In another essay I quoted Paul: For [the day of the Lord] will not arrive until the rebellion comes and the man of lawlessness is revealed, the son of destruction (ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας).1 Now I have to consider whether my assumption that Jesus called Judas Iscariot ὁ υἱὸς τῆς ἀπωλείας (NET: the one destined for destruction) is like Jesus’ disciples’ discussion about having no bread2 after He said: “Watch out! Beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and the yeast of Herod!”3
Here I’ll start with Paul’s description of what the man of lawlessness, the son of destruction, does (2 Thessalonians 2:4 NET).
He opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, and as a result he takes his seat in God’s temple,4 displaying himself as God.
According to a note (10) in the NET Paul alluded here to three different prophecies, which I’ll consider one at a time. The first was Isaiah 14:13-14.
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Septuagint |
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Isaiah 14:12-14 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Isaiah 14:12-14 (NET) |
Isaiah 14:12-14 (NETS) |
Isaiah 14:12-14 (English Elpenor) |
| How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer (הֵילֵ֣ל), son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken (חוֹלֵ֖שׁ) the nations! | “Look how you have fallen from the sky, O shining one (hêlēl, הילל), son of the dawn! You have been cut down to the ground, O conqueror (ḥālaš, חולש) of the nations! | How is fallen from heaven the Day Star (ἑωσφόρος), which used to rise early in the morning! He has been crushed into the earth who used to send light (ἀποστέλλων) to all the nations! | How has Lucifer (ἑωσφόρος), that rose in the morning, fallen from heaven! He that sent [orders] (ἀποστέλλων) to all the nations is crushed to the earth. |
| For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: | You said to yourself, ‘I will climb up to the sky. Above the stars of El I will set up my throne. I will rule on the mountain of assembly on the remote slopes of Zaphon. | You said in your mind, “I will ascend to heaven; I will set my throne above the stars of God; I will sit on a lofty mountain, upon the lofty mountains toward the north; | But thou saidst in thine heart, I will go up to heaven, I will set my throne above the stars of heaven: I will sit on a lofty mount, on the lofty mountains toward the north: |
| I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. | I will climb up to the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High!’ | I will ascend above the clouds; I will be like the Most High.” | I will go up above the clouds: I will be like the Most High. |
The end of Lucifer, shining one, the Day Star (i.e., the king of Babylon) was also prophesied:
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Masoretic Text |
Septuagint |
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Isaiah 14:15-17 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Isaiah 14:15-17 (NET) |
Isaiah 14:15-17 (NETS) |
Isaiah 14:15-17 (English Elpenor) |
| Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell (שְׁא֛וֹל), to the sides of the pit. | But you were brought down to Sheol (šᵊ’ôl, שאול), to the remote slopes of the Pit. | But now you will descend into Hades (ᾅδου) and into the foundations of the earth. | But now thou shalt go down to hell (ᾅδην), even to the foundations of the earth. |
| They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; | Those who see you stare at you, they look at you carefully, thinking: ‘Is this the man who shook the earth, the one who made kingdoms tremble? | Those who see you will marvel at you and say: “Is this the man who troubles the earth, shaking kings?” | They that see thee shall wonder at thee, and say, This is the man that troubled the earth, that made kings to shake; |
| That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners? | Is this the one who made the world like a wilderness, who ruined its cities and refused to free his prisoners so they could return home?’ | The one who made the whole world desolate and overthrew the cities has not released those who are in misery. | that made the whole world desolate, and destroyed its cities; he loosed not those who were in captivity. |
The next allusion was to Daniel 11:36 according to the note (10) in the NET. “The identity of this king is problematic,” according to another note (81) in the NET:
If vv. 36-45 continue the description of Antiochus Epiphanes, the account must be viewed as erroneous, since the details do not match what is known of Antiochus’ latter days. Most modern scholars take this view, concluding that this section was written just shortly before the death of Antiochus and that the writer erred on several key points as he tried to predict what would follow the events of his own day. Conservative scholars, however, usually understand the reference to shift at this point to an eschatological figure, viz., the Antichrist. The chronological gap that this would presuppose to be in the narrative is not necessarily a problem, since by all accounts there are many chronological gaps throughout the chapter, as the historical figures intended by such expressions as “king of the north” and “king of the south” repeatedly shift.
