Nothing True, Part 2

Job’s lament took an intriguing turn.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Job 3:11, 12 (Tanakh/KJV)

Job 3:11, 12 (NET)

Job 3:11, 12 (NETS)

Job 3:11, 12 (English Elpenor)

Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly? Why did I not die at birth, and why did I not expire as I came out of the womb? For what reason did I not die in the womb or come forth from the belly and not perish at once? For why died I not in the belly? and [why] did I not come forth from the womb and die immediately?
Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the knees welcome me, and why were there two breasts that I might nurse at them? Why then did knees meet me? Why then did I suck breasts? and why did the knees support me? and why did I suck the breasts?

I began this study with a complaint that “in the past I’ve gotten bogged down. My religious mind favors the arguments of Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar over those of Job.” But as I considered Jobs’ lament and Moses’ and Jeremiah’s, it occurred to me that despite my complaint I have become more patient with people in distress, less judgmental over the words they spoke as they vented their pain and frustration. But still “I hope…to know God better and to discern the errors of my religious mind.”

This time I hear Job asking THE question: God made human infants so weak and helpless that their destruction is assured apart from the love and grace of God. And that includes imparting his love and grace to young women and young men: Even the evilknow how to give good gifts to [their] children1 at the risk of those same young women and young men mistaking God’s imputed righteousness for their own righteousness.

God’s love and grace answer job’s question and convey the hope and strength to hold out, saying, Behold, I wait yet a little while, expecting the hope of my deliverance.2 Job may not have been ready yet to hear it from a human comforter, but any would-be human comforter could pray that God Himself would be the Comforter to lead Job out from his despair.

Job’s lament continued:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Job 3:13-15 (Tanakh/KJV)

Job 3:13-15 (NET)

Job 3:13-15 (NETS)

Job 3:13-15 (English Elpenor)

For now should I have lain still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest (יָנ֬וּחַֽ), For now I would be lying down and would be quiet, I would be asleep and then at peace (nûaḥ, ינוח) Now I would have lain down quiet and in sleep would have been at rest (ἀνεπαυσάμην), Now I should have lain down and been quiet, I should have slept and been at rest (ἀνεπαυσάμην),
With kings and counsellors of the earth, which build desolate places for themselves; with kings and counselors of the earth who built for themselves places now desolate, with kings, counselors of the earth, who used to act proudly thanks to rapiers, with kings [and] councillors of the earth, who gloried in [their] swords;
Or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver: or with princes who possessed gold, who filled their palaces with silver. or with rulers, who had much gold, who had filled their houses with silver. or with rulers, whose gold was abundant, who filled their houses with silver:
Or as an hidden untimely birth I had not been; as infants which never saw light. Or why was I not buried like a stillborn infant, like infants who have never seen the light? Or why was I not like a premature birth that comes from a mother’s womb or like infants that did not see the light? or [I should have been] as an untimely birth proceeding from his mother’s womb, or as infants who never saw light.

The Septuagint makes it explicit that Job’s friends were rulers. Reading only the Masoretic text I missed how Job’s comments about kings and princes may have put his friends on edge, especially equating them to stillborn infants. Does anyone appreciate being reminded of the sinful futility of one’s life and its eventual end?

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Job 3:17-19 (Tanakh/KJV)

Job 3:17-19 (NET)

Job 3:17-19 (NETS)

Job 3:17-19 (English Elpenor)

There the wicked cease (חָ֣דְלוּ) from troubling (רֹ֑גֶז); and there the weary be at rest (יָ֜נ֗וּחוּ). There the wicked cease (ḥāḏal, חדלו) from turmoil (rōḡez, רגז), and there the weary are at rest (nûaḥ, ינוחו). There the impious have kindled (ἐξέκαυσαν) a terrible (θυμὸν) wrath (ὀργῆς); there the weary have found rest (ἀνεπαύσαντο) for the body, There the ungodly have burnt out (ἐξέκαυσαν) the fury (θυμὸν) of rage (ὀργῆς); there the wearied in body rest (ἀνεπαύσαντο).
There the prisoners rest together; they hear not the voice of the oppressor. There the prisoners relax together; they do not hear the voice of the oppressor. and those of old, together, have not heard the voice of the tax-gatherer. And the men of old time have together ceased to hear the exactor’s voice.
The small and great are there; and the servant is free from his master. Small and great are there, and the slave is free from his master. Small and great are there, and the attendant who lived in fear of his master. The small and great are there, and the servant that feared his lord.

It’s much clearer to me this time how Job’s description of death as a neutralizer of worldly rank and distinction might have affected his royal friends. I’ll pause for a moment here to consider whether the impious have kindled a terrible wrath3 in death, or the ungodly have burnt out the fury of rage4 there.

