 (NETS)

Genesis 42:24 (English Elpenor)

And turning away from them Ioseph wept. And again he came to them and spoke to them, and he took Symeon from them and bound him before them. And Joseph turned away from them, and wept; and again he came to them, and spoke to them; and he took Symeon from them, and bound him before their eyes.

Genesis 42:25 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:25 (KJV)

Genesis 42:25 (NET)

Then Joseph commanded to fill their vessels with corn, and to restore every man’s money into his sack, and to give them provision for the way; and thus was it done unto them. Then Joseph commanded to fill their sacks with corn, and to restore every man’s money into his sack, and to give them provision for the way: and thus did he unto them. Then Joseph gave orders to fill their bags with grain, to return each man’s money to his sack, and to give them provisions for the journey. His orders were carried out.

Genesis 42:25 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:25 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐνετείλατο δὲ Ιωσηφ ἐμπλῆσαι τὰ ἀγγεῖα αὐτῶν σίτου καὶ ἀποδοῦναι τὸ ἀργύριον ἑκάστου εἰς τὸν σάκκον αὐτοῦ καὶ δοῦναι αὐτοῖς ἐπισιτισμὸν εἰς τὴν ὁδόν καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτοῖς οὕτως ἐνετείλατο δὲ ᾿Ιωσήφ ἐμπλῆσαι τὰ ἀγγεῖα αὐτῶν σίτου καὶ ἀποδοῦναι τὸ ἀργύριον αὐτῶν ἑκάστῳ εἰς τὸν σάκκον αὐτοῦ καὶ δοῦναι αὐτοῖς ἐπισιτισμὸν εἰς τὴν ὁδόν. καὶ ἐγενήθη αὐτοῖς οὕτως

Genesis 42:25 (NETS)

Genesis 42:25 (English Elpenor)

Then Ioseph commanded that they fill their containers with grain and to return the money to each one in his sack and to give them a stock of provisions for the journey. And thus it happened to them. And Joseph gave orders to fill their vessels with corn, and to return their money to each into his sack, and to give them provision for the way; and it was so done to them.

Genesis 42:28 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:28 (KJV)

Genesis 42:28 (NET)

And he said unto his brethren: ‘My money is restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack.’ And their heart failed them, and they turned trembling one to another, saying: ‘What is this that G-d hath done unto us?’ And he said unto his brethren, My money is restored; and, lo, it is even in my sack: and their heart failed them, and they were afraid, saying one to another, What is this that God hath done unto us? He said to his brothers, “My money was returned! Here it is in my sack!” They were dismayed; they turned trembling to one another and said, “What in the world has God done to us?”

Genesis 42:28 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:28 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτοῦ ἀπεδόθη μοι τὸ ἀργύριον καὶ ἰδοὺ τοῦτο ἐν τῷ μαρσίππῳ μου καὶ ἐξέστη ἡ καρδία αὐτῶν καὶ ἐταράχθησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους λέγοντες τί τοῦτο ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς ἡμῖν καὶ εἶπε τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτοῦ· ἐπεδόθη μοι τὸ ἀργύριον, καὶ ἰδοὺ τοῦτο ἐν τῷ μαρσίππῳ μου, καὶ ἐξέστη ἡ καρδία αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐταράχθησαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους λέγοντες· τί τοῦτο ἐποίησεν ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῖν

Genesis 42:28 (NETS)

Genesis 42:28 (English Elpenor)

And he said to his brothers, “The money has been returned to me, and, look, this is in my bag!” And their heart was confounded, and they were mutually troubled, saying, “What is this that God has done to us?” And he said to his brethren, My money has been restored to me, and behold this is in my sack. And their heart was wonder-struck, and they were troubled, saying one to another, What is this that God has done to us?

Genesis 42:30 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:30 (KJV)

Genesis 42:30 (NET)

‘The man, the lord of the land, spoke roughly with us, and took us for spies of the country. The man, who is the lord of the land, spake roughly to us, and took us for spies of the country. “The man, the lord of the land, spoke harshly to us and treated us as if we were spying on the land.

Genesis 42:30 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:30 (Septuagint Elpenor)

λελάληκεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ κύριος τῆς γῆς πρὸς ἡμᾶς σκληρὰ καὶ ἔθετο ἡμᾶς ἐν φυλακῇ ὡς κατασκοπεύοντας τὴν γῆν λελάληκεν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ κύριος τῆς γῆς πρὸς ἡμᾶς σκληρὰ καὶ ἔθετο ἡμᾶς ἐν φυλακῇ ὡς κατασκοπεύοντας τὴν γῆν

Genesis 42:30 (NETS)

Genesis 42:30 (English Elpenor)

“The man, the lord of the land, has spoken harshly to us, and he put us in custody as ones spying out the land. The man, the lord of the land, spoke harsh words to us, and put us in prison as spies of the land.

Genesis 42:33 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:33 (KJV)

Genesis 42:33 (NET)

And the man, the lord of the land, said unto us: Hereby shall I know that ye are upright men: leave one of your brethren with me, and take corn for the famine of your houses, and go your way. And the man, the lord of the country, said unto us, Hereby shall I know that ye are true men; leave one of your brethren here with me, and take food for the famine of your households, and be gone: “Then the man, the lord of the land, said to us, ‘This is how I will find out if you are honest men. Leave one of your brothers with me, and take grain for your hungry households and go.

Genesis 42:33 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:33 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἶπεν δὲ ἡμῖν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ κύριος τῆς γῆς ἐν τούτῳ γνώσομαι ὅτι εἰρηνικοί ἐστε ἀδελφὸν ἕνα ἄφετε ὧδε μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ τὸν δὲ ἀγορασμὸν τῆς σιτοδοσίας τοῦ οἴκου ὑμῶν λαβόντες ἀπέλθατε εἶπε δὲ ἡμῖν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ κύριος τῆς γῆς· ἐν τούτῳ γνώσομαι ὅτι εἰρηνικοί ἐστε· ἀδελφὸν ἕνα ἄφετε ὧδε μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ, τὸν δὲ ἀγορασμὸν τῆς σιτοδοσίας τοῦ οἴκου ὑμῶν λαβόντες ἀπέλθατε

Genesis 42:33 (NETS)

Genesis 42:33 (English Elpenor)

Then the man, the lord of the land, said to us, ‘By this I shall know that you are peaceable: leave one brother here with me, and go off, taking the purchase of your household’s grain allowance, And the man, the lord of the land, said to us, Herein shall I know that ye are peaceable; leave one brother here with me, and having taken the corn ye have purchased for your family, depart.

Genesis 42:34 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:34 (KJV)

Genesis 42:34 (NET)

And bring your youngest brother unto me; then shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are upright men; so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall traffic in the land.’ And bring your youngest brother unto me: then shall I know that ye are no spies, but that ye are true men: so will I deliver you your brother, and ye shall traffick in the land. But bring your youngest brother back to me so I will know that you are honest men and not spies. Then I will give your brother back to you and you may move about freely in the land.’”

Genesis 42:34 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:34 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀγάγετε πρός με τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὑμῶν τὸν νεώτερον καὶ γνώσομαι ὅτι οὐ κατάσκοποί ἐστε ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι εἰρηνικοί ἐστε καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὑμῶν ἀποδώσω ὑμῖν καὶ τῇ γῇ ἐμπορεύεσθε καὶ ἀγάγετε πρός με τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὑμῶν τὸν νεώτερον, καὶ γνώσομαι ὅτι οὐ κατάσκοποί ἐστε, ἀλλ᾿ ὅτι εἰρηνικοί ἐστε, καὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ὑμῶν ἀποδώσω ὑμῖν, καὶ τῇ γῇ ἐμπορεύσεσθε

Genesis 42:34 (NETS)

Genesis 42:34 (English Elpenor)

and bring your younger brother to me—and I shall know that you are not spies, but that you are peaceable, and I will return your brother to you—and travel in the land for business’.” And bring to me your younger brother; then I shall know that ye are not spies, but that ye are men of peace: and I will restore you your brother, and ye shall trade in the land.

Genesis 42:35 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:35 (KJV)

Genesis 42:35 (NET)

And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man’s bundle of money was in his sack; and when they and their father saw their bundles of money, they were afraid. And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man’s bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid. When they were emptying their sacks, there was each man’s bag of money in his sack! When they and their father saw the bags of money, they were afraid.

Genesis 42:35 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:35 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ κατακενοῦν αὐτοὺς τοὺς σάκκους αὐτῶν καὶ ἦν ἑκάστου ὁ δεσμὸς τοῦ ἀργυρίου ἐν τῷ σάκκῳ αὐτῶν καὶ εἶδον τοὺς δεσμοὺς τοῦ ἀργυρίου αὐτῶν αὐτοὶ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν ἐγένετο δὲ ἐν τῷ κατακενοῦν αὐτοὺς τοὺς σάκκους αὐτῶν, καὶ ἦν ἑκάστου ὁ δεσμὸς τοῦ ἀργυρίου ἐν τῷ σάκκῳ αὐτῶν· καὶ εἶδον τοὺς δεσμοὺς τοῦ ἀργυρίου αὐτῶν αὐτοὶ καὶ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν

Genesis 42:35 (NETS)

Genesis 42:35 (English Elpenor)

Now it came about as they were emptying their sacks that then each one’s bundle of money was in their sack. And they saw their bundles of money, they and their father, and they were afraid. And it came to pass as they were emptying their sacks, there was each man’s bundle of money in his sack; and they and their father saw their bundles of money, and they were afraid.

Genesis 42:36 (Tanakh)

Genesis 42:36 (KJV)

Genesis 42:36 (NET)

And Jacob their father said unto them: ‘Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away; upon me are all these things come.’ And Jacob their father said unto them, Me have ye bereaved of my children: Joseph is not, and Simeon is not, and ye will take Benjamin away: all these things are against me. Their father Jacob said to them, “You are making me childless! Joseph is gone. Simeon is gone. And now you want to take Benjamin! Everything is against me.”

Genesis 42:36 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 42:36 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς Ιακωβ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν ἐμὲ ἠτεκνώσατε Ιωσηφ οὐκ ἔστιν Συμεων οὐκ ἔστιν καὶ τὸν Βενιαμιν λήμψεσθε ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ ἐγένετο πάντα ταῦτα εἶπε δὲ αὐτοῖς ᾿Ιακὼβ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῶν· ἐμὲ ἠτεκνώσατε, ᾿Ιωσὴφ οὔκ ἔστι, Συμεὼν οὐκ ἔστι, καὶ τὸν Βενιαμὶν λήψεσθε; ἐπ᾿ ἐμὲ ἐγένετο ταῦτα πάντα

Genesis 42:36 (NETS)

Genesis 42:36 (English Elpenor)

And their father Iakob said to them, “I am the one you have bereaved of children: Ioseph is not, Symeon is not, and you will take Beniamin. All this has come upon me!” And their father Jacob said to them, Ye have bereaved me. Joseph is not, Symeon is not, and will ye take Benjamin? all these things have come upon me.

Matthew 26:63 (NET)

Matthew 26:63 (KJV)

But Jesus was silent. The high priest said to him, “I charge you under oath by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.” But Jesus held his peace. And the high priest answered and said unto him, I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God.

Matthew 26:63 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 26:63 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 26:63 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἐσιώπα. καὶ ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ἐξορκίζω σε κατὰ τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος ἵνα ἡμῖν εἴπῃς εἰ σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ο δε ιησους εσιωπα και αποκριθεις ο αρχιερευς ειπεν αυτω εξορκιζω σε κατα του θεου του ζωντος ινα ημιν ειπης ει συ ει ο χριστος ο υιος του θεου ο δε ιησους εσιωπα και αποκριθεις ο αρχιερευς ειπεν αυτω εξορκιζω σε κατα του θεου του ζωντος ινα ημιν ειπης ει συ ει ο χριστος ο υιος του θεου

Matthew 26:65, 66 (NET)

Matthew 26:65, 66 (KJV)

Then the high priest tore his clothes and declared, “He has blasphemed! Why do we still need witnesses? Now you have heard the blasphemy! Then the high priest rent his clothes, saying, He hath spoken blasphemy; what further need have we of witnesses? behold, now ye have heard his blasphemy.

Matthew 26:65 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 26:65 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 26:65 (Byzantine Majority Text)

τότε ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς διέρρηξεν τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτοῦ λέγων· ἐβλασφήμησεν· τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; ἴδε νῦν ἠκούσατε τὴν βλασφημίαν· τοτε ο αρχιερευς διερρηξεν τα ιματια αυτου λεγων οτι εβλασφημησεν τι ετι χρειαν εχομεν μαρτυρων ιδε νυν ηκουσατε την βλασφημιαν αυτου τοτε ο αρχιερευς διερρηξεν τα ιματια αυτου λεγων οτι εβλασφημησεν τι ετι χρειαν εχομεν μαρτυρων ιδε νυν ηκουσατε την βλασφημιαν αυτου
What is your verdict?” They answered, “He is guilty and deserves death.” What think ye? They answered and said, He is guilty of death.

Matthew 26:66 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 26:66 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 26:66 (Byzantine Majority Text)

τί ὑμῖν δοκεῖ; οἱ δὲ ἀποκριθέντες εἶπαν· ἔνοχος θανάτου ἐστίν τι υμιν δοκει οι δε αποκριθεντες ειπον ενοχος θανατου εστιν τι υμιν δοκει οι δε αποκριθεντες ειπον ενοχος θανατου εστιν

Acts 12:2 (NET)

Acts 12:2 (KJV)

He had James, the brother of John, executed with a sword. And he killed James the brother of John with the sword.

Acts 12:2 (NET Parallel Greek)

Acts 12:2 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Acts 12:2 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ἀνεῖλεν δὲ Ἰάκωβον τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰωάννου μαχαίρῃ ανειλεν δε ιακωβον τον αδελφον ιωαννου μαχαιρα ανειλεν δε ιακωβον τον αδελφον ιωαννου μαχαιρα

Hebrews 3:6 (NET)

Hebrews 3:6 (KJV)

But Christ is faithful as a son over God’s house. We are of his house, if in fact we hold firmly to our confidence and the hope we take pride in. But Christ as a son over his own house; whose house are we, if we hold fast the confidence and the rejoicing of the hope firm unto the end.

Hebrews 3:6 (NET Parallel Greek)

Hebrews 3:6 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Hebrews 3:6 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Χριστὸς δὲ ὡς υἱὸς ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ· οὗ οἶκος ἐσμεν ἡμεῖς, |ἐάν[περ]| τὴν παρρησίαν καὶ τὸ καύχημα τῆς ἐλπίδος κατάσχωμεν χριστος δε ως υιος επι τον οικον αυτου ου οικος εσμεν ημεις εανπερ την παρρησιαν και το καυχημα της ελπιδος μεχρι τελους βεβαιαν κατασχωμεν χριστος δε ως υιος επι τον οικον αυτου ου οικος εσμεν ημεις εανπερ την παρρησιαν και το καυχημα της ελπιδος μεχρι τελους βεβαιαν κατασχωμεν

2 Peter 1:17, 18 (NET)

2 Peter 1:17, 18 (KJV)

For he received honor and glory from God the Father, when that voice was conveyed to him by the Majestic Glory: “This is my dear Son, in whom I am delighted.” For he received from God the Father honour and glory, when there came such a voice to him from the excellent glory, This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased.

2 Peter 1:17 (NET Parallel Greek)

2 Peter 1:17 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

2 Peter 1:17 (Byzantine Majority Text)

λαβὼν γὰρ παρὰ θεοῦ πατρὸς τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν φωνῆς ἐνεχθείσης αὐτῷ τοιᾶσδε ὑπὸ τῆς μεγαλοπρεποῦς δόξης· ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός μου οὗτος ἐστιν εἰς ὃν ἐγὼ εὐδόκησα λαβων γαρ παρα θεου πατρος τιμην και δοξαν φωνης ενεχθεισης αυτω τοιασδε υπο της μεγαλοπρεπους δοξης ουτος εστιν ο υιος μου ο αγαπητος εις ον εγω ευδοκησα λαβων γαρ παρα θεου πατρος τιμην και δοξαν φωνης ενεχθεισης αυτω τοιασδε υπο της μεγαλοπρεπους δοξης ουτος εστιν ο υιος μου ο αγαπητος εις ον εγω ευδοκησα
When this voice was conveyed from heaven, we ourselves heard it, for we were with him on the holy mountain. And this voice which came from heaven we heard, when we were with him in the holy mount.

2 Peter 1:18 (NET Parallel Greek)

2 Peter 1:18 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

2 Peter 1:18 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ταύτην τὴν φωνὴν ἡμεῖς ἠκούσαμεν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ἐνεχθεῖσαν σὺν αὐτῷ ὄντες ἐν τῷ ἁγίῳ ὄρει και ταυτην την φωνην ημεις ηκουσαμεν εξ ουρανου ενεχθεισαν συν αυτω οντες εν τω ορει τω αγιω και ταυτην την φωνην ημεις ηκουσαμεν εξ ουρανου ενεχθεισαν συν αυτω οντες εν τω ορει τω αγιω

1 Genesis 35:16, 17 (NET)

2 Matthew 9:2 (NET) Table

3 Genesis 35:18 (NET)

4 Genesis 37:26, 27 (NET)

5 Genesis 42:6 (NET)

6 Genesis 42:8, 9 (NET)

7 Genesis 42:21, 22 (NET)

8 Genesis 42:24a (NET)

9 Genesis 42:24b, 25 (NET)

10 Genesis 42:28b (NET)

11 Genesis 42:30 (NET)

12 Genesis 42:33, 34 (NET)

13 Genesis 42:35 (NET)

14 Matthew 17:2, 3 (NET)

15 Matthew 17:5, 6 (NET)

16 Romans 9:31 (NET) Table

17 1 John 4:9 (NET)

18 John 8:58 (NET) Table

19 Matthew 11:27b (NET)

20 Matthew 3:17 (NET)

21 Matthew 14:33 (NET) Table

22 Matthew 16:16, 17 (NET)

23 Matthew 16:20 (NET) Table The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ιησους (KJV: Jesus) preceding the Christ. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

24 Matthew 17:9 (NET) Table

25 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αποκριθεις (KJV: answered) preceding The high priest. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

26 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the pronoun αυτου (KJV: his) here. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

27 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ειπον (KJV: and said) following They answered, where the NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had εἶπαν.

