Isaiah 53:10-12, Part 2

To add נַפְשׁ֔וֹ (nephesh), translated his soul (Tanakh, KJV) or his life (NET note 28), to my consideration I must include the next clause as well.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 53:10bc (Tanakh) Table Isaiah 53:10bc (NET) Isaiah 53:10bc (NETS)

Isaiah 53:10bc (Elpenor English)

when thou shalt make his soul (נַפְשׁ֔וֹ) an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, once restitution is made [NET note 28: if you/she makes, a reparation offering, his life (nephesh, נפשו)], he will see descendants and enjoy long life, If you offer for sin, you (ψυχὴ ὑμῶν) shall see a long-lived offspring. If ye can give an offering for sin, your soul (ψυχὴ ὑμῶν) shall see a long-lived seed:

The rabbis’ choice of the Greek word ψυχὴ in the Septuagint supports the originality of some form of נַפְשׁ֔וֹ (nephesh) here.  But ὑμῶν (a form of ὑμεῖς) translates as your soul rather than his soul or his life.  And in English translation ψυχὴ ὑμῶν (your soul) is the subject of the next clause rather than the direct object of the previous one.  If the rabbis had understood נַפְשׁ֔וֹ (nephesh) as a direct object one would have expected ψυχήν in the accusative case in Greek.

I only brought up the English translation of the Septuagint because the very next word ὄψεται is a 3rd person singular form of ὁράω, and not the 2nd person plural form ὄψεσθε one would expect.  In other words ὄψεται is in complete agreement with the English translations—he shall see (Tanakh, KJV), he will see (NET)—of the very next word in the Masoretic text יִרְאֶ֥ה (ra’ah).  The English translations of the Septuagint do not reveal this disagreement between subject—your soul—and predicate—[he, she, it] shall see.

I made a table below of those occurrences of נֶפֶשׁ (nephesh) in Genesis through Deuteronomy plus Isaiah which were translated from the Masoretic text with a personal pronoun into English.  My method was haphazard enough at times that I hesitate to claim that this list is exhaustive even in the limited scope mentioned above.  It is representative.  A subset of that table follows, including only those occurrences translated with the 3rd person singular pronoun in the Tanakh or NET (found often only in the notes of the NET).

Reference Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Isaiah 53:10 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his life [note 28] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Genesis 34:3 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his soul [note 5] ψυχῇ Δινας ψυχῇ Δείνας
Genesis 34:8 נַפְשׁוֹ֙ The soul his soul [note 19] ψυχῇ ψυχῇ
Genesis 35:18 נַפְשָׁהּ֙ her soul her life [note 37] ψυχήν ψυχήν[1]
Genesis 37:21 נָֽפֶשׁ his life his life ψυχήν ψυχήν[2]
Genesis 42:21 נַפְשׁ֛וֹ his soul his soul [note 45] ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Genesis 44:30 וְנַפְשׁ֖וֹ his soul his very life ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
בְנַפְשֽׁוֹ the lad’s soul his son’s life τῆς τούτου ψυχῆς τῆς τούτου ψυχῆς
Exodus 21:30 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his life his life ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Exodus 30:12 נַפְשׁ֛וֹ his soul his life ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Numbers 30:2 (30:3) נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul himself ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Numbers 30:4 (30:5) נַפְשָׁ֔הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:5 (30:6) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:6 (30:7) נַפְשָֽׁהּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:7 (30:8) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:8 (30:9) נַפְשָׁ֑הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:9 (30:10) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:10 (30:11) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:11 (30:12) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:12 (30:13) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul n/a ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Deuteronomy 18:6 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his soul [note 9][3] ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 5:14 נַפְשָׁ֔הּ herself its throat ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 15:4 נַפְשׁ֖וֹ his life his inner being [note 7] ψυχὴ αὐτῆς ψυχὴ αὐτῆς
Isaiah 29:8 נַפְשׁוֹ֒ his soul his stomach n/a n/a
וְנַפְשׁ֖וֹ his soul his thirst ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 44:20 נַפְשׁוֹ֙ his soul himself ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 53:11 נַפְשׁוֹ֙ his soul n/a ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 53:12 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his life [note 36] ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 58:5 נַפְשׁ֑וֹ his soul Himself [note 10] ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ

In general נפשו was translated his soul/life and נפשה her soul/life.  I’ll consider the exceptions below.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Genesis 34:3 (Tanakh) Genesis 34:3 (NET) Genesis 34:3 (NETS)

Genesis 34:3 (Elpenor English)

And his soul (נַפְשׁ֔וֹ) did cleave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spoke comfortingly unto the damsel. Then he (nephesh, נפשו) became very attached to Dinah, Jacob’s daughter.  He fell in love with the young woman and spoke romantically to her. And he attended to the person (ψυχῇ) of Dina (Δινας) the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the maiden and spoke with her according to the maiden’s mind. And he was attached to the soul (ψυχῇ) of Dina (Δείνας) the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and he spoke kindly to the damsel.

The rabbis who translated the Septuagint understood נַפְשׁ֔וֹ (nephesh) here as Dinah’s soul (BLB: ψυχῇ Δινας; Elpenor: ψυχῇ Δείνας) rather than Shechem’s soul.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Genesis 34:8 (Tanakh) Genesis 34:8 (NET) Genesis 34:8 (NETS)

Genesis 34:8 (Elpenor English)

And Hamor spoke with them, saying ‘The soul (נַפְשׁוֹ֙) of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter.  I pray you give her unto him to wife. But Hamor made this appeal to them: “My son Shechem is in love with your daughter [NET note 19: Shechem my son, his soul (nephesh, נפשו) is attached to your daughter].  Please give her to him as his wife. And Hennor spoke with them, saying, “My son Sychem has selected your daughter with his soul (ψυχῇ); give her to him as a wife. And Emmor spoke to them, saying, Sychem my son has chosen in his heart (ψυχῇ) your daughter; give her therefore to him for a wife,

Did the Masoretes change נפשה to נפשו in verse 3 to conform to Hamor’s statement about his son’s soul in verse 8?  Or did the rabbis who translated the Septuagint make a theological judgment call here?  It is one thing for Hamor to say that the soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter, and quite another for the Holy Spirit (in the narrative portion of the text) to confirm that his soul did cleave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob after he had raped her.  Frankly, I don’t know.  I try to keep both possibilities in mind.  The NETS translation—“and spoke with her according to the maiden’s mind”—appears to be a more accurate translation of the Greek—καὶ ἐλάλησε(ν) κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ—than the English Elpenor—and he spoke kindly to the damsel.

There is a similar issue in Isaiah.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 15:4 (Tanakh) Isaiah 15:4 (NET) Isaiah 15:4 (NETS)

Isaiah 15:4 (Elpenor English)

And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh: their voice shall be heard even unto Jahaz: therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall cry out; his life (נַפְשׁ֖וֹ) shall be grievous unto him. The people of Heshbon and Elealeh cry out; their voices are heard as far away as Jahaz.  For this reason Moab’s soldiers shout in distress; their courage wavers [NET note 7: his inner being (nephesh, נפשו) quivers for him]. Because Hesebon and Eleale have cried out, her voice is heard as far as Iassa; therefore the loins of Moabitis cry aloud; her (αὐτῆς) soul (ψυχὴ) will know. For Esebon and Eleale have cried: their voice was heard to Jassa: therefore the loins of the region of Moab cry aloud; her (αὐτῆς) soul (ψυχὴ) shall know.

So again, did the Masoretes change נפשה to נפשו to fit better with the armed soldiers of Moab?  Or did the rabbis translate נפשו ψυχὴ αὐτῆς because they interpreted this as a reference to all in Moab?[4]  Again, I don’t know how to tell in isolation like this, but now I have two occurrences where the rabbis who translated the Septuagint may have translated נפשו with feminine associations.  Given the limited scope of my investigation that could be telling.