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Septuagint |
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Daniel 11:36 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Daniel 11:36 (NET) |
Daniel 11:36 (NETS) |
Daniel 11:36 (English Elpenor) |
| And the king shall do according to his will (כִרְצֹנ֜וֹ); and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. | “Then the king will do as he pleases (rāṣôn, כרצונו). He will exalt and magnify himself above every deity, and he will utter presumptuous things against the God of gods. He will succeed until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been decreed must occur. | the king will act according to his will (τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ). And he will be enraged and will be exalted over every god and will speak strange things against the God of gods. And he will succeed until the wrath is completed, for completion pertaining to him is coming. | And he shall do according to his will (τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ), and the king shall exalt and magnify himself against every god, and shall speak great swelling words, and shall prosper until the indignation shall be accomplished: for it is coming to an end. |
The end of this king was also prophesied:
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Septuagint |
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Daniel 11:45 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Daniel 11:45 (NET) |
Daniel 11:45 (NETS) |
Daniel 11:45 (English Elpenor) |
| And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him. | He will pitch his royal tents between the seas toward the beautiful holy mountain. But he will come to his end, with no one to help him. | And he will set up his tent then between the seas and the mountain of the will of the holy one. And the hour of his consummation will come, and there will be no one who helps him. | And he shall pitch the tabernacle of his palace between the seas in the holy mountain of beauty: [but] he shall come to his portion, and there is none to deliver him. |
The final allusion was to Ezekiel 28:2-9 according to the note (10) in the NET. I’ll break this into two parts to match the others.
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Masoretic Text |
Septuagint |
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Ezekiel 28:1-5 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Ezekiel 28:1-5 (NET) |
Ezekiel 28:1-5 (NETS) |
Ezekiel 28:1-5 (English Elpenor) |
| The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, | The Lord’s message came to me: | And a word of the Lord came to me, saying: | And the word of the Lord came to me, saying, |
| Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God: | “Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘Your heart is proud and you said, “I am a god; I sit in the seat of gods, in the heart of the seas”—yet you are a man and not a god, though you think you are godlike. | And you, son of man, say to the ruler of Tyre, This is what the Lord says: Because your heart was exalted and you said, “I am a god; I have inhabited a habitation of a god in the heart of the sea,” yet you are human and not a god, and you rendered your heart as a god’s heart. | And thou, son of man, say to the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord; Because thine heart has been exalted, and thou hast said, I am God, I have inhabited the dwelling of God in the heart of the sea; yet thou art man and not God, though thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God: |
| Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee: | Look, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you. | Surely, you are not wiser than Daniel? Or did wise ones not discipline you with their knowledge? | art thou wiser than Daniel? or have not the wise instructed thee with their knowledge? |
| With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures: | By your wisdom and understanding you have gained wealth for yourself; you have amassed gold and silver in your treasuries. | Surely, by your knowledge and by your prudence you did not make for yourself power, both gold and silver in your treasuries? | Hast thou gained power for thyself by thine [own] knowledge or thine [own] prudence, and [gotten] gold and silver in thy treasures? |
| By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches: | By your great skill in trade you have increased your wealth, and your heart is proud because of your wealth. | Or by your great knowledge and commerce did you multiply your power? Was your heart exalted by your power? | By thy abundant knowledge and thy traffic thou hast multiplied thy power; thy heart has been lifted up by thy power. |
The end of this ruler was prophesied as well:
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Septuagint |
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Ezekiel 28:6-10 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Ezekiel 28:6-10 (NET) |
Ezekiel 28:6-10 (NETS) |
Ezekiel 28:6-10 (English Elpenor) |
| Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; | “‘Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you think you are godlike, | Therefore this is what the Lord says: Since you have rendered your heart as a god’s heart, | Therefore thus saith the Lord; Since thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; |
| Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness. | I am about to bring foreigners against you, the most terrifying of nations. They will draw their swords against the grandeur made by your wisdom, and they will defile your splendor. | therefore, behold, I am bringing against you foreign pests from the nations, and they shall unsheathe their daggers against you and against the beauty of your knowledge and wound your beauty unto destruction. | because of this, behold, I [will] bring on thee strange plagues from the nations; and they shall draw their swords against thee, and against the beauty of thy knowledge, (8) and they shall bring down thy beauty to destruction. |
| They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas. | They will bring you down to the Pit, and you will die violently in the heart of the seas. | And they shall bring you down, and you shall die by the death of the wounded in the heart of the sea. | And they shall bring thee down; and thou shalt die the death of the slain in the heart of the sea. |
| Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee. | Will you still say, “I am a god,” before the one who kills you—though you are a man and not a god—when you are in the power of those who wound you? | When you speak, will you actually say, “I am a god,” before those that are killing you? But you are a human and not a god. | Wilt thou indeed say, I am God, before them that slay thee? whereas thou art man, and not God. |
| Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. | You will die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of foreigners; for I have spoken, declares the Sovereign Lord.’” | By a multitude of the uncircumcised you shall perish, by the hands of foreigners, for I have spoken, says the Lord. | Thou shalt perish by the hands of strangers among the multitude of the uncircumcised: for I have spoken it, saith he Lord. |
As written these texts describe three different personalities with a similar delusion. Some would reduce that number to two personalities, connecting Lucifer and the prince of Tyre through Satan. Dr. David Jeremiah described this traditional interpretation in a blog post: “Who Is Lucifer in the Bible.”5 The Hebrew word translated Lucifer הֵילֵ֣ל (hêlēl) occurs only once in the Masoretic text.
According to Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance הֵילֵ֣ל (hêlēl) is derived from a root word הָלַל (hālal), which occurs many more times and would probably make a good word study. The first occurrence, for instance, is found in Genesis when Abram, out of fear for his own life, effectively pimped (Genesis 12:10-16) his wife Sarai to Pharaoh.
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Septuagint |
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Genesis 12:15 (Tanakh) |
Genesis 12:15 (NET) |
Genesis 12:15 (NETS) |
Genesis 12:15 (English Elpenor) |
| And the princes of Pharaoh saw her, and praised (וַיְהַֽלֲל֥וּ) her to Pharaoh; and the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s house. | When Pharaoh’s officials saw her, they praised (hālal, ויהללו) her to Pharaoh. So Abram’s wife was taken into the household of Pharaoh, | that then the rulers of Pharao saw her and praised (ἐπῄνεσαν) her to Pharao and brought her into Pharao’s house. | that the princes of Pharao saw her, and praised (ἐπῄνεσαν) her to Pharao and brought her into the house of Pharao. |
The Hebrew word הֵילֵ֣ל (hêlēl), translated Lucifer (Tanakh, KJV) and shining one (NET), was translated ἑωσφόρος in the Septuagint. There are no occurrences of ἑωσφόρος in the New Testament. There are two other occurrences in the Septuagint.
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Septuagint |
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Job 11:17 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Job 11:17 (NET) |
Job 11:17 (NETS) |
Job 11:17 (English Elpenor) |
| And thine age shall be clearer (יָק֣וּם) than the noonday: thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning (כַּבֹּ֥קֶר). | And life will be brighter (qûm, יקום) than the noonday; though there be darkness, it will be like the morning (bōqer, כבקר). | And your prayer will be as the morning star (ἑωσφόρος), and at midday life will dawn for you. | And thy prayer [shall be] as the morning star (ἑωσφόρος), and life shall arise to thee [as] from the noonday. |
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Septuagint |
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Job 38:12 (Tanakh/KJV) |
Job 38:12 (NET) |
Job 38:12 (NETS) |
Job 38:12 (English Elpenor) |
| Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring (הַשַּׁ֣חַר) to know his place; | Have you ever in your life commanded the morning, or made the dawn (šaḥar, השחר) know its place, | “Was it in your time that I instructed the morning light and that the morning star (ἑωσφόρος) saw its post, | Or did I order the morning light in thy time; and [did] the morning star (ἑωσφόρος) [then first] see his appointed place; |
“Lucifer is the Latin name for the morning appearances of the planet Venus,” according to the Wikipedia article titled “Lucifer”:
It corresponds to the Greek names Phosphorus Φωσφόρος, “light-bringer”, and Eosphorus Ἑωσφόρος, “dawn-bringer”. The entity’s Latin name was subsequently absorbed into Christianity as a name for the devil.