28 Acts 12:2 (NET) The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had μαχαίρῃ here in the dative case, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had μαχαιρα (KJV: with the sword) in the nominative case.

29 Acts 3:22a (NET) Table For a table comparing the Greek of Peter’s quotation with that of the Septuagint: Peter’s Second Gospel Proclamation, Part 2

30 Hebrews 3:5a, 6a (NET)

31 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the pronoun μου (my) following Son and dear (KJV: beloved), where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had it following Son only.

32 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article τω (the) preceding holy and mountain, where the NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had it preceding holy only.

33 Genesis 42:36 (NET)

Justice and Mercy

When I focused on God’s law as the primary revelation of his will, justice and mercy seemed like oppositional concepts.  Justice meant the uniform application of law (punishment mainly) and mercy was an exception to that uniform application.  As justice increased mercy decreased.  As mercy increased justice decreased (Fig. 1).

Slide 1

Fig. 1

Justice served as a limit on mercy as mercy limited justice.  So the righteousness of justice and mercy was a mean between these extremes, because justice was by definition unmerciful, at least in part, and mercy was by definition unjust, at least in part.  This made perfect sense to my religious mind, until I read the Bible.

Woe to you, experts in the law and you Pharisees, hypocrites, Jesus said.  You give a tenth of mint, dill, and cumin, yet you neglect what is more important in the law – justice (κρίσιν, a form of κρίσις), mercy1 (ἔλεος), and faithfulness (πίστιν, a form of πίστις)!  You should have done these things without neglecting the others.2  Love was added to this list in Luke’s Gospel account: But3 woe to you Pharisees!  You give a tenth of your mint, rue, and every herb, yet4 you neglect5 justice (κρίσιν) and love (ἀγάπην, a form of ἀγάπη) for God!6

How could mercy be both an exception to the uniform application of law and, along with justice and faithfulness, more important in the law than tithing mint, dill and cumin?  Jesus, it seemed, considered mercy part of the justice of the law rather than a limit upon it.  Go and learn what this saying means, He said, quoting Hosea, “I want mercy (ἔλεος) and not sacrifice.”  For I did not come to call the righteous, but sinners.7

#

Jesus (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

I want mercy and not sacrifice

Matthew 9:13 (NET)

ἔλεος θέλω καὶ οὐ θυσίαν

Hosea 6:6 Table

ἔλεος θέλω καὶ οὐ θυσίαν

Matthew 9:13

Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners?8 the Pharisees had asked, revealing their concern over the possibility of defilement.9  When Jesus heard this he said, “Those who are healthy don’t need a physician, but those who are sick do,”10 revealing his concern for the mercy that was an important part of the law.  On another occasion Jesus went even further and told the Pharisees, If you had known what this means: I want mercy (ἔλεος) and not sacrifice,” you would not have condemned the innocent.11  Jesus’ disciples had been gathering grain and eating the grain they had gathered on the Sabbath day.  It was about as direct a violation12 of the law of the Sabbath as I can imagine, but Jesus declared them innocent, adding that the Pharisees and I would agree with Him if we understood the mercy that was an important part of the law.

Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?13 an expert in religious law asked Jesus (Luke 10:26-28 NET).

He said to him, “What is written in the law?  How do you understand it?”  The expert answered, Love (ἀγαπήσεις, a form of ἀγαπάω) the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind, and love your neighbor as yourself.”  Jesus said to him, “You have answered correctly; do this, and you will live.”

The law expert asked for clarification of the term neighbor.  Jesus told a story:  A man…fell into the hands of robbers, who stripped him, beat him up, and went off, leaving him half dead.14  Two other men passed the robbers’ victim by, but one man felt compassion for him.  He went up to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring oil and wine on them.  Then he put him on his own animal, brought him to an inn, and took care of him.  The next day.15 he took out two silver coins and gave them to the innkeeper, saying,16 “Take care of him, and whatever else you spend, I will repay you when I come back this way.”17

Jesus asked, “Which18 of these three do you think became a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers?”  The expert in religious law said, “The one who showed mercy (ἔλεος) to him.”  So19 Jesus said to him, “Go and do the same.”20  So mercy shown to a stranger defined the term neighbor, and became the justice of the law of loving God and one’s neighbor.  Beyond that this was the Gospel message in answer to the question, what must I do to inherit eternal life?  Clearly my religious mind was in error.

When Matthew quoted Isaiah his primary focus was on Jesus’ fulfillment of the part of the prophecy that read, He will not quarrel or cry out, nor will anyone hear his voice in the streets.21  Though, Great crowds followed [Jesus], and he healed them all…he sternly warned them not to make him known.22  I am more interested here in the rest of the prophecy: Here is my servant whom I have chosen, the one I love, in whom I take great delight.  I will put my Spirit on him, and he will proclaim justice (κρίσιν) to the nations.23  He will not break a bruised reed or extinguish a smoldering wick, until he brings justice (κρίσιν) to victory.24  As I began to recognize Jesus as the primary revelation of God’s will my understanding of justice and mercy began to change.

Justice and mercy are not in opposition but joined like a category I could only call justice-mercy (Fig. 2).

Slide 2

Fig. 2

Though justice-mercy may not actually be infinite in its capacity to increase, it is virtually infinite relative to my naive understanding.  Probably it should be thought of as justice-mercy-faithfulness-love.  But I’m not clever enough to represent that concept graphically.

 

Addendum (6/24/2015): Jim Searcy has published that the Septuagint is a hoax written by Origen and Eusebius 200 hundred years after Christ.  “In fact, the Septuagint ‘quotes’ from the New Testament and not vice versa…”  His contention is that the “King James Version is the infallible Word of God.”  So, I’ll re-examine the quotations above with the KJV.

#

Jesus (KJV)

KJV

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

I will have mercy, and not sacrifice

Matthew 9:13 (KJV)

I desired mercy, and not sacrifice

Hosea 6:6

ἔλεος θέλω καὶ οὐ θυσίαν

Matthew 9:13

The KJV will have and desired, though different tenses, are admittedly closer than the NET: For I delight in faithfulness, not simply in sacrifice (Hosea 6:6a NET) and, I want mercy and not sacrifice (Matthew 9:13 NET).  If the present tense delight is incorrect relative to the past tense desired in Hebrew, this could be the first evidence I’ve discovered that the Septuagint quoted the New Testament.

The ASV, NKJV and NIV have desire (present), the DNT has delight (present), the GWT and TEV have want (present), TSMG am after (present), and YLT desired (past).  Young’s Literal Translation (YLT) carries some weight with me, but I don’t know any Hebrew to decide this for myself.

 

Addendum: July 9, 2025
According to a note (93) in the NET the expert in religious law quoted from Deuteronomy 6:5 in Luke 10:27. The following table compares the Greek of that quotation with that of the Septuagint.

Luke 10:27b (NET Parallel Greek)

Deuteronomy 6:5 (Septuagint BLB) Table

Deuteronomy 6:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ἐξ ὅλης [τῆς] καρδίας σου καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ψυχῇ σου καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ἰσχύϊ σου καὶ ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ διανοίᾳ σου καὶ ἀγαπήσεις κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ψυχῆς σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς δυνάμεώς σου καὶ ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ψυχῆς σου καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς δυνάμεώς σου

Luke 10:27b (NET)

Deuteronomy 6:5 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 6:5 (English Elpenor)

Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind, And you shall love the Lord your God with the whole of your mind and with the whole of your soul and with the whole of your power. And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy mind, and with all thy soul, and all thy strength.

According to a note (94) in the NET the expert in religious law quoted from Leviticus 19:18 in Luke 10:27. The following table compares the Greek of that quotation with that of the Septuagint.

Luke 10:27c (NET Parallel Greek)

Leviticus 19:18b (Septuagint BLB) Table

Leviticus 19:18b (Septuagint Elpenor)

τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν

Luke 10:27c (NET)

Leviticus 19:18b (NETS)

Leviticus 19:18b (English Elpenor)

love your neighbor as yourself you shall love your neighbor as yourself thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself

According to a note (28) in the NET Matthew quoted from Isaiah 42:1-4 in Matthew 12:18-21. The following table compares the Greek of Matthew 12:19 with that of Isaiah 42:2 in the Septuagint.

Matthew 12:19 (NET Parallel Greek)

Isaiah 42:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 42:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐκ ἐρίσει οὐδὲ κραυγάσει, οὐδὲ ἀκούσει τις ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ οὐ κεκράξεται οὐδὲ ἀνήσει οὐδὲ ἀκουσθήσεται ἔξω φωνὴ αὐτοῦ οὐ κεκράξεται οὐδὲ ἀνήσει, οὐδὲ ἀκουσθήσεται ἔξω φωνὴ αὐτοῦ

Matthew 12:19 (NET)

Isaiah 42:2 (NETS)

Isaiah 42:2 (English Elpenor)

He will not quarrel or cry out, nor will anyone hear his voice in the streets. He will not cry out or send forth his voice, nor will his voice be heard outside; He shall not cry, nor lift up [his voice], nor shall his voice be heard without.

Matthew seems to have made his own translation from Hebrew.

According to a note (28) in the NET Matthew quoted from Isaiah 42:1-4 in Matthew 12:18-21. The following table compares the Greek of Matthew 12:18 with that of Isaiah 42:1 in the Septuagint.

Matthew 12:18 (NET Parallel Greek)

Isaiah 42:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 42:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἰδοὺ ὁ παῖς μου ὃν ᾑρέτισα, ἀγαπητός μου |εἰς| ὃν εὐδόκησεν ἡ ψυχή μου· θήσω τὸ πνεῦμα μου ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν, καὶ κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἀπαγγελεῖ Ιακωβ ὁ παῖς μου ἀντιλήμψομαι αὐτοῦ Ισραηλ ἐκλεκτός μου προσεδέξατο αὐτὸν ἡ ψυχή μου ἔδωκα τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐξοίσει ΙΑΚΩΒ ὁ παῖς μου, ἀντιλήψομαι αὐτοῦ ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐκλεκτός μου, προσεδέξατο αὐτὸν ἡ ψυχή μου· ἔδωκα τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν, κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐξοίσει

Matthew 12:18 (NET)

Isaiah 42:1 (NETS)

Isaiah 42:1 (English Elpenor)

“Here is my servant whom I have chosen, the one I love, in whom I take great delight. I will put my Spirit on him, and he will proclaim justice to the nations. Iakob is my servant; I will lay hold of him; Israel is my chosen; my soul has accepted him; he will bring forth judgment to the nations. Jacob is my servant, I will help him: Israel is my chosen, my soul has accepted him; I have put my Spirit upon him; he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles.

Here again, it seems that Matthew did some of his own translation from Hebrew.

According to a note (28) in the NET Matthew quoted from Isaiah 42:1-4 in Matthew 12:18-21. The following table compares the Greek Matthew 12:20 with that of Isaiah 42:3 in the Septuagint.

Matthew 12:20 (NET Parallel Greek)

Isaiah 42:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 42:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

κάλαμον συντετριμμένον οὐ κατεάξει καὶ λίνον τυφόμενον οὐ σβέσει, ἕως ἂν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς νῖκος τὴν κρίσιν κάλαμον τεθλασμένον οὐ συντρίψει καὶ λίνον καπνιζόμενον οὐ σβέσει ἀλλὰ εἰς ἀλήθειαν ἐξοίσει κρίσιν κάλαμον τεθλασμένον οὐ συντρίψει καὶ λίνον καπνιζόμενον οὐ σβέσει, ἀλλὰ εἰς ἀλήθειαν ἐξοίσει κρίσιν

Matthew 12:20 (NET)

Isaiah 42:1 (NETS)

Isaiah 42:1 (English Elpenor)

He will not break a bruised reed or extinguish a smoldering wick, until he brings justice to victory. A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth. A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench; but he shall bring forth judgment to truth.

Matthew’s and the Holy Spirit’s word choices deserve a fuller consideration than I am giving them here.

Tables comparing Exodus 16:4; 16:5; Isaiah 42:2; 42:1 and 42:3 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Exodus 16:4; 16:5; Isaiah 42:2; 42:1 and 42:3 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 23:23; Luke 11:42; 10:25; 10:30; 10:33 and 10:35-37 in the KJV and NET follow.

Exodus 16:4 (Tanakh)

Exodus 16:4 (KJV)

Exodus 16:4 (NET)

Then said HaShem unto Moses: ‘Behold, I will cause to rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a day’s portion every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in My law, or not. Then said the LORD unto Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you; and the people shall go out and gather a certain rate every day, that I may prove them, whether they will walk in my law, or no. Then the Lord said to Moses, “I am going to rain bread from heaven for you, and the people will go out and gather the amount for each day, so that I may test them. Will they walk in my law or not?

Exodus 16:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 16:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἶπεν δὲ κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ὕω ὑμῖν ἄρτους ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ὁ λαὸς καὶ συλλέξουσιν τὸ τῆς ἡμέρας εἰς ἡμέραν ὅπως πειράσω αὐτοὺς εἰ πορεύσονται τῷ νόμῳ μου ἢ οὔ εἶπε δὲ Κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν· ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ὕω ὑμῖν ἄρτους ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ὁ λαὸς καὶ συλλέξουσι τὸ τῆς ἡμέρας εἰς ἡμέραν, ὅπως πειράσω αὐτούς, εἰ πορεύσονται τῷ νόμῳ μου ἢ οὔ

Exodus 16:4 (NETS)

Exodus 16:4 (English Elpenor)

Then the Lord said to Moyses, “Look, I am going to rain bread from heaven for you, and the people shall go out, and they shall collect the day’s portion for a day so that I might test them whether they will walk by my law or not. And the Lord said to Moses, Behold, I [will] rain bread upon you out of heaven: and the people shall go forth, and they shall gather their daily portion for the day, that I may try them whether they will walk in my law or not.

Exodus 16:5 (Tanakh)

Exodus 16:5 (KJV)

Exodus 16:5 (NET)

And it shall come to pass on the sixth day that they shall prepare that which they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.’ And it shall come to pass, that on the sixth day they shall prepare that which they bring in; and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily. On the sixth day they will prepare what they bring in, and it will be twice as much as they gather every other day.”

Exodus 16:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 16:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔσται τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑτοιμάσουσιν ὃ ἐὰν εἰσενέγκωσιν καὶ ἔσται διπλοῦν ὃ ἐὰν συναγάγωσιν τὸ καθ᾽ ἡμέραν εἰς ἡμέραν καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ ἕκτῃ καὶ ἑτοιμάσουσιν ὃ ἂν εἰσενέγκωσι, καὶ ἔσται διπλοῦν ὃ ἐὰν συναγάγωσι τὸ καθ᾿ ἡμέραν εἰς ἡμέραν

Exodus 16:5 (NETS)

Exodus 16:5 (English Elpenor)

And it shall be on the sixth day, and they shall prepare whatever they bring in, and it shall be double whatever they gather daily for a day.” And it shall come to pass on the sixth day that they shall prepare whatsoever they have brought in, and it shall be double of what they shall have gathered for the day, daily.

Isaiah 42:2 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 42:2 (KJV)

Isaiah 42:2 (NET)

He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. He will not cry out or shout; he will not publicize himself in the streets.

Isaiah 42:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 42:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐ κεκράξεται οὐδὲ ἀνήσει οὐδὲ ἀκουσθήσεται ἔξω ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ οὐ κεκράξεται οὐδὲ ἀνήσει, οὐδὲ ἀκουσθήσεται ἔξω ἡ φωνὴ αὐτοῦ

Isaiah 42:2 (NETS)

Isaiah 42:2 (English Elpenor)

He will not cry out or send forth his voice, nor will his voice be heard outside; He shall not cry, nor lift up [his voice], nor shall his voice be heard without.

Isaiah 42:1 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 42:1 (KJV)

Isaiah 42:1 (NET)

Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. “Here is my servant whom I support, my chosen one in whom I take pleasure. I have placed my Spirit on him; he will make just decrees for the nations.

Isaiah 42:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 42:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

Ιακωβ ὁ παῖς μου ἀντιλήμψομαι αὐτοῦ Ισραηλ ὁ ἐκλεκτός μου προσεδέξατο αὐτὸν ἡ ψυχή μου ἔδωκα τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐξοίσει ΙΑΚΩΒ ὁ παῖς μου, ἀντιλήψομαι αὐτοῦ· ᾿Ισραὴλ ὁ ἐκλεκτός μου, προσεδέξατο αὐτὸν ἡ ψυχή μου· ἔδωκα τὸ πνεῦμά μου ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν, κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐξοίσει

Isaiah 42:1 (NETS)

Isaiah 42:1 (English Elpenor)

Iakob is my servant; I will lay hold of him; Israel is my chosen; my soul has accepted him; I will put my spirit upon him; he will bring forth judgment to the nations. Jacob is my servant, I will help him: Israel is my chosen, my soul has accepted him; I have put my Spirit upon him; he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles.

Isaiah 42:3 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 42:3 (KJV)

Isaiah 42:3 (NET)

A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth. A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth. A crushed reed he will not break, a dim wick he will not extinguish; he will faithfully make just decrees.