The verb ἐξέκαυσαν (a form of ἐκκαίω) can mean either have kindled or have burnt out. On the other hand a terrible seems like a terrible translation of θυμὸν (a form of θυμός). I suspect that θυμὸν ὀργῆς (a form of ὀργή) was the rabbis’ attempt to capture some of the richness of רֹ֑גֶז (rōḡez). The English word string for רֹ֑גֶז (rōḡez) in the “Outline of Biblical Usage” online reads like an apt description of the wicked, impious or ungodly: “agitation, excitement, raging, trouble, turmoil, trembling;” “turmoil, disquiet, raging;” “trembling, trepidation.”

In Jesus’ description of death a rich man in Hades, as he was in torment (βασάνοις, a form of βάσανος),5 called out (φωνήσας, a form of φωνέω)6 to Abraham: I am in anguish in this fire.7 For years I would have characterized this as a description of the place where the impious have kindled a terrible wrath,8 primarily because the Greek word ᾅδῃ (a form of ᾅδης) was translated hell in the KJV. But now it’s obvious that the rich man (and Lazarus, for that matter) had ceased from troubling (Tanakh, KJV), from turmoil (NET), and whatever fury of rage they may have had against man or God had burnt out (English Elpenor).

The rich man seemed to think that he was entitled to some help from Lazarus, and it would be strange indeed that Lazarus lay at the rich man’s gate if he received no help there. There is clearly a judgment in Jesus’ description of death: Child, remember that in your lifetime you received your good things and Lazarus likewise bad things, but now he is comforted here and you are in anguish,9 Abraham had said to the rich man. But it is certainly not THE judgment (Matthew 25:41-46 NET).

Then [the Son of Man] will say to those on his left, ‘Depart from me, you accursed, into the eternal fire that has been prepared for the devil and his angels! For I was hungry and you gave me nothing to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink. I was a stranger and you did not receive me as a guest, naked and you did not clothe me, sick and in prison and you did not visit me.’ Then they too will answer, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not give you whatever you needed? [Table]’ Then he will answer them, ‘I tell you the truth, just as you did not do it for one of the least of these, you did not do it for me.’ And these will depart into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life.”

So, in my bid to liveby every word that comes from the mouth of God,10 I’ll favor the translation of Job 3:17a in the English Elpenor version of the Septuagint over that in the NETS. The immediate upshot of taking Jesus’ description of death literally is a better understanding of his puzzling statement to Martha before he raised her brother Lazarus from the dead: “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live even if he dies, and the one who lives ( ζῶν) and believes in me will never die. Do you believe this?”11

The Greek word translated willdie in the phrase will never die above was not ἀποθανεῖται, the 3rd person singular form of ἀποθνήσκω in the indicative mood and future tense. Rather, it was ἀποθάνῃ, the 3rd person singular form of ἀποθνήσκω in the subjunctive mood and second aorist tense (e.g., maydie). Since never was the NET translation of οὐ μὴ in Greek, οὐ μὴ ἀποθάνῃ is an example of the Subjunctive of Emphatic Negation:

…the Subjunctive Mood indicates the probability of an event, and the Aorist Tense emphasizes an action as simply occurring…Thus, when you have οὐ µή (ou mē) in combination with the Aorist Subjunctive, what occurs is the absolute and unequivocal denial of the probability of an event EVER OCCURING at any moment or time in the future.

This particular subjunctive of emphatic negation was followed by a phrase that was rarely translated into English: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. It was rendered to the age in Young’s Literal Translation. A note (50) in the NET acknowledged that οὐ μὴ ἀποθάνῃ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα meant “will never die forever” in Greek. It’s easy to understand why Martha was reluctant to affirm her faith in such a statement. Instead, she affirmed her faith in the One who said it.

I couple this with Paul’s enigmatic statement (2 Corinthians 5:6-9 NET):

Therefore we are always full of courage, and we know that as long as we are alive here on earth (ἐνδημοῦντες ἐν τῷ σώματι; KJV: at home in the body) we are absent from the Lord—for we live (περιπατοῦμεν) by faith, not by sight. Thus we are full of courage and would prefer to be away from the body and at home with the Lord. So then whether we are alive (ἐνδημοῦντες) or away, we make it our ambition to please him.

Those who live and believe in Jesus simply skip over death: a sojourn in Hades. What we call death from our limited perspectives has no impact on our ambition (φιλοτιμούμεθα, a form of φιλοτιμέομαι) to please (εὐάρεστοι, a form of εὐάρεστος) him.

Job’s next question might have been voiced by Lazarus as he lay at the rich man’s gate, his body covered with sores,12 longing (ἐπιθυμῶν, a form of ἐπιθυμέω) to eat what fell from the rich man’s table.13

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Job 3:20-23 (Tanakh/KJV)

Job 3:20-23 (NET)

Job 3:20-23 (NETS)

Job 3:20-23 (English Elpenor)

Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul; Why does God give light to one who is in misery, and life to those whose soul is bitter, Why then is light given to those in bitterness, and life to souls in pain, For why is light given to those who are in bitterness, and life to those souls which are in griefs?
Which long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures; to those who wait for death that does not come, and search for it more than for hidden treasures, who long for death and do not find it, though they are digging for it as for treasures? who desire death, and obtain it not, digging [for it] as [for] treasures;
Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave? who rejoice even to jubilation, and are exultant when they find the grave? Yet they would be very joyful if they were successful. and would be very joyful if they should gain it?
Why is light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in? Why is light given to a man whose way is hidden, and whom God has hedged in? Death is rest (ἀνάπαυμα) for such a man, for God shut him in. Death [is] rest (ἀνάπαυμα) to [such] a man, for God has hedged him in.