The Greek word φωσφόρος does occur once in the New Testament, probably not referring to the planet Venus or the devil (2 Peter 1:19 NET):
Moreover, we possess the prophetic word as an altogether reliable thing. You do well if you pay attention to this as you would to a light shining in a murky place, until the day dawns and the morning star (φωσφόρος) rises in your hearts.
I appreciate this study as a relatively concise course with several useful examples of the differences between the words used in Scripture and the interpretations of those words in translation and commentary. I’ll pick this up in another essay.
Tables comparing Isaiah 14:12; 14:13; 14:14; 14:15; 14:16; 14:17; Daniel 11:36; 11:45; Ezekiel 28:1; 28:2; 28:3; 28:4; 28:5; 28:6; 28:7; 28:8; 28:9; 28:10; Genesis 12:15; Job 11:17 and 38:12 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Isaiah 14:12; 14:13; 14:14; 14:15; 14:16; 14:17; Daniel 11:36; 11:45; Ezekiel 28:1; 28:2; 28:3; 28:4; 28:5; 28:6; 28:7; 28:8; 28:9; 28:10; Genesis 12:15; Job 11:17 and 38:12 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and a table comparing 2 Thessalonians 2:4 in the NET and KJV follow.
| How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! | How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! how art thou cut down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations! | “Look how you have fallen from the sky, O shining one, son of the dawn! You have been cut down to the ground, O conqueror of the nations! |
| πῶς ἐξέπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὁ ἑωσφόρος ὁ πρωὶ ἀνατέλλων συνετρίβη εἰς τὴν γῆν ὁ ἀποστέλλων πρὸς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη | πῶς ἐξέπεσεν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὁ ἑωσφόρος ὁ πρωΐ ἀνατέλλων; συνετρίβη εἰς τὴν γῆν ὁ ἀποστέλλων πρὸς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη |
| How is fallen from heaven the Day Star, which used to rise early in the morning! He has been crushed into the earth who used to send light to all the nations! | How has Lucifer, that rose in the morning, fallen from heaven! He that sent [orders] to all the nations is crushed to the earth. |
| For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: | For thou hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: | You said to yourself, ‘I will climb up to the sky. Above the stars of El I will set up my throne. I will rule on the mountain of assembly on the remote slopes of Zaphon. |
| σὺ δὲ εἶπας ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ σου εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβήσομαι ἐπάνω τῶν ἄστρων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ θήσω τὸν θρόνον μου καθιῶ ἐν ὄρει ὑψηλῷ ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη τὰ ὑψηλὰ τὰ πρὸς βορρᾶν | σὺ δὲ εἶπας ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ σου· εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναβήσομαι, ἐπάνω τῶν ἀστέρων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ θήσω τὸν θρόνον μου, καθιῶ ἐν ὄρει ὑψηλῷ, ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη τὰ ὑψηλὰ τὰ πρὸς Βορρᾶν, |
| You said in your mind, “I will ascend to heaven; I will set my throne above the stars of God; I will sit on a lofty mountain, upon the lofty mountains toward the north; | But thou saidst in thine heart, I will go up to heaven, I will set my throne above the stars of heaven: I will sit on a lofty mount, on the lofty mountains toward the north: |
| I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. | I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. | I will climb up to the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High!’ |
| ἀναβήσομαι ἐπάνω τῶν νεφελῶν ἔσομαι ὅμοιος τῷ ὑψίστῳ | ἀναβήσομαι ἐπάνω τῶν νεφῶν, ἔσομαι ὅμοιος τῷ ῾Υψίστῳ |
| I will ascend above the clouds; I will be like the Most High.” | I will go up above the clouds: I will be like the Most High. |
| Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. | Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. | But you were brought down to Sheol, to the remote slopes of the Pit. |
| νῦν δὲ εἰς ᾅδου καταβήσῃ καὶ εἰς τὰ θεμέλια τῆς γῆς | νῦν δὲ εἰς ᾅδην καταβήσῃ καὶ εἰς τὰ θεμέλια τῆς γῆς |
| But now you will descend into Hades and into the foundations of the earth. | But now thou shalt go down to hell, even to the foundations of the earth. |
| They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; | They that see thee shall narrowly look upon thee, and consider thee, saying, Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; | Those who see you stare at you, they look at you carefully, thinking: ‘Is this the man who shook the earth, the one who made kingdoms tremble? |
| οἱ ἰδόντες σε θαυμάσουσιν ἐπὶ σοὶ καὶ ἐροῦσιν οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ παροξύνων τὴν γῆν σείων βασιλεῖς | οἱ ἰδόντες σε θαυμάσονται ἐπὶ σοὶ καὶ ἐροῦσιν· οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ παροξύνων τὴν γῆν, ὁ σείων βασιλεῖς |
| Those who see you will marvel at you and say: “Is this the man who troubles the earth, shaking kings?” | They that see thee shall wonder at thee, and say, This is the man that troubled the earth, that made kings to shake; |
| That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners? | That made the world as a wilderness, and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners? | Is this the one who made the world like a wilderness, who ruined its cities and refused to free his prisoners so they could return home?’ |
| ὁ θεὶς τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην ἔρημον καὶ τὰς πόλεις καθεῖλεν τοὺς ἐν ἐπαγωγῇ οὐκ ἔλυσεν | ὁ θεὶς τὴν οἰκουμένην ὅλην ἔρημον καὶ τὰς πόλεις αὐτοῦ καθεῖλε, τοὺς ἐν ἐπαγωγῇ οὐκ ἔλυσε |
| The one who made the whole world desolate and overthrew the cities has not released those who are in misery. | that made the whole world desolate, and destroyed its cities; he loosed not those who were in captivity. |
| And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. | And the king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvellous things against the God of gods, and shall prosper till the indignation be accomplished: for that that is determined shall be done. | “Then the king will do as he pleases. He will exalt and magnify himself above every deity, and he will utter presumptuous things against the God of gods. He will succeed until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been decreed must occur. |
| καὶ ποιήσει κατὰ τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑψωθήσεται ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ μεγαλυνθήσεται ἐπὶ πάντα θεὸν καὶ λαλήσει ὑπέρογκα καὶ κατευθυνεῖ μέχρις οὗ συντελεσθῇ ἡ ὀργή εἰς γὰρ συντέλειαν γίνεται | καὶ ποιήσει κατὰ τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ὑψωθήσεται καὶ μεγαλυνθήσεται ἐπὶ πάντα θεὸν καὶ λαλήσει ὑπέρογκα καὶ κατευθυνεῖ, μέχρις οὗ συντελεσθῇ ἡ ὀργή, εἰς γὰρ συντέλειαν γίνεται |
| the king will act according to his will. And he will be enraged and will be exalted over every god and will speak strange things against the God of gods. And he will succeed until the wrath is completed, for completion pertaining to him is coming. | And he shall do according to his will, and the king shall exalt and magnify himself against every god, and shall speak great swelling words, and shall prosper until the indignation shall be accomplished: for it is coming to an end. |
| And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him. | And he shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none shall help him. | He will pitch his royal tents between the seas toward the beautiful holy mountain. But he will come to his end, with no one to help him. |
| καὶ πήξει τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ εφαδανω ἀνὰ μέσον τῶν θαλασσῶν εἰς ὄρος σαβι ἅγιον καὶ ἥξει ἕως μέρους αὐτοῦ καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ῥυόμενος αὐτόν | καὶ πήξει τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ ἐφαδανῶ ἀναμέσον τῶν θαλασσῶν, εἰς ὄρος σαβεὶ ἅγιον· καὶ ἥξει ἕως μέρους αὐτοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ ρυόμενος αὐτόν |