Isaiah 42:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 42:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

κάλαμον τεθλασμένον οὐ συντρίψει καὶ λίνον καπνιζόμενον οὐ σβέσει ἀλλὰ εἰς ἀλήθειαν ἐξοίσει κρίσιν κάλαμον τεθλασμένον οὐ συντρίψει καὶ λίνον καπνιζόμενον οὐ σβέσει, ἀλλὰ εἰς ἀλήθειαν ἐξοίσει κρίσιν

Isaiah 42:3 (NETS)

Isaiah 42:3 (English Elpenor)

a bruised reed he will not break, and a smoking wick he will not quench, but he will bring forth judgment for truth. A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench; but he shall bring forth judgment to truth.

Matthew 23:23 (NET)

Matthew 23:23 (KJV)

“Woe to you, experts in the law and you Pharisees, hypocrites! You give a tenth of mint, dill, and cumin, yet you neglect what is more important in the law—justice, mercy, and faithfulness! You should have done these things without neglecting the others. Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin, and have omitted the weightier matters of the law, judgment, mercy, and faith: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.

Matthew 23:23 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 23:23 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 23:23 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Οὐαὶ ὑμῖν, γραμματεῖς καὶ Φαρισαῖοι ὑποκριταί, ὅτι ἀποδεκατοῦτε τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ ἄνηθον καὶ τὸ κύμινον καὶ ἀφήκατε τὰ βαρύτερα τοῦ νόμου, τὴν κρίσιν καὶ τὸ ἔλεος καὶ τὴν πίστιν· ταῦτα ἔδει ποιῆσαι κακεῖνα μὴ |ἀφιέναι| ουαι υμιν γραμματεις και φαρισαιοι υποκριται οτι αποδεκατουτε το ηδυοσμον και το ανηθον και το κυμινον και αφηκατε τα βαρυτερα του νομου την κρισιν και τον ελεον και την πιστιν ταυτα εδει ποιησαι κακεινα μη αφιεναι ουαι υμιν γραμματεις και φαρισαιοι υποκριται οτι αποδεκατουτε το ηδυοσμον και το ανηθον και το κυμινον και αφηκατε τα βαρυτερα του νομου την κρισιν και τον ελεον και την πιστιν ταυτα εδει ποιησαι κακεινα μη αφιεναι

Luke 11:42 (NET)

Luke 11:42 (KJV)

“But woe to you Pharisees! You give a tenth of your mint, rue, and every herb, yet you neglect justice and love for God! But you should have done these things without neglecting the others. But woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.

Luke 11:42 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 11:42 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 11:42 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ἀλλὰ οὐαὶ ὑμῖν τοῖς Φαρισαίοις, ὅτι ἀποδεκατοῦτε τὸ ἡδύοσμον καὶ τὸ πήγανον καὶ πᾶν λάχανον καὶ παρέρχεσθε τὴν κρίσιν καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ· ταῦτα δὲ ἔδει ποιῆσαι κακεῖνα μὴ παρεῖναι αλλ ουαι υμιν τοις φαρισαιοις οτι αποδεκατουτε το ηδυοσμον και το πηγανον και παν λαχανον και παρερχεσθε την κρισιν και την αγαπην του θεου ταυτα εδει ποιησαι κακεινα μη αφιεναι αλλ ουαι υμιν τοις φαρισαιοις οτι αποδεκατουτε το ηδυοσμον και το πηγανον και παν λαχανον και παρερχεσθε την κρισιν και την αγαπην του θεου ταυτα εδει ποιησαι κακεινα μη αφιεναι

Luke 10:25 (NET)

Luke 10:25 (KJV)

Now an expert in religious law stood up to test Jesus, saying, “Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?” And, behold, a certain lawyer stood up, and tempted him, saying, Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?

Luke 10:25 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 10:25 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 10:25 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Καὶ ἰδοὺ νομικός τις ἀνέστη ἐκπειράζων αὐτὸν λέγων· διδάσκαλε, τί ποιήσας ζωὴν αἰώνιον κληρονομήσω και ιδου νομικος τις ανεστη εκπειραζων αυτον και λεγων διδασκαλε τι ποιησας ζωην αιωνιον κληρονομησω και ιδου νομικος τις ανεστη εκπειραζων αυτον και λεγων διδασκαλε τι ποιησας ζωην αιωνιον κληρονομησω

Luke 10:30 (NET)

Luke 10:30 (KJV)

Jesus replied, “A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell into the hands of robbers, who stripped him, beat him up, and went off, leaving him half dead. And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead.

Luke 10:30 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 10:30 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 10:30 (Byzantine Majority Text)

῾Υπολαβὼν ὁ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν· ἄνθρωπος τις κατέβαινεν ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ εἰς Ἰεριχὼ καὶ λῃσταῖς περιέπεσεν, οἳ καὶ ἐκδύσαντες αὐτὸν καὶ πληγὰς ἐπιθέντες ἀπῆλθον ἀφέντες ἡμιθανῆ υπολαβων δε ο ιησους ειπεν ανθρωπος τις κατεβαινεν απο ιερουσαλημ εις ιεριχω και λησταις περιεπεσεν οι και εκδυσαντες αυτον και πληγας επιθεντες απηλθον αφεντες ημιθανη τυγχανοντα υπολαβων δε ο ιησους ειπεν ανθρωπος τις κατεβαινεν απο ιερουσαλημ εις ιεριχω και λησταις περιεπεσεν οι και εκδυσαντες αυτον και πληγας επιθεντες απηλθον αφεντες ημιθανη τυγχανοντα

Luke 10:33 (NET)

Luke 10:33 (KJV)

But a Samaritan who was traveling came to where the injured man was, and when he saw him, he felt compassion for him. But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him,

Luke 10:33 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 10:33 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 10:33 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Σαμαρίτης δέ τις ὁδεύων ἦλθεν κατ᾿ αὐτὸν καὶ ἰδὼν ἐσπλαγχνίσθη σαμαρειτης δε τις οδευων ηλθεν κατ αυτον και ιδων αυτον εσπλαγχνισθη σαμαρειτης δε τις οδευων ηλθεν κατ αυτον και ιδων αυτον εσπλαγχνισθη

Luke 10:35-37 (NET)

Luke 10:35-37 (KJV)

The next day he took out two silver coins and gave them to the innkeeper, saying, ‘Take care of him, and whatever else you spend, I will repay you when I come back this way.’ And on the morrow when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again, I will repay thee.

Luke 10:35 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 10:35 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 10:35 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν αὔριον ἐκβαλὼν ἔδωκεν |δύο δηνάρια| τῷ πανδοχεῖ καὶ εἶπεν· ἐπιμελήθητι αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὅ τι ἂν προσδαπανήσῃς ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ ἐπανέρχεσθαι με ἀποδώσω σοι και επι την αυριον εξελθων εκβαλων δυο δηναρια εδωκεν τω πανδοχει και ειπεν αυτω επιμεληθητι αυτου και ο τι αν προσδαπανησης εγω εν τω επανερχεσθαι με αποδωσω σοι και επι την αυριον εξελθων εκβαλων δυο δηναρια εδωκεν τω πανδοχει και ειπεν αυτω επιμεληθητι αυτου και ο τι αν προσδαπανησης εγω εν τω επανερχεσθαι με αποδωσω σοι
Which of these three do you think became a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of the robbers?” Which now of these three, thinkest thou, was neighbour unto him that fell among the thieves?

Luke 10:36 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 10:36 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 10:36 (Byzantine Majority Text)

τίς τούτων τῶν τριῶν πλησίον δοκεῖ σοι γεγονέναι τοῦ ἐμπεσόντος εἰς τοὺς λῃστάς τις ουν τουτων των τριων δοκει σοι πλησιον γεγονεναι του εμπεσοντος εις τους ληστας τις ουν τουτων των τριων πλησιον δοκει σοι γεγονεναι του εμπεσοντος εις τους ληστας
The expert in religious law said, “The one who showed mercy to him.” So Jesus said to him, “Go and do the same.” And he said, He that shewed mercy on him. Then said Jesus unto him, Go, and do thou likewise.

Luke 10:37 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 10:37 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 10:37 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἔλεος μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ. εἶπεν δὲ αὐτῷ |ὁ| Ἰησοῦς· πορεύου καὶ σὺ ποίει ὁμοίως ο δε ειπεν ο ποιησας το ελεος μετ αυτου ειπεν ουν αυτω ο ιησους πορευου και συ ποιει ομοιως ο δε ειπεν ο ποιησας το ελεος μετ αυτου ειπεν ουν αυτω ο ιησους πορευου και συ ποιει ομοιως

2 Matthew 23:23 (NET)

4 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the conjunction δὲ here. The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

5 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had παρεῖναι here, an infinitive form of πάρειμι, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αφιεναι (KJV: to leave…undone), an infinitive form of ἀφίημι.

6 Luke 11:42 (NET)

7 Matthew 9:13 (NET) Table

8 Matthew 9:11 (NET) Table

10 Matthew 9:12 (NET) Table

11 Matthew 12:7 (NET) Table

12 Then the Lord said to Moses, “I am going to rain bread from heaven for you, and the people will go out and gather the amount for each day, so that I may test them.  Will they walk in my law or not?  On the sixth day they will prepare what they bring in, and it will be twice as much as they gather every other day.” (Exodus 16:4, 5 NET)

13 Luke 10:25 (NET)

14 Luke 10:30 (NET) The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had τυγχανοντα following half dead (not translated in the KJV), a participle of τυγχάνω. The NET parallel Greek Text and NA28 did not.

15 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had εξελθων (KJV: when he departed) here, a participle of ἐξέρχομαι. The NET parallel Greek Text and NA28 did not.

16 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αυτω (KJV: unto him) here. The NET parallel Greek Text and NA28 did not.

17 Luke 10:33-35 (NET)

18 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ουν (KJV: now) following Which. The NET parallel Greek Text and NA28 did not.

19 The NET parallel Greek Text and NA28 had δὲ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ουν (KJV: Then).

20 Luke 10:36, 37 (NET)

21 Matthew 12:19 (NET)

22 Matthew 12:15b, 16 (NET)

23 Matthew 12:18 (NET)

24 Matthew 12:20 (NET)

Romans, Part 37

Brothers and sisters, Paul continued, my heart’s desire (εὐδοκία) and prayer to God on behalf of my fellow Israelites is for their salvation.1  This sounds to me like the justice Paul nagged the Lord about, something he would always pray and not lose heart2 over.  But the Greek word translated desire leads rather inexorably to Jesus’ strange prayer of praise and the revelation of his Father’s gracious will:  I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and intelligent, and revealed (ἀπεκάλυψας, a form of ἀποκαλύπτω) them to little children [Table].  Yes, Father, for this was your gracious will (εὐδοκία).3  I recognize the pattern:

MERCY

WRATH

So then, God has mercy on whom he chooses to have mercy…

Romans 9:18 (NET)

…and he hardens whom he chooses to harden.

Romans 9:18 (NET)

[God] is willing to make known the wealth of his glory on the objects of mercy that he has prepared beforehand for glory

Romans 9:23 (NET)

God, willing to demonstrate his wrath and to make known his power, has endured with much patience the objects of wrath prepared for destruction

Romans 9:22 (NET)

[Those] who did not pursue righteousness obtained it, that is, a righteousness that is by faith

Romans 9:30 (NET)

[Those] even though pursuing a law of righteousness did not attain it [Table]….Because they pursued it not by faith but (as if it were possible) by works [Table]

Romans 9:31, 32 (NET)

[The] Lord of heaven and earth…[has] revealed [these things] to little children [KJV, babes]

Matthew 11:25 (NET)

[The] Lord of heaven and earth…[has] hidden these things from the wise and intelligent [Table]

Matthew 11:25 (NET)

So Jesus praised his Father, the Lord of heaven and earth, because his followers were neither wise nor intelligent, but like little children.  And little children might be overstating the case.  The Greek word νηπίοις is a compound of νη (not) and ἔπος (a word), not speaking, an infant.  But with that I begin to understand.  The wise and intelligent believe they know how, and expect, to do it for themselves.  Infants trust and expect someone who loves them to provide for them and, in fact, do it for them.

For I can testify that they are zealous for God, Paul continued, but their zeal is not in line with the truth (ἐπίγνωσιν, a form of ἐπίγνωσις).4  The word translated truth here was translated knowledge in, For this reason we also, from the day we heard about you, have not ceased praying for you and asking God to fill you with the knowledge (ἐπίγνωσιν) of his will in all spiritual wisdom and understanding…5  This truth or knowledge is the noun form of the verb ἐπιγινώσκωAll things have been handed over to me by my Father, Jesus continued.  No one knows (ἐπιγινώσκει, a form of ἐπιγινώσκω) the Son except the Father, and no one knows (ἐπιγινώσκει, a form of ἐπιγινώσκω) the Father except the Son and anyone to whom the Son decides (βούληται, a form of βούλομαι) to reveal (ἀποκαλύψαι, another form of ἀποκαλύπτω) him.6

For ignoring (ἀγνοοῦντες, a participle of ἀγνοέω; literally being ignorant of, not knowing, misunderstanding) the righteousness that comes from God, Paul continued, and seeking instead to establish their own righteousness, they did not submit to God’s righteousness.7  Even after saying that no one knows his Father except those to whom the Son decides to reveal him, Jesus offered to teach the wise and intelligent, the hardened objects of wrath prepared for destruction, saying: Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened (πεφορτισμένοι, a participle of φορτίζω), and I will give you rest.  Take my yoke on you and learn from me, because I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls [Table].8

I’m reminded of an old hymn9 that begins, “Would you be free from the burden of sin?”  But I think in this case Jesus was addressing those who were weary and burdened pursuing a law of righteousness, seeking instead to establish their own righteousness.  They didn’t tend to think of themselves as having a burden of sin.  That was for others who didn’t work as hard as they did pursuing a law of righteousness.  For my yoke is easy to bear, and my load (φορτίον) is not hard to carry,10 Jesus concluded, relative to the load they were already carrying.

They tie up heavy loads (φορτία, a form of φορτίον), hard to carry, He said of the experts in the law and the Pharisees,11 and put them on men’s shoulders, but they themselves are not willing even to lift a finger to move (κινῆσαι, a form of κινέω) [or, remove]12) them.13  Woe to you experts in religious law, Jesus said.  You load (φορτίζετε, another form of φορτίζω) people down with burdens (phortion, φορτίον; specifically φορτία) difficult to bear, yet you yourselves refuse to touch the burdens (φορτίοις, another form of φορτίον) with even one of your fingers!”14

For Christ is the end (τέλος) of the law, with the result that there is righteousness for everyone who believes,15 Paul concluded.  I certainly don’t believe that it is necessary to interpret the word τέλος as a termination here, putting Paul into direct conflict with the Lord Jesus: I tell you the truth, until heaven and earth pass away not the smallest letter or stroke of a letter will pass from the law until everything takes place.16 To interpret τέλος in the sense of aim or purpose of the law is much more in keeping with Paul’s own understanding that 1) the law is holy, and the commandment is holy, righteous, and good;17 2) he himself would not have known sin except through the law;18 3) though no one is declared righteous before [God] by the works of the law, the law has an ongoing usefulness in that through the law comes the knowledge of sin;19 and 4) we do not nullify the law through faith; Instead we uphold the law.20

Addendum: June 23, 2025
A table comparing Revelation 2:5 in the NET and KJV follows.

Revelation 2:5 (NET)

Revelation 2:5 (KJV)

Therefore, remember from what high state you have fallen and repent! Do the deeds you did at the first; if not, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place—that is, if you do not repent. Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent.

Revelation 2:5 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 2:5 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 2:5 (Byzantine Majority Text)

μνημόνευε οὖν πόθεν πέπτωκας καὶ μετανόησον καὶ τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα ποίησον· εἰ δὲ μή, ἔρχομαι σοι καὶ κινήσω τὴν λυχνίαν σου ἐκ τοῦ τόπου αὐτῆς, ἐὰν μὴ μετανοήσῃς μνημονευε ουν ποθεν εκπεπτωκας και μετανοησον και τα πρωτα εργα ποιησον ει δε μη ερχομαι σοι ταχει και κινησω την λυχνιαν σου εκ του τοπου αυτης εαν μη μετανοησης μνημονευε ουν ποθεν πεπτωκας και μετανοησον και τα πρωτα εργα ποιησον ει δε μη ερχομαι σοι ταχυ και κινησω την λυχνιαν σου εκ του τοπου αυτης εαν μη μετανοησης

1 Romans 10:1 (NET) Table

2 Luke 18:1 (NET) Table

3 Matthew 11:25, 26 (NET)

4 Romans 10:2 (NET)

5 Colossians 1:9 (NET)

6 Matthew 11:27 (NET)

7 Romans 10:3 (NET)

8 Matthew 11:28, 29 (NET)

10 Matthew 11:30 (NET)

12 Therefore, remember from what high state you have fallen21 and repent!  Do the deeds you did at the first; if not, I will come to you22 and remove (κινήσω, another form of κινέω) your lampstand from its place – that is, if you do not repent. (Revelation 2:5 NET)

13 Matthew 23:4 (NET) Table

14 Luke 11:46 (NET)

15 Romans 10:4 (NET)

16 Matthew 5:18 (NET)

17 Romans 7:12 (NET)

18 Romans 7:7 (NET)

19 Romans 3:20 (NET)

20 Romans 3:31 (NET) Table

21 The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text had πέπτωκας here, a form of πίπτω, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus had εκπεπτωκας, a form of ἐκπίπτω (KJV: thou art fallen).

22 The Stephanus Textus Receptus had ταχει here, a form of τάχος (KJV: quickly), where the Byzantine Majority Text had ταχυ. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had neither.