Death is rest for such a man.14 This is the reason I quoted this verse. If I were reading the Masoretic text only I would’ve ended the quotation one verse earlier. But I’m struck how Jesus confirmed Job’s words with Abraham’s description of Lazarus’ death: now he is comforted here.15

Paul recounted a life circumstance that was similar to Job’s question: Why then is light given to those in bitterness, and life to souls in pain?16 (2 Corinthians 1:8 NET [Table]):

For we do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, regarding the affliction that happened to us in the province of Asia, that we were burdened excessively, beyond our strength, so that we despaired (ἐξαπορηθῆναι, a form of ἐξαπορέω) even of living (καὶ τοῦ ζῆν).

In Paul’s writing, however, we also get a glimpse how the righteous, by the grace of God, respond to a sentence of death (2 Corinthians 1:9 NET):

Indeed we felt as if the sentence of death (τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου) had been passed against us, so that we would not trust in ourselves but in God who raises the dead.

Job’s first lament concluded:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Job 3:24-26 (Tanakh/KJV)

Job 3:24-26 (NET)

Job 3:24-26 (NETS)

Job 3:24-26 (English Elpenor)

For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured out like the waters. For my sighing comes in place of my food, and my groanings flow forth like water. For sighing comes before my food, and I cry, gripped by fear. For my groaning comes before my food, and I weep being beset with terror.
For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me, and that which I was afraid of is come unto me. For the very thing I dreaded has happened to me, and what I feared has come upon me. For fear—which was my worry—came to me, and the fear I dreaded befell me. For the terror of which I meditated has come upon me, and that which I had feared has befallen me.
I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet; yet trouble (רֹֽגֶז) came. I have no ease; I have no quietness; I cannot rest; turmoil (rōḡez, רגז) has come upon me.” I was neither at peace, nor did I have quiet, nor was I at rest, but anger (ὀργή) came to me.” I was not at peace, nor quiet, nor had I rest; yet wrath (ὀργή) came upon me.

I was not at peace, nor quiet, nor had I rest (ἀνεπαυσάμην, a form of ἀναπαύω); yet wrath came upon me.17 This last sigh of Job’s first lament is particularly poignant in the light of Jesus’ insight that one’s18 life does not consist in the abundance of his19 possessions.20 [Jesus] then told them a parable (Luke 12:16-21 NET):

The land of a certain rich man produced an abundant crop, so he thought to himself, ‘What should I do, for I have nowhere to store my crops?’ Then he said, ‘I will do this: I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain21 and my goods. And I will say to myself, “You have plenty of goods stored up for many years; relax (ἀναπαύου, another form of ἀναπαύω), eat, drink, celebrate!”’ But God said to him, ‘You fool! This very night your life (τὴν ψυχήν σου) will be demanded back from you, but who will get what you have prepared for yourself?’ So it is with the one who stores up riches (θησαυρίζων, a form of θησαυρίζω) for himself, but is not rich (πλουτῶν, a form of πλουτέω) toward God.”

I wonder if the fear—which was [Job’s] worry22 (ἐφρόντισα, a form of φροντίζω; English Elpenor: of which I meditated) was synonymous with Job’s thought which prompted his customary practice after his sons and daughters feasted: Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts.23

According to a note (7) in the NET Jesus quoted Deuteronomy 8:3 in Matthew 4:4. A table below compares the Greek of Jesus’ quotation in Matthew 4:4 to that of the Septuagint.

Matthew 4:4 (NET Parallel Greek)

Deuteronomy 8:3b (Septuagint BLB) Table

Deuteronomy 8:3b (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐκ ἐπ᾿ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπὶ παντὶ ρήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ οὐκ ἐπ᾽ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι τῷ ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ ζήσεται ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἐπ᾿ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ὁ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι τῷ ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος Θεοῦ ζήσεται ἄνθρωπος

Matthew 4:4 (NET)

Deuteronomy 8:3b (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:3b (English Elpenor)

Man does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God. man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that goes out through the mouth of God man shall live. man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God shall man live.

Tables comparing Job 3:11; 3:12; 3:13; 3:14; 3:15; 3:16; 3:17; 3:18; 3:19; 3:20; 3:21; 3:22; 3:23; 3:24; 3:25 and 3:26 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Job 3:11; 3:12; 3:13; 3:14; 3:15; 3:16; 3:17; 3:18; 3:19; 3:20; 3:21; 3:22; 3:23; 3:24; 3:25 and 3:26 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing the Greek of Matthew 4:4; Luke 12:15 and 12:18 in the NET and KJV follow.