| And he will set up his tent then between the seas and the mountain of the will of the holy one. And the hour of his consummation will come, and there will be no one who helps him. | And he shall pitch the tabernacle of his palace between the seas in the holy mountain of beauty: [but] he shall come to his portion, and there is none to deliver him. |
| The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, | The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying, | The Lord’s message came to me: |
| καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος κυρίου πρός με λέγων | ΚΑΙ ἐγένετο λόγος Κυρίου πρός με λέγων· |
| And a word of the Lord came to me, saying: | And the word of the Lord came to me, saying, |
| Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God: | Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God: | “Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘Your heart is proud and you said, “I am a god; I sit in the seat of gods, in the heart of the seas”—yet you are a man and not a god, though you think you are godlike. |
| καὶ σύ υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου εἰπὸν τῷ ἄρχοντι Τύρου τάδε λέγει κύριος ἀνθ᾽ ὧν ὑψώθη σου ἡ καρδία καὶ εἶπας θεός εἰμι ἐγώ κατοικίαν θεοῦ κατῴκηκα ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης σὺ δὲ εἶ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐ θεὸς καὶ ἔδωκας τὴν καρδίαν σου ὡς καρδίαν θεοῦ | καὶ σὺ υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου, εἰπὸν τῷ ἄρχοντι Τύρου· τάδε λέγει Κύριος· ἀνθ’ ὧν ὑψώθη σου ἡ καρδία, καὶ εἶπας· θεός εἰμι ἐγώ, κατοικίαν θεοῦ κατῴκησα ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης, σὺ δὲ εἶ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐ Θεός, καὶ ἔδωκας τὴν καρδίαν σου ὡς καρδίαν Θεοῦ |
| And you, son of man, say to the ruler of Tyre, This is what the Lord says: Because your heart was exalted and you said, “I am a god; I have inhabited a habitation of a god in the heart of the sea,” yet you are human and not a god, and you rendered your heart as a god’s heart. | And thou, son of man, say to the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord; Because thine heart has been exalted, and thou hast said, I am God, I have inhabited the dwelling of God in the heart of the sea; yet thou art man and not God, though thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God: |
| Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee: | Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee: | Look, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you. |
| μὴ σοφώτερος εἶ σὺ τοῦ Δανιηλ σοφοὶ οὐκ ἐπαίδευσάν σε τῇ ἐπιστήμῃ αὐτῶν | μὴ σοφώτερος εἶ σὺ τοῦ Δανιήλ; ἢ σοφοὶ οὐκ ἐπαίδευσάν σε τῇ ἐπιστήμη αὐτῶν |
| Surely, you are not wiser than Daniel? Or did wise ones not discipline you with their knowledge? | art thou wiser than Daniel? or have not the wise instructed thee with their knowledge? |
| With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures: | With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures: | By your wisdom and understanding you have gained wealth for yourself; you have amassed gold and silver in your treasuries. |
| μὴ ἐν τῇ ἐπιστήμῃ σου ἢ ἐν τῇ φρονήσει σου ἐποίησας σεαυτῷ δύναμιν καὶ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον ἐν τοῖς θησαυροῖς σου | μὴ ἐν τῇ ἐπιστήμῃ σου ἢ τῇ φρονήσει σου ἐποίησας σεαυτῷ δύναμιν καὶ χρυσίον καὶ ἀργύριον ἐν τοῖς θησαυροῖς σου |
| Surely, by your knowledge and by your prudence you did not make for yourself power, both gold and silver in your treasuries? | Hast thou gained power for thyself by thine [own] knowledge or thine [own] prudence, and [gotten] gold and silver in thy treasures? |
| By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches: | By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches: | By your great skill in trade you have increased your wealth, and your heart is proud because of your wealth. |