Fear – Genesis, Part 5

I think I am safe using the word fear to describe Jacob’s prognostication that Simeon and Levi…had brought ruin on him by making him a foul odor among the inhabitants of the land, that the Canaanites and the Perizzites…would join forces against him and attack him, and both he and his family would be destroyed!1  It was not a prophecy; it did not come to pass.  It was a rational appraisal of the likely response of men born of Adam (then Noah).  And it was a righteous expectation of the law God gave Noah and his sons after the flood (Genesis 9:5, 6 NET).

For your lifeblood I will surely exact punishment, from every living creature I will exact punishment.  From each person I will exact punishment for the life of the individual since the man was his relative [Table].  Whoever sheds human blood, by other humans must his blood be shed; for in God’s image God has made humankind [Table].

Simeon and Levi had perpetrated the kind of violence that brought the flood in the first place (Genesis 6:11-13 NET).

The earth was ruined in the sight of God; the earth was filled with violence [Table].2  God saw the earth, and indeed it was ruined, for all living creatures on the earth were sinful [Table].  So God said to Noah, “I have decided that all living creatures must die, for the earth is filled with violence because of them.  Now I am about to destroy them and the earth” [Table].

It is a fearful thing to contemplate a God with the power and the will for such destruction (Genesis 6:5-7 NET).

But the Lord saw that the wickedness of humankind had become great on the earth.  Every inclination of the thoughts of their minds was only evil all the time [Table].  The Lord regretted that he had made humankind on the earth, and he was highly offended [Table].  So the Lord said, “I will wipe humankind, whom I have created, from the face of the earth – everything from humankind to animals, including creatures that move on the ground and birds of the air, for I regret that I have made them.”

But if I take the Lord’s reasons and offense seriously, his relative tolerance of human evil after the flood is just as fearful a thing if in a different way (Genesis 8:21, 22 NET).

I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, even though the inclination of their minds is evil from childhood on.  I will never again destroy everything that lives, as I have just done [Table].  While the earth continues to exist, planting time and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, and day and night will not cease [Table].

And thus the law: Whoever sheds human blood, by other humans must his blood be shed.3

Though Simeon’s and Levi’s die hard antics seem more like justice for Dinah to my religious mind (compared to David’s inaction regarding Tamar, or Jacob’s silence), the most likely outcome for Dinah did not look good.  Both the evil of men and the righteousness of God’s law conspired to catch her up in the violent retribution due Simeon and Levi, or she might have become like one of the slave women her brothers took from Shechem.  But Jacob, Dinah, Simeon, Levi and all of their family found favor (or, grace) in the sight of the Lord.4

I have appropriated what the Bible said about Noah to Jacob, Dinah, Simeon, Levi and all of their family.  This would have been unthinkable to my religious mind.  It assumed that Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord because Noah was a godly man; he was blameless among his contemporaries.  He walked with God [Table].5  Now I am more and more convinced that my religious mind had the cart before the horse.  Noah was a godly man, blameless among his contemporaries, and walked with God because Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord.  In that light it is not much of a stretch to see the similarity here.

Then God said to Jacob, “Go up at once to Bethel and live there.  Make an altar there to God, who appeared to you when you fled from your brother Esau.”6  This was God’s solution despite the fact that Simeon and Levi at least (and perhaps at most) should have died according to his own law.  I am not accusing God of wrongdoing.  He never bound Himself to law when it came to showing favor or mercy.  I will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, I will show mercy to whom I will show mercy,7 He said to Moses.  And when Paul analyzed the Gospel that my religious mind was so intent on converting to a new law, he reiterated that point and added, So then, it does not depend on human desire or exertion, but on God who shows mercy.8

So Jacob told his household and all who were with him, “Get rid of the foreign gods you have among you.  Purify yourselves and change your clothes.  Let us go up at once to Bethel.  Then I will make an altar there to God, who responded to me in my time of distress and has been with me wherever I went.”9

When I see it in this context the Gospel of Jesus Christ mitigates my fear concerning God’s “tolerance” of human evil after the flood.  The Gospel does not belong, and is perverted and misunderstood, in the world created by religious minds.  Where it belongs, where it becomes the righteousness of God through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ for all who believe10 is in the real world of human sin.  I was surprised, given my religious prejudices, that Abel Ferrara and Zoë Lund had walked this ground before me in the movie she wrote and he directed “Bad Lieutenant” (1992), starring Harvey Keitel in the title role.

Bad LT was not merely a bad cop, he was a hardcore sinner, without natural affection.  Bad LT’s decadence was so demoralizing I cried out loud, “Why am I watching this?”  About that time one of the ‘B’ stories came to the forefront when Bad LT overheard a nun’s confession.

The nun had been raped on the altar in her church.  She seemed to react like any other woman might react while being raped.  She was a bit less modest in the examination room than I might have expected, but nothing so extreme that I did anything but note the fact.  Her confession, however, was totally unexpected.  A curious thing happens when someone actually believes she has been forgiven by the Sovereign God and that all things work together for good for those who love God, who are called according to his purpose.11

“Those boys,” she said, “those sad raging boys.  They came to me as the needy do.  And like many of the needy they were rude.  Like all the needy they took.  And like all the needy they needed.  Father, I knew them.  They learn in our school and they play in our school yard and they are good boys….Jesus turned water to wine.  I ought to have turned bitter semen into fertile sperm, hatred to love, and maybe to have saved their souls.  [Bad LT exited then and did not hear the rest of her confession.]  They did not love me, but I ought to have loved them, for Jesus loved those who were vile to Him.  And never again shall I encounter two boys whose prayer was more poignant, more legible, more anguished.”

Later Bad LT came to speak to the nun as she prayed, first prostrate then on her knees, in church.  “Listen to me, Sister,” he said, “listen to me good.  The other cops will just put these guys through the system.  They’re juveniles.  They’ll walk.  But I’ll beat the system and do justice, real justice for you.”

“I have already forgiven them,” she replied.

“Come on, Lady.  These guys put out cigarette butts on your – Get with the program.  How could you—how could you forgive these motherfu—these, these guys?  Excuse me.  How could you?  Deep down inside don’t you want them to pay for what they did to you?  Don’t you want this crime avenged?”

“I’ve forgiven them.”

“But – do you have the right?  You’re not the only woman in the world.  You’re not even the only nun. You’re forgiveness will leave blood in its wake.  What if these guys do this to other nuns?  Other virgins? Old women who’ll die from the shock?  Do you have the right to let these boys go free?  Can you bear the burden, Sister?”

“Talk to Jesus,” she said.  “Pray.  You do believe in God, don’t you? that Jesus Christ died for your sins?”

The nun left Bad LT alone in the church.  He moaned and cried out from the floor.  Then he had a vision of Jesus.  First, he blamed Jesus for His perceived absence in Bad LT’s wretched life.  But eventually he begged for forgiveness and direction.  Suddenly Bad LT became the repentant thief on the cross.  Like the thief he had only hours to live.  Unlike the thief he was free to do one more thing.  His choice, to pass on some of the mercy the Lord and the nun had shown him, was at least as interesting as David’s choices concerning his sons Amnon and Absalom.

Jacob’s household and all who were with him gave Jacob all the foreign gods that were in their possession and the rings that were in their ears.  Jacob buried them under the oak near Shechem and they started on their journey.  The surrounding cities were afraid (ḥitâ, חִתַּ֣ת; Septuagint: φόβος) of God, and they did not pursue the sons of Jacob.12  The note (15) in the NET reads: “Heb ‘and the fear of God was upon the cities which were round about them.’ The expression ‘fear of God’ apparently refers (1) to a fear of God (objective genitive; God is the object of their fear). (2) But it could mean ‘fear from God,’ that is, fear which God placed in them (cf. NRSV “a terror from God”). Another option (3) is that the divine name is used as a superlative here, referring to ‘tremendous fear’ (cf. NEB ‘were panic-stricken’; NASB ‘a great terror’).”

 

Addendum: June 8, 2025
Tables comparing Genesis 6:7; 6:8; 35:1; 35:2; 35:3; 35:4 and 35:5 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Genesis 6:7; 6:8; 35:1; 35:2; 35:3; 35:4 and 35:5 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor) follow.

Genesis 6:7 (Tanakh)

Genesis 6:7 (KJV)

Genesis 6:7 (NET)

And HaShem said: ‘I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and creeping thing, and fowl of the air; for it repenteth Me that I have made them.’ And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I have created from the face of the earth; both man, and beast, and the creeping thing, and the fowls of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them. So the Lord said, “I will wipe humankind, whom I have created, from the face of the earth—everything from humankind to animals, including creatures that move on the ground and birds of the air, for I regret that I have made them.”

Genesis 6:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 6:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεός ἀπαλείψω τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὃν ἐποίησα ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἕως κτήνους καὶ ἀπὸ ἑρπετῶν ἕως τῶν πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὅτι ἐθυμώθην ὅτι ἐποίησα αὐτούς καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεός· ἀπαλείψω τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὃν ἐποίησα ἀπὸ προσώπου τῆς γῆς, ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου ἕως κτήνους καὶ ἀπό ἑρπετῶν ἕως πετεινῶν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὅτι μετεμελήθην ὅτι ἐποίησα αὐτούς

Genesis 6:7 (NETS)

Genesis 6:7 (English Elpenor)

And God said, “I will wipe out from off the earth humankind which I have made, from human to domestic animal and from creeping things to birds of the sky, for I have become angry that I have made them.” And God said, I will blot out man whom I have made from the face of the earth, even man with cattle, and reptiles with flying creatures of the sky, for I am grieved that I have made them.

Genesis 6:8 (Tanakh)

Genesis 6:8 (KJV)

Genesis 6:8 (NET)

But Noah found grace in the eyes of HaShem. But Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD. But Noah found favor in the sight of the Lord.

Genesis 6:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 6:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

Νωε δὲ εὗρεν χάριν ἐναντίον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ Νῶε δὲ εὗρε χάριν ἐναντίον Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ

Genesis 6:8 (NETS)

Genesis 6:8 (English Elpenor)

Yet Noe found favor before the Lord God. But Noe found grace before the Lord God.

Genesis 35:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:1 (KJV)

Genesis 35:1 (NET)

And G-d said unto Jacob: ‘Arise, go up to Beth-el, and dwell there; and make there an altar unto G-d, who appeared unto thee when thou didst flee from the face of Esau thy brother.’ And God said unto Jacob, Arise, go up to Bethel, and dwell there: and make there an altar unto God, that appeared unto thee when thou fleddest from the face of Esau thy brother. Then God said to Jacob, “Go up at once to Bethel and live there. Make an altar there to God, who appeared to you when you fled from your brother Esau.”

Genesis 35:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἶπεν δὲ ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Ιακωβ ἀναστὰς ἀνάβηθι εἰς τὸν τόπον Βαιθηλ καὶ οἴκει ἐκεῖ καὶ ποίησον ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον τῷ θεῷ τῷ ὀφθέντι σοι ἐν τῷ ἀποδιδράσκειν σε ἀπὸ προσώπου Ησαυ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ΕΙΠΕ δὲ ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς ᾿Ιακώβ· ἀναστὰς ἀνάβηθι εἰς τὸν τόπον Βαιθὴλ καὶ οἴκει ἐκεῖ καὶ ποίησον ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον τῷ Θεῷ τῷ ὀφθέντι σοι ἐν τῷ ἀποδιδράσκειν σε ἀπὸ προσώπου ῾Ησαῦ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου

Genesis 35:1 (NETS)

Genesis 35:1 (English Elpenor)

Now God said to Iakob, “Arise, go up to the place Baithel, and reside there, and make an altar there to the God who appeared to you when you were fleeing from the presence of your brother Esau.” AND God said to Jacob, Arise, go up to the place, Baethel, and dwell there; and make there an altar to the God that appeared to thee, when thou fledest from the face of Esau thy brother.

Genesis 35:2 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:2 (KJV)

Genesis 35:2 (NET)

Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him: ‘Put away the strange gods that are among you, and purify yourselves, and change your garments; Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments: So Jacob told his household and all who were with him, “Get rid of the foreign gods you have among you. Purify yourselves and change your clothes.

Genesis 35:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἶπεν δὲ Ιακωβ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσιν τοῖς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἄρατε τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους τοὺς μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν ἐκ μέσου ὑμῶν καὶ καθαρίσασθε καὶ ἀλλάξατε τὰς στολὰς ὑμῶν εἶπε δὲ ᾿Ιακὼβ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ· ἄρατε τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους τοὺς μεθ᾿ ὑμῶν ἐκ μέσου ὑμῶν καὶ καθαρίσθητε καὶ ἀλλάξατε τὰς στολὰς ὑμῶν,

Genesis 35:2 (NETS)

Genesis 35:2 (English Elpenor)

Then Iakob said to his household and to all those who were with him, “Remove from your midst the foreign gods that are with you, and purify yourselves, and change your garments, And Jacob said to his house, and to all that were with him, Remove the strange gods that are with you from the midst of you, and purify yourselves, and change your clothes.

Genesis 35:3 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:3 (KJV)

Genesis 35:3 (NET)

and let us arise, and go up to Beth-el; and I will make there an altar unto G-d, who answered me in the day of my distress, and was with me in the way which I went.’ And let us arise, and go up to Bethel; and I will make there an altar unto God, who answered me in the day of my distress, and was with me in the way which I went. Let us go up at once to Bethel. Then I will make an altar there to God, who responded to me in my time of distress and has been with me wherever I went.”

Genesis 35:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀναστάντες ἀναβῶμεν εἰς Βαιθηλ καὶ ποιήσωμεν ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον τῷ θεῷ τῷ ἐπακούσαντί μοι ἐν ἡμέρᾳ θλίψεως ὃς ἦν μετ᾽ ἐμοῦ καὶ διέσωσέν με ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ᾗ ἐπορεύθην καὶ ἀναστάντες ἀναβῶμεν εἰς Βαιθὴλ καὶ ποιήσωμεν ἐκεῖ θυσιαστήριον τῷ Θεῷ τῷ ἐπακούσαντί μου ἐν ἡμέρᾳ θλίψεως, ὃς ἦν μετ᾿ ἐμοῦ καὶ διέσωσέ με ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ, ᾗ ἐπορεύθην

Genesis 35:3 (NETS)

Genesis 35:3 (English Elpenor)

and arise, let us go up to Baithel, and let us make an altar there to the God who hearkened to me in a day of distress, who was with me and preserved me on the road that I traveled.” And let us rise and go up to Baethel, and let us there make an altar to God who hearkened to me in the day of calamity, who was with me, and preserved me throughout in the journey, by which I went.

Genesis 35:4 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:4 (KJV)

Genesis 35:4 (NET)

And they gave unto Jacob all the foreign gods which were in their hand, and the rings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the terebinth which was by Shechem. And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem. So they gave Jacob all the foreign gods that were in their possession and the rings that were in their ears. Jacob buried them under the oak near Shechem

Genesis 35:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔδωκαν τῷ Ιακωβ τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους οἳ ἦσαν ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ ἐνώτια τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὠσὶν αὐτῶν καὶ κατέκρυψεν αὐτὰ Ιακωβ ὑπὸ τὴν τερέμινθον τὴν ἐν Σικιμοις καὶ ἀπώλεσεν αὐτὰ ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας καὶ ἔδωκαν τῷ ᾿Ιακὼβ τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς ἀλλοτρίους, οἳ ἦσαν ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ ἐνώτια τὰ ἐν τοῖς ὠσὶν αὐτῶν, καὶ κατέκρυψεν αὐτὰ ᾿Ιακὼβ ὑπὸ τὴν τερέβινθον τὴν ἐν Σικίμοις καὶ ἀπώλεσαν αὐτὰ ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας

Genesis 35:4 (NETS)

Genesis 35:4 (English Elpenor)

And they gave to Iakob the foreign gods that were in their hands and the earrings in their ears, and Iakob hid them under the terebinth in Sikinma, and he destroyed them to the present day. And they gave to Jacob the strange gods, which were in their hands, and the ear-rings which were in their ears, and Jacob hid them under the turpentine tree which is in Secima, and destroyed them to this day.

Genesis 35:5 (Tanakh)

Genesis 35:5 (KJV)

Genesis 35:5 (NET)

And they journeyed; and a terror of G-d was upon the cities that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of Jacob. And they journeyed: and the terror of God was upon the cities that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of Jacob. and they started on their journey. The surrounding cities were afraid of God, and they did not pursue the sons of Jacob.

Genesis 35:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 35:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐξῆρεν Ισραηλ ἐκ Σικιμων καὶ ἐγένετο φόβος θεοῦ ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις τὰς κύκλῳ αὐτῶν καὶ οὐ κατεδίωξαν ὀπίσω τῶν υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐξῇρεν ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐκ Σικίμων, καὶ ἐγένετο φόβος Θεοῦ ἐπὶ τὰς πόλεις τὰς κύκλῳ αὐτῶν, καὶ οὐ κατεδίωξαν ὀπίσω τῶν υἱῶν ᾿Ισραήλ

Genesis 35:5 (NETS)

Genesis 35:5 (English Elpenor)

And Israel rose up from Sikima, and a divine fear came upon the cities all around them, and they did not go in pursuit after the sons of Israel. So Israel departed from Secima, and the fear of God was upon the cities round about them, and they did not pursue after the children of Israel.

1 Genesis 34:30 (NET) Table

2 A note in the NET reads: “The Hebrew word translated “violence” refers elsewhere to a broad range of crimes, including unjust treatment (Gen 16:5; Amos 3:10), injurious legal testimony (Deut 19:16), deadly assault (Gen 49:5), murder (Judg 9:24), and rape (Jer 13:22).”