Job 3:11 (Tanakh)

Job 3:11 (KJV)

Job 3:11 (NET)

Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly? Why died I not from the womb? why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly? Why did I not die at birth, and why did I not expire as I came out of the womb?

Job 3:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:11 (Septuagint Elpenor)

διὰ τί γὰρ ἐν κοιλίᾳ οὐκ ἐτελεύτησα ἐκ γαστρὸς δὲ ἐξῆλθον καὶ οὐκ εὐθὺς ἀπωλόμην διατί γὰρ ἐν κοιλίᾳ οὐκ ἐτελεύτησα, ἐκ γαστρὸς δὲ ἐξῆλθον καὶ οὐκ εὐθὺς ἀπωλόμην

Job 3:11 (NETS)

Job 3:11 (English Elpenor)

For what reason did I not die in the womb or come forth from the belly and not perish at once? For why died I not in the belly? and [why] did I not come forth from the womb and die immediately?

Job 3:12 (Tanakh)

Job 3:12 (KJV)

Job 3:12 (NET)

Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the knees prevent me? or why the breasts that I should suck? Why did the knees welcome me, and why were there two breasts that I might nurse at them?

Job 3:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἵνα τί δὲ συνήντησάν μοι γόνατα ἵνα τί δὲ μαστοὺς ἐθήλασα ἱνατί δὲ συνήντησάν μοι γόνατα; ἱνατί δὲ μαστοὺς ἐθήλασα

Job 3:12 (NETS)

Job 3:12 (English Elpenor)

Why then did knees meet me? Why then did I suck breasts? and why did the knees support me? and why did I suck the breasts?

Job 3:13 (Tanakh)

Job 3:13 (KJV)

Job 3:13 (NET)

For now should I have lain still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest, For now should I have lain still and been quiet, I should have slept: then had I been at rest, For now I would be lying down and would be quiet, I would be asleep and then at peace

Job 3:13 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:13 (Septuagint Elpenor)

νῦν ἂν κοιμηθεὶς ἡσύχασα ὑπνώσας δὲ ἀνεπαυσάμην νῦν ἂν κοιμηθεὶς ἡσύχασα, ὑπνώσας δὲ ἀνεπαυσάμην

Job 3:13 (NETS)

Job 3:13 (English Elpenor)

Now I would have lain down quiet and in sleep would have been at rest, Now I should have lain down and been quiet, I should have slept and been at rest,

Job 3:14 (Tanakh)

Job 3:14 (KJV)

Job 3:14 (NET)

With kings and counsellors of the earth, which build desolate places for themselves; With kings and counsellors of the earth, which built desolate places for themselves; with kings and counselors of the earth who built for themselves places now desolate,

Job 3:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)

μετὰ βασιλέων βουλευτῶν γῆς οἳ ἠγαυριῶντο ἐπὶ ξίφεσιν μετὰ βασιλέων βουλευτῶν γῆς, οἳ ἐγαυριῶντο ἐπὶ ξίφεσιν

Job 3:14 (NETS)

Job 3:14 (English Elpenor)

with kings, counselors of the earth, who used to act proudly thanks to rapiers, with kings [and] councillors of the earth, who gloried in [their] swords;

Job 3:15 (Tanakh)

Job 3:15 (KJV)

Job 3:15 (NET)

Or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver: Or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver: or with princes who possessed gold, who filled their palaces with silver.

Job 3:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἢ μετὰ ἀρχόντων ὧν πολὺς ὁ χρυσός οἳ ἔπλησαν τοὺς οἴκους αὐτῶν ἀργυρίου ἢ μετὰ ἀρχόντων, ὧν πολὺς ὁ χρυσός, οἳ ἔπλησαν τοὺς οἴκους αὐτῶν ἀργυρίου

Job 3:15 (NETS)

Job 3:15 (English Elpenor)

or with rulers, who had much gold, who had filled their houses with silver. or with rulers, whose gold was abundant, who filled their houses with silver:

Job 3:16 (Tanakh)

Job 3:16 (KJV)

Job 3:16 (NET)

Or as an hidden untimely birth I had not been; as infants which never saw light. Or as an hidden untimely birth I had not been; as infants which never saw light. Or why was I not buried like a stillborn infant, like infants who have never seen the light?

Job 3:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἢ ὥσπερ ἔκτρωμα ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ μήτρας μητρὸς ἢ ὥσπερ νήπιοι οἳ οὐκ εἶδον φῶς ἢ ὥσπερ ἔκτρωμα ἐκπορευόμενον ἐκ μήτρας μητρός, ἢ ὥσπερ νήπιοι, οἳ οὐκ εἶδον φῶς

Job 3:16 (NETS)

Job 3:16 (English Elpenor)

Or why was I not like a premature birth that comes from a mother’s womb or like infants that did not see the light? or [I should have been] as an untimely birth proceeding from his mother’s womb, or as infants who never saw light.

Job 3:17 (Tanakh)

Job 3:17 (KJV)

Job 3:17 (NET)

There the wicked cease from troubling; and there the weary be at rest. There the wicked cease from troubling; and there the weary be at rest. There the wicked cease from turmoil, and there the weary are at rest.