| ἐν τῇ πολλῇ ἐπιστήμῃ σου καὶ ἐμπορίᾳ σου ἐπλήθυνας δύναμίν σου ὑψώθη ἡ καρδία σου ἐν τῇ δυνάμει σου | ἐν τῇ πολλῇ ἐπιστήμῃ σου καὶ ἐμπορίᾳ σου ἐπλήθυνας δύναμίν σου, ὑψώθη ἡ καρδία σου ἐν τῇ δυνάμει σου |
| Or by your great knowledge and commerce did you multiply your power? Was your heart exalted by your power? | By thy abundant knowledge and thy traffic thou hast multiplied thy power; thy heart has been lifted up by thy power. |
| Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; | Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; | “‘Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you think you are godlike, |
| διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει κύριος ἐπειδὴ δέδωκας τὴν καρδίαν σου ὡς καρδίαν θεοῦ | διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει Κύριος· ἐπειδὴ δέδωκας τὴν καρδίαν σου ὡς καρδίαν Θεοῦ |
| Therefore this is what the Lord says: Since you have rendered your heart as a god’s heart, | Therefore thus saith the Lord; Since thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God; |
| Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness. | Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness. | I am about to bring foreigners against you, the most terrifying of nations. They will draw their swords against the grandeur made by your wisdom, and they will defile your splendor. |
| ἀντὶ τούτου ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐπάγω ἐπὶ σὲ ἀλλοτρίους λοιμοὺς ἀπὸ ἐθνῶν καὶ ἐκκενώσουσιν τὰς μαχαίρας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ σὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ κάλλος τῆς ἐπιστήμης σου καὶ στρώσουσιν τὸ κάλλος σου εἰς ἀπώλειαν | ἀντὶ τούτου ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐπάγω ἐπὶ σὲ ἀλλοτρίους λοιμοὺς ἀπὸ ἐθνῶν, καὶ ἐκκενώσουσι τὰς μαχαίρας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ σὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ κάλλος τῆς ἐπιστήμης σου καὶ στρώσουσι τὸ κάλλος σου εἰς ἀπώλειαν |
| therefore, behold, I am bringing against you foreign pests from the nations, and they shall unsheathe their daggers against you and against the beauty of your knowledge and wound your beauty unto destruction. | because of this, behold, I [will] bring on thee strange plagues from the nations; and they shall draw their swords against thee, and against the beauty of thy knowledge, (8) and they shall bring down thy beauty to destruction. |
| They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas. | They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas. | They will bring you down to the Pit, and you will die violently in the heart of the seas. |
| καὶ καταβιβάσουσίν σε καὶ ἀποθανῇ θανάτῳ τραυματιῶν ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης | καὶ καταβιβάσουσί σε, καὶ ἀποθανῇ θανάτῳ τραυματιῶν ἐν καρδίᾳ θαλάσσης |
| And they shall bring you down, and you shall die by the death of the wounded in the heart of the sea. | And they shall bring thee down; and thou shalt die the death of the slain in the heart of the sea. |
| Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee. | Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee. | Will you still say, “I am a god,” before the one who kills you—though you are a man and not a god—when you are in the power of those who wound you? |
| μὴ λέγων ἐρεῖς θεός εἰμι ἐγώ ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀναιρούντων σε σὺ δὲ εἶ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐ θεός ἐν πλήθει [28:10a in the NETS and Elpenor] | μὴ λέγων ἐρεῖς· Θεός εἰμι ἐγώ, ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀναιρούντων σε; σὺ δὲ εἶ ἄνθρωπος καὶ οὐ Θεός |
| When you speak, will you actually say, “I am a god,” before those that are killing you? But you are a human and not a god. | Wilt thou indeed say, I am God, before them that slay thee? whereas thou art man, and not God. |
| Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. | Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD. | You will die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of foreigners; for I have spoken, declares the Sovereign Lord.’” |
| (9b) ἐν πλήθει (10) ἀπεριτμήτων ἀπολῇ ἐν χερσὶν ἀλλοτρίων ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐλάλησα λέγει κύριος | ἐν πλήθει ἀπεριτμήτων ἀπολῇ ἐν χερσὶν ἀλλοτρίων, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἐλάλησα, λέγει Κύριος |
| By a multitude of the uncircumcised you shall perish, by the hands of foreigners, for I have spoken, says the Lord. | Thou shalt perish by the hands of strangers among the multitude of the uncircumcised: for I have spoken it, saith he Lord. |
| And the princes of Pharaoh saw her, and praised her to Pharaoh; and the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s house. | The princes also of Pharaoh saw her, and commended her before Pharaoh: and the woman was taken into Pharaoh’s house. | When Pharaoh’s officials saw her, they praised her to Pharaoh. So Abram’s wife was taken into the household of Pharaoh, |
| καὶ εἶδον αὐτὴν οἱ ἄρχοντες Φαραω καὶ ἐπῄνεσαν αὐτὴν πρὸς Φαραω καὶ εἰσήγαγον αὐτὴν εἰς τὸν οἶκον Φαραω | καὶ εἶδον αὐτὴν οἱ ἄρχοντες Φαραὼ καὶ ἐπῄνεσαν αὐτὴν πρὸς Φαραὼ καὶ εἰσήγαγον αὐτὴν εἰς τὸν οἶκον Φαραώ· |
| that then the rulers of Pharao saw her and praised her to Pharao and brought her into Pharao’s house. | that the princes of Pharao saw her, and praised her to Pharao and brought her into the house of Pharao. |
| And thine age shall be clearer than the noonday: thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning. | And thine age shall be clearer than the noonday; thou shalt shine forth, thou shalt be as the morning. | And life will be brighter than the noonday; though there be darkness, it will be like the morning. |
| ἡ δὲ εὐχή σου ὥσπερ ἑωσφόρος ἐκ δὲ μεσημβρίας ἀνατελεῖ σοι ζωή | ἡ δὲ εὐχή σου ὥσπερ ἑωσφόρος, ἐκ δὲ μεσημβρίας ἀνατελεῖ σοι ζωή· |
| And your prayer will be as the morning star, and at midday life will dawn for you. | And thy prayer [shall be] as the morning star, and life shall arise to thee [as] from the noonday. |
| Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring to know his place; | Hast thou commanded the morning since thy days; and caused the dayspring to know his place; | Have you ever in your life commanded the morning, or made the dawn know its place, |
| ἦ ἐπὶ σοῦ συντέταχα φέγγος πρωινόν ἑωσφόρος δὲ εἶδεν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τάξιν | ἦ ἐπὶ σοῦ συντέταχα φέγγος πρωϊνόν; ἑωσφόρος δὲ εἶδε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ τάξιν |
| “Was it in your time that I instructed the morning light and that the morning star saw its post, | Or did I order the morning light in thy time; and [did] the morning star [then first] see his appointed place; |
|
2 Thessalonians 2:4 (KJV) |
|
| He opposes and exalts himself above every so-called god or object of worship, and as a result he takes his seat in God’s temple, displaying himself as God. | Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God. |
| ὁ ἀντικείμενος καὶ ὑπεραιρόμενος ἐπὶ πάντα λεγόμενον θεὸν ἢ σέβασμα, ὥστε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ καθίσαι ἀποδεικνύντα ἑαυτὸν ὅτι ἔστιν θεός | ο αντικειμενος και υπεραιρομενος επι παντα λεγομενον θεον η σεβασμα ωστε αυτον εις τον ναον του θεου ως θεον καθισαι αποδεικνυντα εαυτον οτι εστιν θεος | ο αντικειμενος και υπεραιρομενος επι παντα λεγομενον θεον η σεβασμα ωστε αυτον εις τον ναον του θεου ως θεον καθισαι αποδεικνυντα εαυτον οτι εστιν θεος |
1 2 Thessalonians 2:3 (NET)
3 Mark 8:15b (NET)
4 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ως θεον (KJV: as God) here. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.
5 Rachel Schmoyer provided some personal insight into the connection between the King of Tyre and Satan in her blog post, “Who is the King of Tyre? Ezekiel 28.”
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