3 Genesis 9:6 (NET) Table

4 A paraphrase of Genesis 6:8 (NET)

5 Genesis 6:8, 9 (NET)

6 Genesis 35:1 (NET)

7 Exodus 33:19b (NET) Table

8 Romans 9:16 (NET) Table

9 Genesis 35:2, 3 (NET)

10 Romans 3:22 (NET) Table

11 Romans 8:28 (NET)

12 Genesis 35:4, 5 (NET)

Paul’s OT Quotes – Romans 9:25-33

I will call those who were not my people, ‘My people,’ and I will call her who was unloved, ‘My beloved.1  I don’t consider this a quotation of Hosea 2:23 so much as a conclusion.  Bill Braun analyzed it as a quotation for any who are interested [Addendum 5/27/2025: This site is no longer available].  The translation of Hosea 2:23 is as follows in the NET: “Then I will plant her as my own in the land.  I will have pity on ‘No Pity’ (Lo-Ruhamah).  I will say to ‘Not My People’ (Lo-Ammi), ‘You are my people!’  And he will say, ‘You are my God!’”2  None of this makes much sense without the context (Hosea 1:2 NET).

When the Lord first spoke through Hosea, he said to him, “Go marry [literally, take for yourself] a prostitute [literally, a wife of harlotries; Septuagint: γυναῖκα πορνείας] who will bear illegitimate children conceived through prostitution [literally, children of harlotries; Septuagint: τέκνα3 πορνείας], because the nation continually commits [Septuagint: ἐκπορνεύουσα] spiritual4 prostitution [Septuagint: ἐκπορνεύσει] by turning away from the Lord” [Table].

Israel’s northern kingdom’s spiritual prostitution was described in the next chapter (Hosea 2:2, 5, 8 NET).

Plead earnestly with your mother (for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband), so that she might put an end to her adulterous lifestyle [Septuagint: μοιχείαν], and turn away from her sexually immoral behavior [Septuagint: πορνείαν5]…. For their mother has committed adultery [Septuagint: ἐξεπόρνευσεν]; she who conceived them has acted shamefully.  For she said, “I will seek out my lovers; they are the ones who give me my bread and my water, my wool, my flax, my olive oil, and my wine….Yet until now she has refused to acknowledge that I was the one who gave her the grain, the new wine, and the olive oil; and that it was I who lavished on her the silver and gold – which they used in worshiping Baal!

The note in the NET after the phrase I will seek out my lovers reads: “This statement alludes to the practice of sexual rites in the Canaanite fertility cult which attempted to secure agricultural fertility from the Canaanite gods…”  So Hosea married (literally so he went and took) Gomer, the daughter of Diblaim.  Then she conceived and gave birth to a son for him.6  God told Hosea to name his first son Jezreel, because in a little while I will punish the dynasty of Jehu on account of the bloodshed in the valley of Jezreel.7  Then Gomer gave birth to a daughter and the Lord told Hosea, Name her “No Pity” (Lo-Ruhamah) because I will no longer have pity on the nation of Israel.8  Then God told Hosea to name his next son “Not My People” (Lo-Ammi), because you are not my people and I am not your God.9

However, the Lord continued, in the future the number of the people of Israel will be like the sand of the sea which can be neither measured nor numbered.  Although it was said to them, “You are not my people,” it will be said to them, “You are children of the living God!”10  Paul’s quotation of this verse was identical with that found in the Septuagint.

#

Paul (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

And in the very place where it was said to them, You are not my people, there they will be called sons of the living God.

Romans 9:26 (NET)

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ ζῶντος

Hosea 1:10

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη |αὐτοῖς| οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς, ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ ζῶντος

Romans 9:26

I looked to the Jewish Virtual Library out of curiosity how this story would be interpreted there.  Essentially chapter 3 was viewed not as a continuation of the story begun in chapters 1 and 2, but as a restatement of that same story, the “real” story, in fact.  In that “real” story Hosea did not “love” a promiscuous woman but “befriended” her.

Hosea 3:1 NET

Hosea 3:1 Jewish Virtual Library

The Lord said to me, “Go, show love to your wife again, even though she loves another man and continually commits adultery.  Likewise, the Lord loves the Israelites although they turn to other gods and love to offer raisin cakes to idols” [Table]. “YHWH said to me further, ‘Go, befriend a woman who, while befriended by a companion, sleeps with others, even as I befriend the children of Israel but they turn to other gods.’ So I befriended a woman of lust.” [Addendum 5/27/2025: This file is no longer available online.]

To marry such a woman in the first place would be contrary to a law of righteousness.  To receive her back again as a wife after having divorced her for unfaithfulness would be unthinkable.11  Obviously, God would never command such a thing, therefore He didn’t, no matter what the text says.  Despite all this fussiness the author(s) of this particular article in the Jewish Virtual Library got the point of Hosea 2:19 and 20 better than I could ever hope to tease out of an English translation:  I will commit myself to you forever; I will commit myself to you in righteousness and justice, in steadfast love and tender compassion.  I will commit myself to you in faithfulness; then you will acknowledge the Lord”12 it reads in the NET.  What it means according to the Jewish Virtual Library is as follows:

“YHWH will, moreover, espouse her a second time, and in such a way as to insure the permanence of the new marriage for…he will bestow upon her as bride-price the three pairs of qualities, righteousness – justice, goodness – graciousness, and loyalty – devotion to YHWH. In non-allegorical language, of course, that means that YHWH will make a new God-and-people covenant with Israel and will obviate any occasion for dissolving it like the first by making Israel constitutionally incapable of breaking it.” [Addendum 5/27/2025: This file is no longer available online.]

I would regard this as an excellent synopsis of Paul’s understanding of the Gospel in his letter to the Romans—if that had been its source.  By the way, the note in the NET reads: “The preposition בְּ (bet), which is repeated throughout 2:19-20 [21-22], denotes price paid (BDB 90 s.v. בְּ III.3; e.g., Ezek 3:14). The text contains an allusion to the payment of bridal gifts. The Lord will impute the moral character to Israel that will be necessary for a successful covenant relationship (contra 4:1).”

I’ve already covered what I think about the paraphrase/quotation in Romans 9:33 elsewhere.  Bill Braun’s analysis is available at [Addendum 5/27/2025: This site is no longer available.]

 

Addendum (6/21/2015): Jim Searcy has published that the Septuagint is a hoax written by Origen and Eusebius 200 hundred years after Christ.  “In fact, the Septuagint ‘quotes’ from the New Testament and not vice versa…”  His contention is that the “King James Version is the infallible Word of God.”  So, I’ll re-examine the quotations above with the KJV.

#

Paul (KJV)

KJV

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

…in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God.

Romans 9:26 (KJV)

…in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living God.

Hosea 1:10

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη |αὐτοῖς| οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς, ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ ζῶντος

Romans 9:26

I don’t see anything here to question (or confirm) the dating and authorship of the Septuagint. The Old Testament verse and the New Testament quotation match as well in the KJV as they do in the NET.

 

Addendum: May 27, 2025

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Hosea 2:2 (Tanakh/KJV)

Hosea 2:2 (NET)

Hosea 2:2 (NETS)

Hosea 2:4 (English Elpenor)

Plead (רִ֚יבוּ) with your mother, plead (רִ֔יבוּ): for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; “Plead (rîḇ, ריבו) earnestly (rîḇ, ריבו) with your mother (for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband), so that she might put an end to her adulterous lifestyle and turn away from her sexually immoral behavior. Contend (κρίθητε) against your mother, contend (κρίθητε)—for she is not my wife—and I will put away her whoring from before me and her adultery from between her breasts, Plead (Κρίθητε) with your mother, plead (κρίθητε): for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband: and I will remove her fornication out of my presence, and her adultery from between her breasts:

The Masoretic text and Septuagint differ as to who will put away, put an end to or remove her whoredoms, adulterous lifestyle, adultery or fornication.

Tables comparing Hosea 2:2; 2:5; 2:8; 1:4; 2:19 and 2:20 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Hosea 2:2 (2:4); 2:5 (2:7); 2:8 (2:10); 1:4; 2:19 (2:21) and 2:20 (2:22) in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor) follow.

Hosea 2:2 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:2 (KJV)

Hosea 2:2 (NET)

Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; “Plead earnestly with your mother (for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband), so that she might put an end to her adulterous lifestyle and turn away from her sexually immoral behavior.

Hosea 2:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

κρίθητε πρὸς τὴν μητέρα ὑμῶν κρίθητε ὅτι αὐτὴ οὐ γυνή μου καὶ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξαρῶ τὴν πορνείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ προσώπου μου καὶ τὴν μοιχείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ μέσου μαστῶν αὐτῆς Κρίθητε πρὸς τὴν μητέρα ὑμῶν, κρίθητε, ὅτι αὕτη οὐ γυνή μου, καὶ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς. καὶ ἐξαρῶ τὴν πορνείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ προσώπου μου καὶ τὴν μοιχείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ μέσου μαστῶν αὐτῆς

Hosea 2:2 (NETS)

Hosea 2:4 (English Elpenor)

Contend against your mother, contend—for she is not my wife—and I will put away her whoring from before me and her adultery from between her breasts, Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband: and I will remove her fornication out of my presence, and her adultery from between her breasts:

Hosea 2:5 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:5 (KJV)

Hosea 2:5 (NET)

For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my drink. For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my drink. For their mother has committed adultery; she who conceived them has acted shamefully. For she said, ‘I will seek out my lovers; they are the ones who give me my bread and my water, my wool, my flax, my olive oil, and my wine.’

Hosea 2:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι ἐξεπόρνευσεν ἡ μήτηρ αὐτῶν κατῄσχυνεν ἡ τεκοῦσα αὐτά εἶπεν γάρ ἀκολουθήσω ὀπίσω τῶν ἐραστῶν μου τῶν διδόντων μοι τοὺς ἄρτους μου καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ μου καὶ τὰ ἱμάτιά μου καὶ τὰ ὀθόνιά μου καὶ τὸ ἔλαιόν μου καὶ πάντα ὅσα μοι καθήκει ὅτι ἐξεπόρνευσεν ἡ μήτηρ αὐτῶν, κατῄσχυνεν ἡ τεκοῦσα αὐτά, ὅτι εἶπε πορεύσομαι ὀπίσω τῶν ἐραστῶν μου τῶν διδόντων μοι τοὺς ἄρτους μου καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ μου καὶ τὰ ἱμάτιά μου καὶ τὰ ὀθόνιά μου, τὸ ἔλαιόν μου καὶ πάντα ὅσα μοι καθήκει

Hosea 2:5 (NETS)

Hosea 2:7 (English Elpenor)

For their mother played the whore; she who bore them acted shamefully. For she said, “I will go after my lovers, who give me my bread and my water and my clothes and my linen cloth and my oil and all things proper for me.” And their mother went a-whoring: she that bore them disgraced [them]: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, and my garments, and my linen clothes, my oil and my necessaries.

Hosea 2:8 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:8 (KJV)

Hosea 2:8 (NET)

For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal. For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal. “Yet until now she has refused to acknowledge that I was the one who gave her the grain, the new wine, and the olive oil; and that it was I who lavished on her the silver and gold—that they used in worshiping Baal!

Hosea 2:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ αὐτὴ οὐκ ἔγνω ὅτι ἐγὼ δέδωκα αὐτῇ τὸν σῖτον καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ ἀργύριον ἐπλήθυνα αὐτῇ αὐτὴ δὲ ἀργυρᾶ καὶ χρυσᾶ ἐποίησεν τῇ Βααλ καὶ αὐτὴ οὐκ ἔγων ὅτι ἐγὼ ἔδωκα αὐτῇ τὸν σῖτον καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον, καὶ ἀργύριον ἐπλήθυνα αὐτῇ· αὐτὴ δὲ ἀργυρᾶ καὶ χρυσᾶ ἐποίησε τῇ Βάαλ

Hosea 2:8 (NETS)

Hosea 2:10 (English Elpenor)

And she did not know that I had given her the grain and the wine and the oil and had multiplied silver to her. But she made the silver and the gold for the goddess Baal. And she knew not that I gave her her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied silver to her: but she made silver and gold [images] for Baal.

Hosea 1:4 (Tanakh)

Hosea 1:4 (KJV)

Hosea 1:4 (NET)

And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. Then the Lord said to Hosea, “Name him ‘Jezreel,’ because in a little while I will punish the dynasty of Jehu on account of the bloodshed in the valley of Jezreel, and I will put an end to the kingdom of Israel.

Hosea 1:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 1:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς αὐτόν κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ιεζραελ διότι ἔτι μικρὸν καὶ ἐκδικήσω τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ιεζραελ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ιου καὶ καταπαύσω βασιλείαν οἴκου Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπε Κύριος πρὸς αὐτόν· κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ᾿Ιεζραέλ, διότι ἔτι μικρὸν καὶ ἐκδικήσω τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ᾿Ιεζραὲλ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον ᾿Ιούδα καὶ καταπαύσω βασιλείαν οἴκου ᾿Ισραήλ

Hosea 1:4 (NETS)

Hosea 1:4 (English Elpenor)

And the Lord said to him, “Call his name Jezrael, for in yet a little while I will also avenge the blood of Jezrael on the house of Ieou, and I will turn away the kingdom of the house of Israel. And the Lord said to him, Call his name Jezrael; for yet a little [while], and I will avenge the blood of Jezrael on the house of Juda, and will make to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel.

Hosea 2:19 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:19 (KJV)

Hosea 2:19 (NET)

And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. I will commit myself to you forever; I will commit myself to you in righteousness and justice, in steadfast love and tender compassion.

Hosea 2:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἐν κρίματι καὶ ἐν ἐλέει καὶ ἐν οἰκτιρμοῖς καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἐν κρίματι καὶ ἐν ἐλέει καὶ ἐν οἰκτιρμοῖς

Hosea 2:19 (NETS)

Hosea 2:21 (English Elpenor)

And I will betroth you to myself forever, and I will betroth you to myself in justice and in judgment and in mercy and in compassion. And I will betroth thee to myself for ever; yea, I will betroth thee to myself in righteousness, and in judgment, and in mercy, and in tender compassions;

Hosea 2:20 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:20 (KJV)

Hosea 2:20 (NET)

I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD. I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD. I will commit myself to you in faithfulness; then you will acknowledge the Lord.

Hosea 2:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:22 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ ἐν πίστει καὶ ἐπιγνώσῃ τὸν κύριον καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ ἐν πίστει, καὶ ἐπιγνώσῃ τὸν Κύριον

Hosea 2:20 (NETS)

Hosea 2:22 (English Elpenor)

And I will betroth you to myself in faithfulness, and you shall know the Lord. and I will betroth thee to myself in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the Lord.

1 Romans 9:25 (NET)

2 Hosea 2:23 (NET) Table

3 A voice was heard in Ramah, weeping and loud wailing, Rachel weeping for her children (τέκνα, a form of τέκνον), and she did not want to be comforted, because they weregone. (Matthew 2:18 NET)

4 NET Note: The adjective “spiritual” is supplied in the translation to clarify that apostasy is meant here. The construction זָנֹה תִזְנֶה (zanoh tizneh, infinitive absolute + imperfect of the same root) repeats the root זָנַה (zanah, “harlotry”) for rhetorical emphasis. Israel was guilty of gross spiritual prostitution by apostatizing from Yahweh. The verb זָנַה is used in a concrete sense to refer to a spouse being unfaithful in a marriage relationship (HALOT 275 s.v. זנה 1), and figuratively meaning “to be unfaithful” in a relationship with God by prostituting oneself with other gods and worshiping idols (Exod 34:15; Lev 17:7; 20:5, 6; Deut 31:16; Judg 8:27, 33; 21:17; 1 Chr 5:25; Ezek 6:9; 20:30; 23:30; Hos 4:15; Ps 106:39; see HALOT 275 s.v. 2).

5 But regarding the Gentiles who have believed, we have written a letter, having decided that they should avoid meat that has been sacrificed to idols and blood and what has been strangled and sexual immorality (πορνείαν). (Acts 21:25 NET)

6 Hosea 1:3 (NET) Table

7 Hosea 1:4 (NET)

8 Hosea 1:6 (NET) Table

9 Hosea 1:9 (NET) Table

10 Hosea 1:10 (NET) Table

12 Hosea 2:19, 20 (NET)

Justice, Vengeance and Punishment

Then1 Jesus told them a parable to show them they2 should always pray and not lose heart.3  It is a story about a persistent widow nagging an unrighteous judge for justice.  Finally the unrighteous judge thought to himself, Though I neither fear God nor4 have regard for people, yet because this widow keeps on bothering me, I will give her justice, or in the end she will wear me out by her unending pleas.5  Won’t God give6 justice to his chosen ones, Jesus asked, who cry out to him7 day and night?  Will he delay long to help8 them?  I tell you, he will give them justice speedily.9

Those who pursued a law of righteousness10 expected justice.  They hoped for the overthrow of the Roman government, and that Gentiles would be dealt with by God according to their alignment with Jewish tradition and the law of God.  That’s not exactly how things went down.  It causes me to wonder what I—one who does not work, but believes in the one who declares the ungodly righteous11— should expect of justice.  What should I always pray and not lose heart about in this regard?

The word justice in the rhetorical question Won’t God give justice to his chosen ones, and its answer he will give them justice speedily, is ἐκδίκησιν (a form of ἐκδίκησις) in Greek.  In a very strong way that should not be discounted this promise was fulfilled less than forty years laterBut when you see Jerusalem12 surrounded by armies, Jesus said, then know that its desolation has come near.  Then those who are in Judea must flee to the mountains.  Those who are inside the city must depart.  Those who are out in the country must not enter it, because these are days of vengeance (ἐκδικήσεως, another form of ἐκδίκησις), to fulfill all that is written.13

It is not lost on me that the justice Israel hoped for the Romans was also the vengeance they received from them in 70 A.D.  I bear that in mind when I read Paul’s letter to the Thessalonians (2 Thessalonians 1:6-10 NET).