Job 3:17 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐκεῖ ἀσεβεῖς ἐξέκαυσαν θυμὸν ὀργῆς ἐκεῖ ἀνεπαύσαντο κατάκοποι τῷ σώματι ἐκεῖ ἀσεβεῖς ἐξέκαυσαν θυμὸν ὀργῆς, ἐκεῖ ἀνεπαύσαντο κατάκοποι τῷ σώματι

Job 3:17 (NETS)

Job 3:17 (English Elpenor)

There the impious have kindled a terrible wrath; there the weary have found rest for the body, There the ungodly have burnt out the fury of rage; there the wearied in body rest.

Job 3:18 (Tanakh)

Job 3:18 (KJV)

Job 3:18 (NET)

There the prisoners rest together; they hear not the voice of the oppressor. There the prisoners rest together; they hear not the voice of the oppressor. There the prisoners relax together; they do not hear the voice of the oppressor.

Job 3:18 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὁμοθυμαδὸν δὲ οἱ αἰώνιοι οὐκ ἤκουσαν φωνὴν φορολόγου ὁμοθυμαδὸν δὲ οἱ αἰώνιοι οὐκ ἤκουσαν φωνὴν φορολόγου

Job 3:18 (NETS)

Job 3:18 (English Elpenor)

and those of old, together, have not heard the voice of the tax-gatherer. And the men of old time have together ceased to hear the exactor’s voice.

Job 3:19 (Tanakh)

Job 3:19 (KJV)

Job 3:19 (NET)

The small and great are there; and the servant is free from his master. The small and great are there; and the servant is free from his master. Small and great are there, and the slave is free from his master.

Job 3:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:19 (Septuagint Elpenor)

μικρὸς καὶ μέγας ἐκεῖ ἐστιν καὶ θεράπων οὐ δεδοικὼς τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ μικρὸς καὶ μέγας ἐκεῖ ἐστι, καὶ θεράπων δεδοικὼς τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ

Job 3:19 (NETS)

Job 3:19 (English Elpenor)

Small and great are there, and the attendant who lived in fear of his master. The small and great are there, and the servant that feared his lord.

Job 3:20 (Tanakh)

Job 3:20 (KJV)

Job 3:20 (NET)

Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul; Wherefore is light given to him that is in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul; Why does God give light to one who is in misery, and life to those whose soul is bitter,

Job 3:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἵνα τί γὰρ δέδοται τοῖς ἐν πικρίᾳ φῶς ζωὴ δὲ ταῖς ἐν ὀδύναις ψυχαῖς ἱνατί γὰρ δέδοται τοῖς ἐν πικρίᾳ φῶς, ζωὴ δὲ ταῖς ἐν ὀδύναις ψυχαῖς

Job 3:20 (NETS)

Job 3:20 (English Elpenor)

Why then is light given to those in bitterness, and life to souls in pain, For why is light given to those who are in bitterness, and life to those souls which are in griefs?

Job 3:21 (Tanakh)

Job 3:21 (KJV)

Job 3:21 (NET)

Which long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures; Which long for death, but it cometh not; and dig for it more than for hid treasures; to those who wait for death that does not come, and search for it more than for hidden treasures,

Job 3:21 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οἳ ὁμείρονται τοῦ θανάτου καὶ οὐ τυγχάνουσιν ἀνορύσσοντες ὥσπερ θησαυρούς οἳ ἱμείρονται τοῦ θανάτου καὶ οὐ τυγχάνουσιν ἀνορύσσοντες ὥσπερ θησαυρούς

Job 3:21 (NETS)

Job 3:21 (English Elpenor)

who long for death and do not find it, though they are digging for it as for treasures? who desire death, and obtain it not, digging [for it] as [for] treasures;

Job 3:22 (Tanakh)

Job 3:22 (KJV)

Job 3:22 (NET)

Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave? Which rejoice exceedingly, and are glad, when they can find the grave? who rejoice even to jubilation, and are exultant when they find the grave?

Job 3:22 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:22 (Septuagint Elpenor)

περιχαρεῖς δὲ ἐγένοντο ἐὰν κατατύχωσιν περιχαρεῖς δὲ ἐγένοντο ἐὰν κατατύχωσι

Job 3:22 (NETS)

Job 3:22 (English Elpenor)

Yet they would be very joyful if they were successful. and would be very joyful if they should gain it?

Job 3:23 (Tanakh)

Job 3:23 (KJV)

Job 3:23 (NET)

Why is light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in? Why is light given to a man whose way is hid, and whom God hath hedged in? Why is light given to a man whose way is hidden, and whom God has hedged in?

Job 3:23 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:23 (Septuagint Elpenor)

θάνατος ἀνδρὶ ἀνάπαυμα συνέκλεισεν γὰρ ὁ θεὸς κατ᾽ αὐτοῦ θάνατος ἀνδρὶ ἀνάπαυμα, συνέκλεισε γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ

Job 3:23 (NETS)

Job 3:23 (English Elpenor)

Death is rest for such a man, for God shut him in. Death [is] rest to [such] a man, for God has hedged him in.

Job 3:24 (Tanakh)

Job 3:24 (KJV)

Job 3:24 (NET)

For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured out like the waters. For my sighing cometh before I eat, and my roarings are poured out like the waters. For my sighing comes in place of my food, and my groanings flow forth like water.

Job 3:24 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:24 (Septuagint Elpenor)

πρὸ γὰρ τῶν σίτων μου στεναγμός μοι ἥκει δακρύω δὲ ἐγὼ συνεχόμενος φόβῳ πρὸ γὰρ τῶν σίτων μου στεναγμός μοι ἥκει, δακρύω δὲ ἐγὼ συνεχόμενος φόβῳ

Job 3:24 (NETS)

Job 3:24 (English Elpenor)

For sighing comes before my food, and I cry, gripped by fear. For my groaning comes before my food, and I weep being beset with terror.

Job 3:25 (Tanakh)

Job 3:25 (KJV)

Job 3:25 (NET)

For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me, and that which I was afraid of is come unto me. For the thing which I greatly feared is come upon me, and that which I was afraid of is come unto me. For the very thing I dreaded has happened to me, and what I feared has come upon me.

Job 3:25 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:25 (Septuagint Elpenor)

φόβος γάρ ὃν ἐφρόντισα ἦλθέν μοι καὶ ὃν ἐδεδοίκειν συνήντησέν μοι φόβος γάρ, ὅν ἐφρόντισα, ἦλθέ μοι, καὶ ὃν ἐδεδοίκειν, συνήντησέ μοι

Job 3:25 (NETS)

Job 3:25 (English Elpenor)

For fear—which was my worry—came to me, and the fear I dreaded befell me. For the terror of which I meditated has come upon me, and that which I had feared has befallen me.

Job 3:26 (Tanakh)

Job 3:26 (KJV)

Job 3:26 (NET)

I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet; yet trouble came. I was not in safety, neither had I rest, neither was I quiet; yet trouble came. I have no ease; I have no quietness; I cannot rest; turmoil has come upon me.”

Job 3:26 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 3:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὔτε εἰρήνευσα οὔτε ἡσύχασα οὔτε ἀνεπαυσάμην ἦλθεν δέ μοι ὀργή οὔτε εἰρήνευσα οὔτε ἡσύχασα οὔτε ἀνεπαυσάμην, ἦλθε δέ μοι ὀργή

Job 3:26 (NETS)

Job 3:26 (English Elpenor)

I was neither at peace, nor did I have quiet, nor was I at rest, but anger came to me.” I was not at peace, nor quiet, nor had I rest; yet wrath came upon me.

Matthew 4:4 (NET)

Matthew 4:4 (KJV)

But he answered, “It is written, ‘Man does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.’” But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God.

Matthew 4:4 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 4:4 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 4:4 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· γέγραπται· οὐκ ἐπ᾿ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ζήσεται ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ᾿ ἐπὶ παντὶ ρήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ ο δε αποκριθεις ειπεν γεγραπται ουκ επ αρτω μονω ζησεται ανθρωπος αλλ επι παντι ρηματι εκπορευομενω δια στοματος θεου ο δε αποκριθεις ειπεν γεγραπται ουκ επ αρτω μονω ζησεται ανθρωπος αλλ επι παντι ρηματι εκπορευομενω δια στοματος θεου

Luke 12:15 (NET)

Luke 12:15 (KJV)

Then he said to them, “Watch out and guard yourself from all types of greed because one’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.” And he said unto them, Take heed, and beware of covetousness: for a man’s life consisteth not in the abundance of the things which he possesseth.

Luke 12:15 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 12:15 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 12:15 (Byzantine Majority Text)

εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτούς· ὁρᾶτε καὶ φυλάσσεσθε ἀπὸ πάσης πλεονεξίας, ὅτι οὐκ ἐν τῷ περισσεύειν τινὶ ἡ ζωὴ αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ἐκ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ ειπεν δε προς αυτους ορατε και φυλασσεσθε απο της πλεονεξιας οτι ουκ εν τω περισσευειν τινι η ζωη αυτου εστιν εκ των υπαρχοντων αυτου ειπεν δε προς αυτους ορατε και φυλασσεσθε απο της πλεονεξιας οτι ουκ εν τω περισσευειν τινι η ζωη αυτω εστιν εκ των υπαρχοντων αυτου

Luke 12:18 (NET)

Luke 12:18 (KJV)

Then he said, ‘I will do this: I will tear down my barns and build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods. And he said, This will I do: I will pull down my barns, and build greater; and there will I bestow all my fruits and my goods.