For it is right for God to repay with affliction those who afflict you, and to you who are being afflicted to give rest together with us when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with his mighty angels.  With flaming fire he will mete out punishment (ἐκδίκησιν, a form of ἐκδίκησις) on those who do not know (εἰδόσιν, a form of εἴδω) God and do not obey (ὑπακούουσιν, a form of ὑπακούω) the gospel of our Lord Jesus [Table].  They will undergo the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his strength, when he comes to be glorified among his saints and admired on that day among all who have believed – and you did in fact believe our testimony [Table].

The penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his strength is not the justice I hope for those who do not know God and do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus.  For Paul also wrote: Do not avenge (ἐκδικοῦντες, a form of ἐκδικέω) yourselves, dear friends, but give place to God’s wrath, for it is written,Vengeance (ἐκδίκησις) is mine, I will repay,” says the Lord.14  There is always the hope that the Lord’s vengeance (justice) will be more merciful than mine might have been.  I and all the Gentiles who have been called to faith rather than dealt with according to law or Jewish tradition are the proof.  RatherPaul continued, if your enemy is hungry,  feed him; if he is thirsty, give him a drink; for in doing this you will be heaping burning coals on his head [Table].  Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.15

There is a troubling passage in Revelation:  Now when the Lamb opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been violently killed because of the word of God and because of the testimony16 they had given.  They cried out17 with a loud voice, “How long, Sovereign Master, holy and true, before you judge (κρίνεις, a form of κρίνω) those who live on the earth and avenge (ἐκδικεῖς, a form of ἐκδικέω) our blood?”18  And this was after the four horsemen were sent out to conquer,19 to take peace from the earth, so that people would butcher20 one another,21 cause famine—A quart of wheat will cost a day’s pay and three quarts of barley22 will cost a day’s pay,23 and kill a fourth of the population of the earth by disease, and by the wild animals of the earth.24

I didn’t know what to make of it.  Was it a revelation of some decadent time when Christ’s witnesses are of such inferior quality to Peter and Paul?  Was it a revelation behind the veil, so to speak, into what Peter and Paul are actually like?  Was it what I am meant to become?  I thought such bloodlust was at least part of what the Lord’s love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control [Table]25 was saving me from.  But the explanation of the fifth seal continued.

Each of them was given a long white robe26 and they were told to rest27 for a little longer, until the full number was reached28 of both their fellow servants and their brothers who were going to be killed just as they had been.29  Obviously the death of a fourth of the earth’s population was not what God considered vengeance (or, justice) for those who had been violently killed because of the word of God and because of the testimony they had given.30  I kept reading to see what He considered justice (Revelation 16:4-7 NET).

Then the third angel31 poured out his bowl on32 the rivers and the springs of water, and they turned into blood.  Now I heard the angel of the waters saying: “You are just (δίκαιος) – the one who is and who was, the Holy Onebecause you have passed these judgments (ἔκρινας, another form of κρίνω), because they poured out the blood of your saints and prophets, so you have given them blood to drink.  They got what they deserved (ἄξιοι, a form of ἄξιος)!” [Table]  Then I heard33 the altar reply, “Yes, Lord God, the All-Powerful, your judgments are true and just (δίκαιαι, a form of δίκαιος)!”

I can live with that.  It sounds like the Lord I am beginning to know and love.  And if I think He valued his witnesses too cheaply I am reminded of the purpose of our calling: As it is written,For your sake we encounter death all day long; we were considered as sheep to be slaughtered.”34  As for the other seals, trumpets and bowls, even the penalty of eternal destruction, away from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of his strength, I’m not in a position to judge what is deserved, what weight is sufficient to balance the scale of offense to God afflicted, by unrepentant sinners.  I trust that He is just and merciful.  And the justice I nag Him about is the mercy upon which all repentance depends: So then, it does not depend on human desire or exertion, but on God who shows mercy.35  Freely you received, Jesus said, freely give.36

 

Addendum: May 12, 2025
Tables comparing Luke 18:1; 18:4; 18:7; 21:20; Revelation 6:9, 10; 6:2; 6:4; 6:6; 6:11; 16:4 and 16:7 in the KJV and NET follow.

Luke 18:1 (NET)

Luke 18:1 (KJV)

Then Jesus told them a parable to show them they should always pray and not lose heart. And he spake a parable unto them to this end, that men ought always to pray, and not to faint;

Luke 18:1 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 18:1 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 18:1 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Ἔλεγεν δὲ παραβολὴν αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὸ δεῖν πάντοτε προσεύχεσθαι αὐτοὺς καὶ μὴ ἐγκακεῖν ελεγεν δε και παραβολην αυτοις προς το δειν παντοτε προσευχεσθαι και μη εκκακειν ελεγεν δε και παραβολην αυτοις προς το δειν παντοτε προσευχεσθαι και μη εκκακειν

Luke 18:4 (NET)

Luke 18:4 (KJV)

For a while he refused, but later on he said to himself, ‘Though I neither fear God nor have regard for people, And he would not for a while: but afterward he said within himself, Though I fear not God, nor regard man;

Luke 18:4 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 18:4 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 18:4 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ οὐκ ἤθελεν ἐπὶ χρόνον. μετὰ |δὲ| ταῦτα εἶπεν ἐν ἑαυτῷ· εἰ καὶ τὸν θεὸν οὐ φοβοῦμαι οὐδὲ ἄνθρωπον ἐντρέπομαι και ουκ ηθελησεν επι χρονον μετα δε ταυτα ειπεν εν εαυτω ει και τον θεον ου φοβουμαι και ανθρωπον ουκ εντρεπομαι και ουκ ηθελησεν επι χρονον μετα δε ταυτα ειπεν εν εαυτω ει και τον θεον ου φοβουμαι και ανθρωπον ουκ εντρεπομαι

Luke 18:7 (NET)

Luke 18:7 (KJV)

Won’t God give justice to his chosen ones, who cry out to him day and night? Will he delay long to help them? And shall not God avenge his own elect, which cry day and night unto him, though he bear long with them?

Luke 18:7 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 18:7 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 18:7 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὁ δὲ θεὸς οὐ μὴ ποιήσῃ τὴν ἐκδίκησιν τῶν ἐκλεκτῶν αὐτοῦ τῶν βοώντων αὐτῷ ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός, καὶ μακροθυμεῖ ἐπ᾿ αὐτοῖς ο δε θεος ου μη ποιησει την εκδικησιν των εκλεκτων αυτου των βοωντων προς αυτον ημερας και νυκτος και μακροθυμων επ αυτοις ο δε θεος ου μη ποιηση την εκδικησιν των εκλεκτων αυτου των βοωντων προς αυτον ημερας και νυκτος και μακροθυμων επ αυτοις

Luke 21:20 (NET)

Luke 21:20 (KJV)

“But when you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has come near. And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh.

Luke 21:20 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 21:20 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 21:20 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Ὅταν δὲ ἴδητε κυκλουμένην ὑπὸ στρατοπέδων Ἰερουσαλήμ, τότε γνῶτε ὅτι ἤγγικεν ἡ ἐρήμωσις αὐτῆς οταν δε ιδητε κυκλουμενην υπο στρατοπεδων την ιερουσαλημ τοτε γνωτε οτι ηγγικεν η ερημωσις αυτης οταν δε ιδητε κυκλουμενην υπο στρατοπεδων την ιερουσαλημ τοτε γνωτε οτι ηγγικεν η ερημωσις αυτης

Revelation 6:9, 10 (NET)

Revelation 6:9, 10 (KJV)

Now when the Lamb opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of those who had been violently killed because of the word of God and because of the testimony they had given. And when he had opened the fifth seal, I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God, and for the testimony which they held:

Revelation 6:9 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 6:9 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 6:9 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Καὶ ὅτε ἤνοιξεν τὴν πέμπτην σφραγῖδα, εἶδον ὑποκάτω τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου τὰς ψυχὰς τῶν ἐσφαγμένων διὰ τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ διὰ τὴν μαρτυρίαν ἣν εἶχον και οτε ηνοιξεν την πεμπτην σφραγιδα ειδον υποκατω του θυσιαστηριου τας ψυχας των εσφαγμενων δια τον λογον του θεου και δια την μαρτυριαν ην ειχον και οτε ηνοιξεν την πεμπτην σφραγιδα ειδον υποκατω του θυσιαστηριου τας ψυχας των εσφαγμενων δια τον λογον του θεου και δια την μαρτυριαν του αρνιου ην ειχον
They cried out with a loud voice, “How long, Sovereign Master, holy and true, before you judge those who live on the earth and avenge our blood?” And they cried with a loud voice, saying, How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?

Revelation 6:10 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 6:10 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 6:10 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ἔκραξαν φωνῇ μεγάλῃ λέγοντες· ἕως πότε, ὁ δεσπότης ὁ ἅγιος καὶ ἀληθινός, οὐ κρίνεις καὶ ἐκδικεῖς τὸ αἷμα ἡμῶν ἐκ τῶν κατοικούντων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς και εκραζον φωνη μεγαλη λεγοντες εως ποτε ο δεσποτης ο αγιος και ο αληθινος ου κρινεις και εκδικεις το αιμα ημων απο των κατοικουντων επι της γης και εκραξαν φωνη μεγαλη λεγοντες εως ποτε ο δεσποτης ο αγιος και αληθινος ου κρινεις και εκδικεις το αιμα ημων εκ των κατοικουντων επι της γης

Revelation 6:2 (NET)

Revelation 6:2 (KJV)

So I looked, and here came a white horse! The one who rode it had a bow, and he was given a crown, and as a conqueror he rode out to conquer. And I saw, and behold a white horse: and he that sat on him had a bow; and a crown was given unto him: and he went forth conquering, and to conquer.

Revelation 6:2 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 6:2 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 6:2 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ εἶδον, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἵππος λευκός, καὶ ὁ καθήμενος ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἔχων τόξον καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ στέφανος καὶ ἐξῆλθεν νικῶν καὶ ἵνα νικήσῃ και ειδον και ιδου ιππος λευκος και ο καθημενος επ αυτω εχων τοξον και εδοθη αυτω στεφανος και εξηλθεν νικων και ινα νικηση και ιδου ιππος λευκος και ο καθημενος επ αυτον εχων τοξον και εδοθη αυτω στεφανος και εξηλθεν νικων και ινα νικηση

Revelation 6:4 (NET)

Revelation 6:4 (KJV)

And another horse, fiery red, came out, and the one who rode it was granted permission to take peace from the earth so that people would butcher one another, and he was given a huge sword. And there went out another horse that was red: and power was given to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.

Revelation 6:4 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 6:4 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 6:4 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ἄλλος ἵππος πυρρός, καὶ τῷ καθημένῳ ἐπ᾿ αὐτὸν ἐδόθη |αὐτῷ| λαβεῖν τὴν εἰρήνην |ἐκ| τῆς γῆς καὶ ἵνα ἀλλήλους σφάξουσιν καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ μάχαιρα μεγάλη και εξηλθεν αλλος ιππος πυρρος και τω καθημενω επ αυτω εδοθη αυτω λαβειν την ειρηνην απο της γης και ινα αλληλους σφαξωσιν και εδοθη αυτω μαχαιρα μεγαλη και εξηλθεν αλλος ιππος πυρος και τω καθημενω επ αυτον εδοθη αυτω λαβειν την ειρηνην εκ της γης ινα αλληλους σφαξωσιν και εδοθη αυτω μαχαιρα μεγαλη

Revelation 6:6 (NET)

Revelation 6:6 (KJV)

Then I heard something like a voice from among the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat will cost a day’s pay, and three quarts of barley will cost a day’s pay. But do not damage the olive oil and the wine!” And I heard a voice in the midst of the four beasts say, A measure of wheat for a penny, and three measures of barley for a penny; and see thou hurt not the oil and the wine.

Revelation 6:6 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 6:6 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 6:6 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ἤκουσα ὡς φωνὴν ἐν μέσῳ τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων λέγουσαν· χοῖνιξ σίτου δηναρίου καὶ τρεῖς χοίνικες κριθῶν δηναρίου, καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον μὴ ἀδικήσῃς και ηκουσα φωνην εν μεσω των τεσσαρων ζωων λεγουσαν χοινιξ σιτου δηναριου και τρεις χοινικες κριθης δηναριου και το ελαιον και τον οινον μη αδικησης και ηκουσα φωνην εν μεσω των τεσσαρων ζωων λεγουσαν χοινιξ σιτου δηναριου και τρεις χοινικες κριθης δηναριου και το ελαιον και τον οινον μη αδικησης

Revelation 6:11 (NET)

Revelation 6:11 (KJV)

Each of them was given a long white robe, and they were told to rest for a little longer, until the full number was reached of both their fellow servants and their brothers who were going to be killed just as they had been. And white robes were given unto every one of them; and it was said unto them, that they should rest yet for a little season, until their fellowservants also and their brethren, that should be killed as they were, should be fulfilled.

Revelation 6:11 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 6:11 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 6:11 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς ἑκάστῳ στολὴ λευκὴ καὶ ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς ἵνα ἀναπαύσονται ἔτι χρόνον μικρόν, ἕως πληρωθῶσιν καὶ οἱ σύνδουλοι αὐτῶν καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτῶν οἱ μέλλοντες ἀποκτέννεσθαι ὡς καὶ αὐτοί και εδοθησαν εκαστοις στολαι λευκαι και ερρεθη αυτοις ινα αναπαυσωνται ετι χρονον μικρον εως ου πληρωσονται και οι συνδουλοι αυτων και οι αδελφοι αυτων οι μελλοντες αποκτεινεσθαι ως και αυτοι και εδοθη αυτοις εκαστω στολη λευκη και ερρεθη αυτοις ινα αναπαυσωνται ετι χρονον εως ου πληρωσωσιν και οι συνδουλοι αυτων και οι αδελφοι αυτων και οι μελλοντες αποκτενεσθαι ως και αυτοι

Revelation 16:4 (NET)

Revelation 16:4 (KJV)

Then the third angel poured out his bowl on the rivers and the springs of water, and they turned into blood. And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers and fountains of waters; and they became blood.

Revelation 16:4 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 16:4 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 16:4 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Καὶ ὁ τρίτος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ εἰς τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων, καὶ ἐγένετο αἷμα και ο τριτος αγγελος εξεχεεν την φιαλην αυτου εις τους ποταμους και εις τας πηγας των υδατων και εγενετο αιμα και ο τριτος αγγελος εξεχεεν την φιαλην αυτου εις τους ποταμους και εις τας πηγας των υδατων και εγενετο αιμα

Revelation 16:7 (NET)

Revelation 16:7 (KJV)

Then I heard the altar reply, “Yes, Lord God, the All-Powerful, your judgments are true and just!” And I heard another out of the altar say, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are thy judgments.

Revelation 16:7 (NET Parallel Greek)

Revelation 16:7 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Revelation 16:7 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Καὶ ἤκουσα τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου λέγοντος· ναὶ κύριε ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ, ἀληθιναὶ καὶ δίκαιαι αἱ κρίσεις σου και ηκουσα αλλου εκ του θυσιαστηριου λεγοντος ναι κυριε ο θεος ο παντοκρατωρ αληθιναι και δικαιαι αι κρισεις σου και ηκουσα του θυσιαστηριου λεγοντος ναι κυριε ο θεος ο παντοκρατωρ αληθιναι και δικαιαι αι κρισεις σου

1 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had δὲ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had δε και (KJV: And).

3 Luke 18:1 (NET) The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐγκακεῖν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had εκκακειν (KJV: to faint). Both are infinitive forms of ἐκκακέω in the present tense.

4 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the conjunction και joining these clauses and the negative particle ουκ preceding the verb have regard (KJV: regard), where the NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the adverb οὐδὲ joining these clauses.

5 Luke 18:4, 5 (NET)

7 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had αὐτῷ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had προς αυτον (KJV: unto him).

8 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the verb μακροθυμεῖ here, a form of μακροθυμέω, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the participle μακροθυμων (KJV: he bear long).

9 Luke 18:7, 8a (NET)

10 Romans 9:31 (NET) Table

11 Romans 4:5 (NET)

12 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article την preceding Jerusalem. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

13 Luke 21:20-22 (NET)

14 Romans 12:19 (NET)

15 Romans 12:20, 21 (NET) Table

16 The Byzantine Majority Text had του αρνιου (“of the lamb”) following testimony. The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus did not.

18 Revelation 6:9, 10 (NET)

21 Revelation 6:4 (NET)

22 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the plural κριθῶν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the singular κριθης.

23 Revelation 6:6 (NET)

24 Revelation 6:8 (NET) Table

25 Galatians 5:22, 23 (NET)

29 Revelation 6:11 (NET)

30 Revelation 6:9 (NET)

33 The Stephanus Textus Receptus had αλλου εκ here (KJV: another out of). The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

34 Romans 8:36 (NET) Table See Paul’s OT Quotes – Romans 10:18-21 for another table comparing the Greek of Paul’s quotation to that of the Septuagint.

35 Romans 9:16 (NET) Table

36 Matthew 10:8b (NET) Table

Romans, Part 36

What shall we say then? Paul continued, that the Gentiles who did not pursue (διώκοντα, a form of διώκω) righteousness (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη) obtained it (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη), that is, a righteousness (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη) that is by faith, but Israel even though pursuing (διώκων, another form of διώκω) a law of righteousness (δικαιοσύνης, another form of δικαιοσύνη) did not attain it [Table].1  In other words, people who really worked at achieving righteousness by pursuing God’s law did not attain that righteousness, while people who did not pursue righteousness at all did attain it.