Luke 12:18 (NET Parallel Greek)

Luke 12:18 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Luke 12:18 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ εἶπεν· τοῦτο ποιήσω, καθελῶ μου τὰς ἀποθήκας καὶ μείζονας οἰκοδομήσω καὶ συνάξω ἐκεῖ πάντα τὸν σῖτον καὶ τὰ ἀγαθά μου και ειπεν τουτο ποιησω καθελω μου τας αποθηκας και μειζονας οικοδομησω και συναξω εκει παντα τα γενηματα μου και τα αγαθα μου και ειπεν τουτο ποιησω καθελω μου τας αποθηκας και μειζονας οικοδομησω και συναξω εκει παντα τα γενηματα μου και τα αγαθα μου

1 Matthew 7:11a (NET)

2 Job 2:9b, 9α (English Elpenor) Table

3 Job 3:17a (NETS)

4 Job 3:17a (English Elpenor)

5 Luke 16:23a (NET) Table

6 Luke 16:24a (NET)

7 Luke 16:24b (NET)

8 Job 3:17a (NETS)

9 Luke 16:25 (NET) Table

10 Matthew 4:4 (NET)

11 John 11:25b, 26 (NET)

12 Luke 16:20b (NET) Table

13 Luke 16:21a (NET) Table

14 Job 3:23a (NETS)

15 Luke 16:25b (NET) Table

16 Job 3:20 (NETS)

17 Job 3:26 (English Elpenor)

20 Luke 12:15b (NET)

22 Job 3:25a (NETS)

23 Job 1:5 (NET) Table

A Monotonous Cycle Revisited, Part 1

Are you the teacher of Israel and yet you don’t understand these things? Jesus said to Nicodemus.  I tell you the solemn truth, we speak about what we know and testify about what we have seen, but you people do not accept our testimony.  If I have told you people about earthly things and you don’t believe, how will you believe if I tell you about heavenly things?[1]

I’ve hinted at how Jesus’ teaching informs my understanding of the Old Testament.  Here I intend to get explicit about these earthly things.  Though I will do my best to make these essays interesting, the very repetitiveness of the subject matter may seem like A Monotonous Cycle.

Here is the general introduction (Genesis 1:26-30 Tanakh):

And G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) said: ‘Let us make man (ʼâdâm, אדם) in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth’.  And G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) created man (ʼâdâm, האדם) in His own image, in the image of G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) created He him; male and female created He them.  And G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) blessed them; and G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) said unto them: ‘Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that creepeth upon the earth’ [Table].

And G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) said: ‘Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed–to you it shall be for food; and to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is a living soul, I have given every green herb for food’ And it was so.

Here is a more detailed account of the involvement of yehôvâh ʼĕlôhı̂ym, corresponding to the Word (λόγος) in the opening chapter of John’s Gospel narrative (Genesis 2:4-9 Tanakh):

These are the generations of the heaven and of the earth when they were created, in the day that HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) made earth and heaven.  No shrub of the field was yet in the earth, and no herb of the field had yet sprung up; for HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man (ʼâdâm, ואדם) to till the ground; but there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.  Then HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) formed man (ʼâdâm, האדם) of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man (ʼâdâm, האדם) became a living soul.

And HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) planted a garden eastward, in Eden; and there He put the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) whom He had formed.  And out of the ground made HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.

The Hebrew word translated good was טוב (ṭôb).  The light was טוב (ṭôb).  The dry land amidst the gathering together of the waters was טוב (ṭôb).  The grass the earth brought forth herb yielding seed after its kind, and tree bearing fruit, wherein is the seed thereof, after its kind[2] was טוב (ṭôb).  The lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night[3] were טוב (ṭôb).  The great sea-monsters, and every living creature that creepeth, wherewith the waters swarmed, after its kind, and every winged fowl after its kind[4] were טוב (ṭôb).  The beast of the earth after its kind, and the cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the ground after its kind[5] were טוב (ṭôb).  In fact, every thing that He [ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים] had made[6] was טוב (ṭôb).

The Hebrew word translated evil was ורע (râʽâh) and this is its first occurrence.  In other words, ורע (râʽâh) is as yet unknown.  The story continued (Genesis 2:15-17 Tanakh):

And HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) took the man (ʼâdâm, האדם), and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it.  And HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) commanded the man (ʼâdâm, האדם), saying: ‘Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat [Table]; but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it; for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die’ [Table]

Thus the one and only law was given.  Paul, after he was born from above and led by the Holy Spirit, wrote to others like him in Rome: For no one is declared righteous before him by the works of the law, for through the law comes the knowledge of sin.[7]  As David had prayed: Hear my prayer, O LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה), give ear to my supplications: in thy faithfulness answer me, and in thy righteousness [Table].  And enter not into judgment with thy servant: for in thy sight shall no man living be justified [Table].[8]  The story continued (Genesis 2:18-3:5 Tanakh):

And HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) said: ‘It is not good (ṭôb, טוב) that the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) should be alone; I will make him a help meet for him.’  And out of the ground HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) to see what he would call them; and whatsoever the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) would call every living creature, that was to be the name thereof.  And the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam (ʼâdâm, ולאדם) there was not found a help meet for him.

And HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man (ʼâdâm, האדם), and he slept; and He took one of his ribs, and closed up the place with flesh instead thereof.  And the rib, which HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) had taken from the man (ʼâdâm, האדם), made He a woman, and brought her unto the man (ʼâdâm, האדם).  And the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) said: ‘This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.’

Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh [Table].  And they were both naked, the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) and his wife, and were not ashamed.

Now the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field which HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) had made.  And he said unto the woman: ‘Yea, hath G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) said: Ye shall not eat of any tree of the garden?’

And the woman said unto the serpent: ‘Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat; but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) hath said: Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.’

And the serpent said unto the woman: ‘Ye shall not surely die [Table]; for G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, כאלהים), knowing good and evil’ [Table].

Eve, in fact, knew nothing but good (ṭôb, טוב).  But though she was visited routinely by yehôvâh ʼĕlôhı̂ym, who spoke with her face to face, she did not know Him.  The story continues (Genesis 3:6-8 Tanakh):

And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat; and she gave also unto her husband with her, and he did eat.  And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig-leaves together, and made themselves girdles [Table].  And they heard the voice of HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) walking in the garden toward the cool of the day; and the man (ʼâdâm, האדם) and his wife hid themselves from the presence of HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) G-d (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) amongst the trees of the garden.

So they learned the meaning of ורע (râʽâh): to mistrust yehôvâh so as to disregard his word.  And He afflicted thee, and suffered thee to hunger, Moses told Israel, and fed thee with manna, which thou knewest not, neither did thy fathers know; that He might make thee know that man doth not live by bread only, but by every thing that proceedeth out of the mouth of HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) doth man live.[9]  So then, just as sin entered the world through one man[10] Paul wrote.

To conclude with the moral of this story, I’ve made a table interspersing Jesus’ teaching to Nicodemus with Paul’s teaching on the first and last Adam.

Jesus answered, “I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.

John 3:5 (NET) Table

So also it is written, “The first man, Adam, became a living person”;

1 Corinthians 15:45a (NET)

What is born of the flesh is flesh,

John 3:6a (NET)

the last Adam [e.g., Jesus] became a life-giving spirit.

1 Corinthians 15:45b (NET)

and what is born of the Spirit is spirit.

John 3:6b (NET)

However, the spiritual did not come first, but the natural, and then the spiritual.  The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is[11] from heaven.

1 Corinthians 15:46, 47 (NET)

Do not be amazed that I said to you, ‘You must all be born from above.’

John 3:7 (NET)

Like the one made of dust, so too are those made of dust, and like the one from heaven, so too those who are heavenly.

1 Corinthians 15:48 (NET)

The wind blows wherever it will, and you hear the sound it makes, but do not know where it comes from and where it is going.  So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.”

John 3:8 (NET)

And just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, let us also bear[12] the image of the man of heaven.

1 Corinthians 15:49 (NET)

Now this is what I am saying, brothers and sisters: Flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable.[13]

Tables comparing 1 Corinthians 15:47 and 15:49 in the NET and KJV follow.

1 Corinthians 15:47 (NET) 1 Corinthians 15:47 (KJV)
The first man is from the earth, made of dust; the second man is from heaven. The first man is of the earth, earthy: the second man is the Lord from heaven.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
ὁ πρῶτος ἄνθρωπος ἐκ γῆς χοϊκός, ὁ δεύτερος ἄνθρωπος ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ο πρωτος ανθρωπος εκ γης χοικος ο δευτερος ανθρωπος ο κυριος εξ ουρανου ο πρωτος ανθρωπος εκ γης χοικος ο δευτερος ανθρωπος ο κυριος εξ ουρανου
1 Corinthians 15:49 (NET) 1 Corinthians 15:49 (KJV)
And just as we have borne the image of the man of dust, let us also bear the image of the man of heaven. And as we have borne the image of the earthy, we shall also bear the image of the heavenly.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ καθὼς ἐφορέσαμεν τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ χοϊκοῦ, |φορέσωμεν| καὶ τὴν εἰκόνα τοῦ ἐπουρανίου και καθως εφορεσαμεν την εικονα του χοικου φορεσομεν και την εικονα του επουρανιου και καθως εφορεσαμεν την εικονα του χοικου φορεσωμεν και την εικονα του επουρανιου

[1] John 3:10-12 (NET) Table

[2] Genesis 1:12 (Tanakh)

[3] Genesis 1:14 (Tanakh)

[4] Genesis 1:21 (Tanakh)

[5] Genesis 1:25 (Tanakh)

[6] Genesis 1:31a (Tanakh)

[7] Romans 3:20 (NET)

[8] Psalm 143:1, 2 (Tanakh)

[9] Deuteronomy 8:3 (Tanakh) Table

[10] Romans 5:12 (NET)

[11] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ο κυριος (KJV: the Lord) here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[12] The NET parallel Greek text and Byzantine Majority Text had φορέσωμεν in the subjunctive mood here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and NA28 had φορεσομεν in the indicative mood (KJV: we shallbear).

[13] 1 Corinthians 15:50 (NET) Table