Isolated from any context, this sounds extraordinarily unfair.  But this decision was made so far beyond any judgment of mine regarding what is fair, it does not depend on human desire or exertion, but on God who shows mercy.2

When Rebekah had conceived children by one man, Paul had written earlier, our ancestor Isaac – even before they were born or had done anything good or bad (so that God’s purpose in election would stand, not by works [ἔργων, a form of ἔργον] but by his calling [καλοῦντος, a form of καλέω]) – it was said to her, “The older will serve the younger,”3 just as it is written:Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated4 [Table].5  Complaining about this is about as productive as complaining about who my parents were.  But just as God knows my parents and my upbringing, what advantages or debilities that afforded me, He knows who has received mercy and who He has hardened: God has mercy on whom he chooses to have mercy, and he hardens (σκληρύνει, a form of σκληρύνω) whom he chooses to harden.6

Why not? Paul continued.  Why didn’t Israel attain the righteousness they pursued by law?  Because they pursued it not by faith but (as if it were possible) by works (ἔργων, a form of ἔργον).7  Paul wasn’t writing about faith alone, dead faith that produces no works: So also faith, if it does not have works (ἔργα, another form of ἔργον), is dead being by itself.8  Instead he wrote of deeds that have been done in God through faith in His credited righteousness: For everyone who does evil deeds (φαῦλα, a form of φαῦλος), Jesus said, hates the light and does not come to the light, so that their deeds (ἔργα, another form of ἔργον) will not be exposed.  But the one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds (ἔργα, another form of ἔργον) have been done in God.9

Israel did not attain righteousness because they pursued it by dead works, if you will, apart from faith in the righteousness that comes from God:  For ignoring the righteousness (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη) that comes from God, Paul wrote early in the next chapter, and seeking instead to establish their own righteousness, (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη) they did not submit to God’s righteousness (δικαιοσύνῃ, another form of δικαιοσύνη).10

One more point of clarification before moving on:  The Gentiles who did not pursue (διώκοντα, a form of διώκω) righteousness (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη) before Paul preached the Gospel to them, did pursue it afterward, but not a law of righteousness (except those he wrote to at Galatia and Colossae in order to correct that very error).  Paul’s instructions to the young Gospel preacher Timothy are helpful here: pursue (δίωκε, another form of διώκω) righteousness (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη) (e.g., the righteousness that comes from God), godliness, faithfulness (πίστιν, a form of πίστις), love (ἀγάπην, a form of ἀγάπη), endurance (ὑπομονὴν, a form of ὑπομονή), and gentleness11 (πραϋπαθίαν, a form of πραϋπάθεια);12 and again, pursue (δίωκε, another form of διώκω) righteousness (δικαιοσύνην, a form of δικαιοσύνη), faithfulness (πίστιν, a form of πίστις), love (ἀγάπην, a form of ἀγάπη), and peace (εἰρήνην, a form of εἰρήνη), in company with others who call on the Lord from a pure heart.13  I note again how much of this flows directly from the Holy Spirit: the fruit of the Spirit is love (ἀγάπη), joy, peace (εἰρήνη), patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness (πίστις), gentleness (πραΰτης), and self-control.  Against such things there is no law [Table].14

They stumbled over the stumbling stone, Paul wrote of those who pursued a law of righteousness, just as it is written,Look, I am laying in Zion a stone that will cause people to stumble and a rock that will make them fall, yet the one who believes in him will not be put to shame.15  I think it is worthwhile to unpack this a bit.  The first phrase is very reminiscent of Isaiah 28:16.

#

Paul (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

Look, I am laying in Zion a stone…

Romans 9:33

ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐμβαλῶ εἰς τὰ θεμέλια16 Σιων λίθον

Isaiah 28:16

ἰδοὺ τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον

Romans 9:33

Look, I am laying a stone in Zion, Isaiah wrote, an approved stone, set in place as a precious cornerstone for the foundation [Table]…I will make justice the measuring line, fairness the plumb line…17  The rabbis who translated the Septuagint chose ἐγὼ ἐμβαλῶ (I throw) a stone, which is quite evocative of Moses and the stone tablets of the law: When he approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, Moses became extremely angry.  He threw the tablets from his hands and broke them to pieces at the bottom of the mountain.18  Paul did not believe that the cornerstone for the foundation (θεμέλια) stone (λίθον, a form of λίθος) of Zion was the law.  He chose the word τίθημι (I will lay) instead.

For no one can lay (θεῖναι, a form of τίθημι) any foundation (θεμέλιον, another form of θεμέλιος) other than what is being laid, Paul wrote the Corinthians, which is Jesus Christ.19  And Jesus said, I am the good shepherd.  I know my own and my own know me [Table] – just as the Father knows me and I know the Father – and I lay down (τίθημι) my life for the sheep…This is why the Father loves me – because I lay down (τίθημι) my life, so that I may take it back again.  No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down (τίθημι) of my own free will. I have the authority to lay it down (θεῖναι, a form of τίθημι), and I have the authority to take it back again.20

Then Paul alluded to Isaiah 8:14 [Table]—a stone that will cause people to stumble and a rock that will make them fall—but he didn’t quote from the Septuagint.  Indeed this is what the Lord told me, Isaiah wrote.  He took hold of me firmly and warned me not to act like these people (Isaiah 8:11-16 NET):

“Do not say, ‘Conspiracy,’ every time these people say the word.  Don’t be afraid of what scares them; don’t be terrified [Table].  You must recognize the authority of the Lord who commands armies.  He is the one you must respect; he is the one you must fear.  He will become a sanctuary, but a stone that makes a person trip, and a rock that makes one stumble – to the two houses of Israel.  He will become a trap and a snare to the residents of Jerusalem [Table].  Many will stumble over the stone and the rock, and will fall and be seriously injured, and will be ensnared and captured.”  Tie up the scroll as legal evidence, seal the official record of God’s instructions and give it to my followers.

So Paul equated the stone the Lord would lay and the stone He would become to Jacob (the two houses of Israel).  Did the translators of the Septuagint make this connection?  It’s hard to say.  They amended the text apparently to read, “and ye shall not come against [him] as against a stumbling-stone, neither as against the falling of a rock.”21

Finally Paul concluded with, yet the one who believes in him will not be put to shame, which is quite similar to the end of Isaiah 28:16 in the Septuagint.

#

Paul (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

2

…yet the one who believes in him will not be put to shame

Romans 9:33

καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ οὐ μὴ καταισχυνθῇ

Isaiah 28:16

καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται

Romans 9:33

The differences here are subtle.  The Septuagint “uses the stronger negation, οὐ μὴ, whereas the NT uses the more normal weaker negation of merely, ‘οὐ‘.”22  The words καταισχυνθῇ and καταισχυνθήσεται are different forms of the same verb (καταισχύνω).  “Thus, the difference here is only in regards to the mood and tense of the verb, having the aorist form and subjunctive mood in the LXX [Septuagint] and the future form and indicative mood in the NT.  In the end since the subjunctive can be said to represent the verbal action (or state) as uncertain but probable (GGBB, 461), both Greek texts look forward to a future pleasant fulfillment for those who trust in him.  While the LXX’s subjunctive may be a bit weaker in force, do not forget the strong οὐ μὴ which precedes the subjunctive, thus putting away any doubt as to its completion.  Both Greek texts follow the MT equally as well, and the sense is not changed by this variation.”23

 

Addendum (6/20/2015): Jim Searcy has published that the Septuagint is a hoax written by Origen and Eusebius 200 hundred years after Christ.  “In fact, the Septuagint ‘quotes’ from the New Testament and not vice versa…”  His contention is that the “King James Version is the infallible Word of God.”  So, I’ll re-examine the quotations above with the KJV.

#

Paul (KJV)

KJV

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone…

Romans 9:33

Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone…

Isaiah 28:16

ἰδοὺ τίθημι ἐν Σιὼν λίθον προσκόμματος

Romans 9:33

I’ll leave it to others to reason why Origen or Eusebius changed τίθημι (I lay) to ἐμβαλῶ (I throw) in their false Septuagint rather than copying Paul here.

#

Paul (KJV)

KJV

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

2

…and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.

Romans 9:33

…he that believeth shall not make haste.

Isaiah 28:16

καὶ ὁ πιστεύων ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ οὐ καταισχυνθήσεται

Romans 9:33

The KJV here is similar to the NET: The one who maintains his faith will not panic.24 If the original Hebrew read make haste or panic rather than be ashamed (καταισχυνθήσεται), I leave it to Mr Searcy or others to understand why Paul changed it and why Origen or Eusebius almost (καταισχυνθῇ) but not quite copied Paul.

 

Addendum: April 21, 2025
Tables comparing Isaiah 28:17; Exodus 32:19; Isaiah 8:11; 8:13; 8:15 and 8:16 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Isaiah 28:17; Exodus 32:19; Isaiah 8:11; 8:13; 8:15 and 8:16 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and a table comparing 1 Timothy 6:11 in the KJV and NET follow.

Isaiah 28:17 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 28:17 (KJV)

Isaiah 28:17 (NET)

Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding place. Judgment also will I lay to the line, and righteousness to the plummet: and the hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies, and the waters shall overflow the hiding place. I will make justice the measuring line, fairness the plumb line; hail will sweep away the unreliable refuge, the floodwaters will overwhelm the hiding place.

Isaiah 28:17 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 28:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ θήσω κρίσιν εἰς ἐλπίδα ἡ δὲ ἐλεημοσύνη μου εἰς σταθμούς καὶ οἱ πεποιθότες μάτην ψεύδει ὅτι οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ὑμᾶς καταιγίς καὶ θήσω κρίσιν εἰς ἐλπίδα, ἡ δὲ ἐλεημοσύνη μου εἰς σταθμούς, καὶ οἱ πεποιθότες μάτην ψεύδει· ὅτι οὐ μὴ παρέλθῃ ὑμᾶς καταιγίς

Isaiah 28:17 (NETS)

Isaiah 28:17 (English Elpenor)

And I will turn judgment into hope, and my mercy will become weight balances, and as for you who trust vainly in falsehood, I tell you that the tempest will not pass you by; And I will cause judgment [to be] for hope, and my compassion shall be for [just] measures, and ye that trust vainly in falsehood [shall fall]: for the storm shall by no means pass by you,

Exodus 32:19 (Tanakh)

Exodus 32:19 (KJV)

Exodus 32:19 (NET)

And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing; and Moses’ anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and broke them beneath the mount. And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses’ anger waxed hot, and he cast the tables out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount. When he approached the camp and saw the calf and the dancing, Moses became extremely angry. He threw the tablets from his hands and broke them to pieces at the bottom of the mountain.

Exodus 32:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 32:19 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἡνίκα ἤγγιζεν τῇ παρεμβολῇ ὁρᾷ τὸν μόσχον καὶ τοὺς χορούς καὶ ὀργισθεὶς θυμῷ Μωυσῆς ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ τὰς δύο πλάκας καὶ συνέτριψεν αὐτὰς ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος καὶ ἡνίκα ἤγγιζε τῇ παρεμβολῇ, ὁρᾷ τὸν μόσχον καὶ τοὺς χορούς, καὶ ὀργισθεὶς θυμῷ Μωυσῆς ἔρριψεν ἀπὸ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ τὰς δύο πλάκας, καὶ συνέτριψεν αὐτὰς ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος

Exodus 32:19 (NETS)

Exodus 32:19 (English Elpenor)

Now when he was drawing near to the camp, he sees the calf and the dancing, and being enraged with anger, Moyses threw from his hands the two tablets and shattered them beneath the mountain. And when he drew nigh to the camp, he sees the calf and the dances; and Moses being very angry cast the two tables out of his hands, and broke them to pieces under the mountain.

Isaiah 8:11 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 8:11 (KJV)

Isaiah 8:11 (NET)

For the LORD spake thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed me that I should not walk in the way of this people, saying, For the LORD spake thus to me with a strong hand, and instructed me that I should not walk in the way of this people, saying, Indeed this is what the Lord told me quite forcefully. He warned me not to act like these people:

Isaiah 8:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 8:11 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὕτως λέγει κύριος τῇ ἰσχυρᾷ χειρὶ ἀπειθοῦσιν τῇ πορείᾳ τῆς ὁδοῦ τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου λέγοντες Οὕτω λέγει Κύριος· τῇ ἰσχυρᾷ χειρὶ ἀπειθοῦσι τῇ πορείᾳ τῆς ὁδοῦ τοῦ λαοῦ τούτου λέγοντες

Isaiah 8:11 (NETS)

Isaiah 8:11 (English Elpenor)

Thus says the Lord, With a strong hand do they reject the course of the way of this people, saying: Thus saith the Lord, With a strong hand they revolt from the course of the way of this people, saying,

Isaiah 8:13 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 8:13 (KJV)

Isaiah 8:13 (NET)

Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and let him be your dread. Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and let him be your dread. You must recognize the authority of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. He is the one you must respect; he is the one you must fear.

Isaiah 8:13 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 8:13 (Septuagint Elpenor)

κύριον αὐτὸν ἁγιάσατε καὶ αὐτὸς ἔσται σου φόβος Κύριον αὐτὸν ἁγιάσατε, καὶ αὐτὸς ἔσται σου φόβος

Isaiah 8:13 (NETS)

Isaiah 8:13 (English Elpenor)

Sanctify the Lord himself, and he himself will be your fear. Sanctify ye the Lord himself; and he shall be thy fear.

Isaiah 8:15 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 8:15 (KJV)

Isaiah 8:15 (NET)

And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken. And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken. Many will stumble over the stone and the rock, and will fall and be seriously injured, and will be ensnared and captured.”

Isaiah 8:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 8:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)

διὰ τοῦτο ἀδυνατήσουσιν ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὶ καὶ πεσοῦνται καὶ συντριβήσονται καὶ ἐγγιοῦσιν καὶ ἁλώσονται ἄνθρωποι ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ ὄντες διὰ τοῦτο ἀδυνατήσουσιν ἐν αὐτοῖς πολλοὶ καὶ πεσοῦνται καὶ συντριβήσονται, καὶ ἐγγιοῦσι καὶ ἁλώσονται ἄνθρωποι ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ

Isaiah 8:15 (NETS)

Isaiah 8:15 (English Elpenor)

Therefore, many among them shall become powerless, and they shall fall and be crushed, and people who are in safety shall draw near and be taken. Therefore many among them shall be weak, and fall, and be crushed; and they shall draw nigh, and men shall be taken securely.

Isaiah 8:16 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 8:16 (KJV)

Isaiah 8:16 (NET)

Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples. Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples. Tie up the scroll as legal evidence, seal the official record of God’s instructions, and give it to my followers.

Isaiah 8:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 8:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τότε φανεροὶ ἔσονται οἱ σφραγιζόμενοι τὸν νόμον τοῦ μὴ μαθεῖν Τότε φανεροὶ ἔσονται οἱ σφραγιζόμενοι τὸν νόμον τοῦ μὴ μαθεῖν

Isaiah 8:16 (NETS)

Isaiah 8:16 (English Elpenor)

Then shall become manifest those who seal up the law so that they might not learn. Then shall those who seal themselves that they may not learn the law be made manifest.

1 Timothy 6:11 (NET)

1 Timothy 6:11 (KJV)

But you, as a person dedicated to God, keep away from all that. Instead pursue righteousness, godliness, faithfulness, love, endurance, and gentleness. But thou, O man of God, flee these things; and follow after righteousness, godliness, faith, love, patience, meekness.

1 Timothy 6:11 (NET Parallel Greek)

1 Timothy 6:11 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

1 Timothy 6:11 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Σὺ δέ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε θεοῦ, ταῦτα φεῦγε· δίωκε δὲ δικαιοσύνην εὐσέβειαν πίστιν, ἀγάπην ὑπομονὴν πραϋπαθίαν συ δε ω ανθρωπε του θεου ταυτα φευγε διωκε δε δικαιοσυνην ευσεβειαν πιστιν αγαπην υπομονην πραοτητα συ δε ω ανθρωπε του θεου ταυτα φευγε διωκε δε δικαιοσυνην ευσεβειαν πιστιν αγαπην υπομονην πραοτητα

1 Romans 9:30, 31 (NET)

2 Romans 9:16 (NET) Table

3 For a table comparing the Greek of Paul’s quotation to that of the Septuagint see Who Am I? Part 14

4 For a table comparing the Greek of Paul’s quotation to that of the Septuagint see Who Am I? Part 14

5 Romans 9:10-12 (NET)

6 Romans 9:18 (NET)

7 Romans 9:32a (NET) Table

8 James 2:17 (NET)

9 John 3:20, 21 (NET)

10 Romans 10:3 (NET)

12 1 Timothy 6:11b (NET)

13 2 Timothy 2:22 (NET)

14 Galatians 5:22, 23 (NET)

15 Romans 9:32b, 33 (NET) Table

16 Suddenly a great earthquake occurred, so that the foundations (θεμέλια, a form of θεμέλιος) of the prison were shaken (Acts 16:26 NET).

17 Isaiah 28:16a, 17a (NET)

18 Exodus 32:19 (NET)

19 1 Corinthians 3:11 (NET) Table

20 John 10:14, 15, 17, 18a (NET)

22 This website about the use of the Septuagint in the New Testament is no longer available.

23 This website about the use of the Septuagint in the New Testament is no longer available.

24 Isaiah 28:16b (NET) Table

Paul’s OT Quotes – Romans 9:1-20

What follows is an analysis of Paul’s Old Testament quotations in Romans 9:7-13:

#

Paul (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

through Isaac will your descendants be counted

Romans 9:7 (NET)

ἐν Ισαακ κληθήσεταί σοι σπέρμα

Genesis 21:12 Table

ἐν Ἰσαὰκ κληθήσεται σοι σπέρμα

Romans 9:7

2

About a year from now I will return and Sarah will have a son.

Romans 9:9 (NET)

ἥξω1 πρὸς σὲ κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον εἰς ὥρας καὶ ἕξει υἱὸν Σαρρα

Genesis 18:10 Table

καὶ ἔσται τῇ Σαρρα υἱός

Genesis 18:14 Table

κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον ἐλεύσομαι  καὶ ἔσται τῇ Σάρρᾳ υἱός.2

Romans 9:9

3

The older will serve the younger

Romans 9:12 (NET) Table

ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι

Genesis 25:23 Table

ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάσσονι

Romans 9:12

4

Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated

Romans 9:13 (NET)

ἠγάπησα τὸν Ιακωβ [Table] τὸν δὲ Ησαυ ἐμίσησα [Table]

Malachi 1:2b; 1:3a

τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἠγάπησα, τὸν δὲ Ἠσαῦ ἐμίσησα

Romans 9:13

Item #1 is identical in the Septuagint and the parallel Greek text except that the accent mark is missing from before Ισαακ (Isaac) in the Septuagint [Addendum 3/7/2025: the Elpenor Septuagint has the accent marks: ᾿Ισαὰκ.].  The Greek word κληθήσεταί, translated counted in the NET above, is a form of καλέω, like ἐκάλεσεν:  And those he predestined, he also called (ἐκάλεσεν); and those he called (ἐκάλεσεν), he also justified; and those he justified, he also glorified.3  But in this particular form it is called as in a designation:  Jesus would be called (ἐκάλεσα, another form of καλέω) a Nazarene.4  So anyone who breaks one of the least of these commands and teaches others to do so will be called (κληθήσεταί) least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever obeys them and teaches others to do so will be called (κληθήσεταί) great in the kingdom of heaven.5

Item #2 began ἥξω (I will come) πρὸς σὲ (to you) in the Septuagint followed by the prepositional phrase κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον.  In Revelation 3:3 (NET) ἥξω was translated I will come both times it occurred:  If you do not wake up, I will come (ἥξω) like a thief, and you will never know at what hour I will come6 (ἥξω) against you.7  Paul left off πρὸς σὲ (to you) and (after the prepositional phrase κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τοῦτον) chose ἐλεύσομαι, which was also translated I will come in Romans 15:29 and 1 Corinthians 4:19 (NET).  Paul also left off εἰς ὥρας (next year or in due time).  The differences in the final phrases are detailed in Note #5 below.  The repetition of that phrase in Genesis 18:14 was identical to Paul’s construction.  I consider this a paraphrase more than a quotation.

Item #3 is identical in the Septuagint and the New Testament.  While it is certainly not wrong to translate μείζων older and ἐλάσσονι younger in this context, it hides a nuance that they might have been translated greater and lesser respectively.  Who is the greatest (μείζων) in the kingdom of heaven?8  He called a child, had him stand among them [Table], and said, “I tell you the truth, unless you turn around and become like little children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven!  Whoever then humbles himself like this little child is the greatest (μείζων) in the kingdom of heaven [Table].9

Item #4 only differs in the word order of the first phrase (and some accent marks on Ιακωβ [Jacob] and Ησαυ [Esau]): ἠγάπησα τὸν Ιακωβ (I loved Jacob) in the Septuagint; τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἠγάπησα (Jacob I loved) in the New Testament.

What follows is an analysis of Paul’s Old Testament quotations in Romans 9:15-20:

#

Paul (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

5

I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.

Romans 9:15 (NET)

ἐλεήσω ὃν ἂν ἐλεῶ καὶ οἰκτιρήσω ὃν ἂν οἰκτίρω

Exodus 33:19 Table

ἐλεήσω ὃν ἂν ἐλεῶ καὶ οἰκτιρήσω ὃν ἂν οἰκτίρω.

Romans 9:15 Table

6

For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I may demonstrate my power in you, and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth.

Romans 9:17 (NET)

καὶ ἕνεκεν τούτου10 διετηρήθης ἵνα11 ἐνδείξωμαι ἐν σοὶ τὴν ἰσχύν12 μου καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ

Exodus 9:16 Table

εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο13 ἐξήγειρα σε ὅπως ἐνδείξωμαι ἐν σοὶ τὴν δύναμιν μου καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομα μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ

Romans 9:17

7

Does what is molded say to the molder, Why have you made me like this?

Romans 9:20 (NET)

μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα τῷ πλάσαντι οὐ σύ με ἔπλασας ἢ τὸ ποίημα τῷ ποιήσαντι οὐ συνετῶς με ἐποίησας

Isaiah 29:16 Table

μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα τῷ πλάσαντι· τί14 με15   ἐποίησας οὕτως

Romans 9:20

Item #5 is the same in the Septuagint and the New Testament.

In Item #6 the second clause καὶ ὅπως διαγγελῇ τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐν πάσῃ τῇ γῇ (and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth) is identical in both the Septuagint and the New Testament except that the accent mark is missing from α at the end of ὄνομα (name) in the parallel Greek text.  According to Bill Braun16 “The main difference in this citation is the use of a different verb in this first clause.  The NT uses the Greek verb ἐξήγειρά (ἐξεγείρω– 1s-AAI- Mng.- to raise up; bring into being; elevate (BDAG, 346); Trans.- elevated).  The LXX uses the verb διετηρήθης (διατηρέω -2s-API- Mng.- to preserve (GELS); Trans.- you have been preserved).  Certainly these verbs are different….In this case the LXX does follow the sense of the MT better since the Hebrew verb הֶעֱמַדְתִּיךָ (עָמַד -H-14; x2ms; Mng.- to cause to stand firm; maintain (BDB, 764); Trans.- caused to stand firm (or remain)) is very close in meaning.”17

As I contemplated why he deliberately changed the word, it came to me that Paul wasn’t grappling with the relatively minor issue of why God kept or preserved a harsh ruler over his people longer than they thought He should.  Paul was entertaining the alarming possibility that his contemporaries, men he studied the Torah with, his brothers, fellow Israelites, might have been raised up or brought into being by God only to be condemned for eternity.  His anguish is palpable:  I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart.  For I could wish that I myself were accursed – cut off from Christ – for the sake of my people, my fellow countrymen [Table], who are Israelites.18

The minor differences are as follows:  Paul began with the phrase εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο (for this very purpose).  The Septuagint began καὶ ἕνεκεν τούτου (NETS: and for this reason).  Paul used a different conjunction ὅπως (in such manner as) than ἵνα (in that place) in the Septuagint.  Paul chose δύναμίν over ἰσχύν (strength).  There are enough differences in the first clause that I find it difficult to think of as a quotation.  It is more like an amplification of Paul’s point:  So then, God has mercy on whom he chooses to have mercy, and he hardens whom he chooses to harden.19

It stands as an allusion to, So the Lord said to Moses, “See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet.  You are to speak everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh that he must release the Israelites from his land.  But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and although I will multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt, Pharaoh will not listen to you.”20  This mirrored Paul’s experience too often to pass without comment.

Item #7 doesn’t seem like a quote at all to me, beyond the introductory phrase μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα τῷ πλάσαντι (does what is molded say to the molder).  Instead it points to Paul’s reasoning process.  Here are the relevant texts (Isaiah 29:16; 45:9 NET)

Your thinking is perverse!  Should the potter be regarded as clay?  Should the thing made say about its maker, “He didn’t make me”?  Or should the pottery say about the potter, “He doesn’t understand”? [Table]

One who argues with his creator is in grave danger, one who is like a mere shard among the other shards on the ground!  The clay should not say to the potter, “What in the world are you doing?  Your work lacks skill!” [Table]

If it is perverse to regard the potter as clay, and for the thing made to say about its maker, “He didn’t make me,” or “He doesn’t understand,” then it is likewise perverse for what is molded to say to the molder, “Why have you made me like this?” (specifically, why have you hardened me like this?).  It puts one in grave danger, like the clay saying to the potter, “What in the world are you doing?  Your work lacks skill!”

And again, one who hears and fears this is hearing the word of God.  God is calling.  Hear also the words that brought comfort and hope to Paul’s anguish:  “I will call those who were not my people, My people, and I will call her who was unloved, My beloved.’”  “And in the very place where it was said to them, You are not my people, there they will be called sons of the living God.’”21

 

Addendum: March 13, 2025
Tables comparing Exodus 7:1; 7:2; 7:3 and 7:4 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Exodus 7:1; 7:2; 7:3 and 7:4 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor) follow.

Exodus 7:1 (Tanakh)

Exodus 7:1 (KJV)

Exodus 7:1 (NET)

And HaShem said unto Moses: ‘See, I have set thee in G-d’s stead to Pharaoh; and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.

And the LORD said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh: and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.

So the Lord said to Moses, “See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet.

Exodus 7:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 7:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων ἰδοὺ δέδωκά σε θεὸν Φαραω καὶ Ααρων ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔσται σου προφήτης

ΚΑΙ εἶπε Κύριος πρὸς Μωυσῆν λέγων· ἰδοὺ δέδωκά σε θεὸν Φαραώ, καὶ ᾿Ααρὼν ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔσται σου προφήτης

Exodus 7:1 (NETS)

Exodus 7:1 (English Elpenor)

And the Lord spoke to Moyses, saying, “Look, I have given you as a god to Pharo, and Aaron, your brother, shall be your prophet.

And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, Behold, I have made thee a god to Pharao, and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.

Exodus 7:2 (Tanakh)

Exodus 7:2 (KJV)

Exodus 7:2 (NET)

Thou shalt speak all that I command thee; and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he let the children of Israel go out of his land.

Thou shalt speak all that I command thee: and Aaron thy brother shall speak unto Pharaoh, that he send the children of Israel out of his land.

But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and although I will multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.

Exodus 7:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 7:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

σὺ δὲ λαλήσεις αὐτῷ πάντα ὅσα σοι ἐντέλλομαι ὁ δὲ Ααρων ὁ ἀδελφός σου λαλήσει πρὸς Φαραω ὥστε ἐξαποστεῖλαι τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ ἐκ τῆς γῆς αὐτοῦ

σὺ δὲ λαλήσεις αὐτῷ πάντα, ὅσα σοι ἐντέλλομαι, ὁ δὲ ᾿Ααρὼν ὁ ἀδελφός σου λαλήσει πρὸς Φαραώ, ὥστε ἐξαποστεῖλαι τοὺς υἱοὺς ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐκ τῆς γῆς αὐτοῦ

Exodus 7:2 (NETS)

Exodus 7:2 (English Elpenor)

Now you shall speak to him all things that I command you, and Aaron, your brother, shall tell Pharao so that he sends the sons of Israel from his land.

And thou shalt say to him all things that I charge thee, and Aaron thy brother shall speak to Pharao, that he should send forth the children of Israel out of his land.

Exodus 7:3 (Tanakh)

Exodus 7:3 (KJV)

Exodus 7:3 (NET)

And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply My signs and My wonders in the land of Egypt.

And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.

But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and although I will multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt.

Exodus 7:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 7:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐγὼ δὲ σκληρυνῶ τὴν καρδίαν Φαραω καὶ πληθυνῶ τὰ σημεῖά μου καὶ τὰ τέρατα ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ

ἐγὼ δὲ σκληρυνῶ τὴν καρδίαν Φαραὼ καὶ πληθυνῶ τὰ σημεῖά μου καὶ τὰ τέρατα ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ

Exodus 7:3 (NETS)

Exodus 7:3 (English Elpenor)

But I will harden Pharao’s heart, and I will multiply my signs and wonders in the land, Egypt.

And I will harden the heart of Pharao, and I will multiply my signs and wonders in the land of Egypt.

Exodus 7:4 (Tanakh)

Exodus 7:4 (KJV)

Exodus 7:4 (NET)

But Pharaoh will not hearken unto you, and I will lay My hand upon Egypt, and bring forth My hosts, My people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt, by great judgments.

But Pharaoh shall not hearken unto you, that I may lay my hand upon Egypt, and bring forth mine armies, and my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.

Pharaoh will not listen to you. I will reach into Egypt and bring out my regiments, my people the Israelites, from the land of Egypt with great acts of judgment.

Exodus 7:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Exodus 7:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ οὐκ εἰσακούσεται ὑμῶν Φαραω καὶ ἐπιβαλῶ τὴν χεῖρά μου ἐπ᾽ Αἴγυπτον καὶ ἐξάξω σὺν δυνάμει μου τὸν λαόν μου τοὺς υἱοὺς Ισραηλ ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σὺν ἐκδικήσει μεγάλῃ

καὶ οὐκ εἰσακούσεται ὑμῶν Φαραώ· καὶ ἐπιβαλῶ τὴν χεῖρά μου ἐπ᾿ Αἴγυπτον καὶ ἐξάξω σὺν δυνάμει μου τὸν λαόν μου τοὺς υἱοὺς ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου σὺν ἐκδικήσει μεγάλῃ

Exodus 7:4 (NETS)

Exodus 7:4 (English Elpenor)

And Pharao shall not listen to you, and I will lay my hand upon Egypt, and I will bring out with my host my people, the sons of Israel, from the land of Egypt with great vengeance.

And Pharao will not hearken to you, and I will lay my hand upon Egypt; and will bring out my people the children of Israel with my power out of the land of Egypt with great vengeance.


1 Revelation 3:3 (NET) The phrase I will come is ἥξω both times.

2 “The last clause, which translates ‘Sarah will have a son’ for both the NT and LXX, is constructed differently in the Greek texts.  The NT uses a passive construction and the verb ἔσται from ειμι (3s-FMI; Mng.- to be; Trans.- will be; or, if translated in proper English with Sarah as the subject, ‘Sarah shall have a son’).  This more impersonal construction is also the reason that Sarah is in the dative case as an indirect object (τῇ Σάρρᾳ) and ‘a son’ is in the nominative case.  Whereas the LXX uses an active construction and the verb ἕξει from εχω (3s-FAI; Mng. – to have; Trans.- will have).  Here Sarah is the subject and ‘a son’ is the direct object.  These statements are identical in meaning despite the different constructions and verb choice.  In this case, the NT follows the MT better since the MT uses a more impersonal construction by employing a verbless clause and indirect object ‘to Sarah’ (לְשָׂרָה).  When we translate a verbless clauses in Hebrew we must supply a being verb, which the NT does (see IBHS, 72).  But, in the end the MT must also translate as ‘Sarah will have a son’.  Thus, all three texts are identical in meaning.”  http://ntuseoflxx.com/Rom9-9.html [Addendum 3/7/2025: The site I quoted is no longer active but the explanation is still useful.]

3 Romans 8:30 (NET)

4 Matthew 2:23 (NET)

5 Matthew 5:19 (NET)

6 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had επι σε (KJV: on thee) following I will come. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

7 Revelation 3:3b (NET) Table

8 Matthew 18:1 (NET)

9 Matthew 18:2-4 (NET)

10 “the LXX phrase ‘καὶ ἕνεκεν τούτου’ is practically identical translating as, ‘And for this purpose..’.” http://ntuseoflxx.com/Rom9-17.html [Addendum 3/11/2025: The site I quoted is no longer active but the explanation is still useful.]

11 “Next the NT texts uses a slightly different conjunction ὅπως as compared to the conjunction ἵνα of the LXX.  The NT contains the conjuction ὅπως (Mng. -‘in order to’; conjunction expressing purpose for an event or state (BDAG, 718)).  The LXX uses the conjunction ἵνα (Mng.- marker to denote purpose, aim, goal (BDAG, 475)).  Thus we see that these two conjunction overlap in their usage, in that they both denote purpose.  Thus, there is no noticable change in the sense of the passage due to this change.  Both Greek texts follow the Hebrew equally as well.”  http://ntuseoflxx.com/Rom9-17.html [Addendum 3/11/2025: The site I quoted is no longer active but the explanation is still useful.]

12 “Next the NT has a noun which is merely a synonym for the LXX counterpart.  The NT has δύναμίν (δύναμις – Mng.- power, might, strength, force (BDAG, 262), whereas the LXX has ἰσχύν (ἰσχύς -Mng.- strength, power, might (BDAG, 484).  Interestingly BDAG notes that the LXX form of ἰσχύς is rare in later times and in insc. and pap. [e.g. PMich 156—II a.d.], but oft. LXX; pseudepigr.; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 19 al.; Just., Ath., Iren.).  Thus this could be a case of this noun slowly fading out of existence, and thus Paul chose the more contemporary noun.  In any case, there is no change in sense and the Greek texts follow the MT equally as well.”  http://ntuseoflxx.com/Rom9-17.html [Addendum 3/11/2025: The site I quoted is no longer active but the explanation is still useful.]

13 “The NT phrase ‘Εἰς αὐτὸ τοῦτο’ translates as, ‘for this very purpose.’”  http://ntuseoflxx.com/Rom9-17.html [Addendum 3/11/2025: The site I quoted is no longer active but the explanation is still useful.]

14 Translated why in Matthew 6:28 and 7:3 (NET)

15 A form of ἐγώ, I, me, my.

16 http://ntuseoflxx.com/index.html [Addendum 3/11/2025: The site is no longer active but his explanations are still useful.]

17 http://ntuseoflxx.com/Rom9-17.html [Addendum 3/11/2025: The site I quoted is no longer active but the explanation is still useful.]

18 Romans 9:2-4a (NET)

19 Romans 9:18 (NET)

20 Exodus 7:1-4a (NET)

21 Romans 9:25, 26 (NET) According to a footnote (47) in the NET Paul quoted from Hosea 2:23 [Table] in Romans 9:25. A table in The Lost Son of Perdition, Part 4 compares the Greek of Romans 9:25b to that of the Septuagint. According to a footnote (49) in the NET Paul quoted from Hosea 1:10 [Table] in Romans 9:26. A table in The Lost Son of Perdition, Part 4 compares the Greek of Romans 9:26 to that of the Septuagint.