Here is the opposite issue.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 5:14 (Tanakh) Isaiah 5:14 (NET) Isaiah 5:14 (NETS)

Isaiah 5:14 (Elpenor English)

Therefore hell hath enlarged herself (נַפְשָׁ֔הּ), and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it. So Death will open up its throat (nephesh, נפשה), and open wide its mouth; Zion’s dignitaries and masses will descend into it, including those who revel and celebrate within her. And Hades has enlarged its (αὐτοῦ) appetite (ψυχὴν) and opened its mouth without ceasing; and her glorious ones and her great and her rich and her pestilent shall go down. Therefore hell has enlarged its (αὐτοῦ) desire (ψυχὴν) and opened its mouth without ceasing: and her glorious and great, and her rich and her pestilent men shall go down [into it].

Here it seems all too obvious that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint changed the pronoun to αὐτοῦ (a masculine/neuter form of αὐτός) because ᾅδης (NETS: Hades; English Elpenor: hell) is masculine in Greek.  I think the English translation its (though a legitimate rendering of αὐτοῦ) stems from a more modern sensibility which denies hell, death or Hades a masculine or feminine soul/life.  That English translation may or may not reflect what the rabbis had in mind, not to mention the Holy Spirit.

The main issue in Isaiah 53:10, however, is not the gender of the 3rd person pronoun employed to translate נפשו (nephesh).  Rather, in the Septuagint נפשו (nephesh) was translated with a 2nd person plural pronoun.  So I made another table below that listed the 2nd person occurrences from my original limited set.  Again, it is probably representative rather than exhaustive.  To my eye נפשך seemed most similar to נפשו.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Genesis 27:31 (Tanakh) Genesis 27:31 (NET) Genesis 27:31 (NETS)

Genesis 27:31 (Elpenor English)

And he also made savoury food, and brought it unto his father; and he said unto his father: ‘Let my father arise, and eat of his son’s venison, that thy soul (נַפְשֶֽׁךָ) may bless me.’ He also prepared some tasty food and brought it to his father.  Esau said to him, “My father, get up and eat some of your son’s wild game.  Then you can bless me [NET note 61: so that your soul (nephesh, נפשך) may bless me].” And he too prepared victuals and presented them to his father and said to his father, “Let my father rise and eat of his son’s game, so that your (σου) soul (ψυχή) may bless me.” And he also had made meats and brought them to his father; and he said to his father, Let my father arise and eat of his son’s venison, that thy (σου) soul (ψυχή) may bless me.

The Hebrew word נפשך (nephesh), however, was never translated ψυχὴ ὑμῶν in the tables I’d created.  So I worked backwards, found that נפשכם was translated ψυχὴ ὑμῶν and made the table below.

Reference Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Isaiah 53:10 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his life [note 28] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Leviticus 26:15 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul n/a ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 11:13 נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 11:18 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul your…being ψυχὴν ὑμῶν ψυχὴν ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 13:3 (13:4) נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your…being ψυχῆς ὑμῶν ψυχῆς ὑμῶν
Isaiah 55:2 נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your appetite [note 8] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Isaiah 55:3 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul you ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν

Here, in more detail, is the first example that was also translated ψυχὴ ὑμῶν.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Leviticus 26:15 (Tanakh) Leviticus 26:15 (NET) Leviticus 26:15 (NETS)

Leviticus 26:15 (Elpenor English)

and if ye shall reject My statutes, and if your soul (נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם) abhor Mine ordinances, so that ye will not do all My commandments, but break My covenant; if you reject my statutes and abhor my regulations so that you do not keep all my commandments and you break my covenant— but refuse to comply with them, and your (ὑμῶν) soul (ψυχὴ) be angered by my judgments so that you do not carry out all my commandments so that you scatter my covenant to the wind, but disobey them, and your (ὑμῶν) soul (ψυχὴ) should loathe my judgments, so that ye should not keep all my commands, so as to break my covenant,

So did the Masoretes change נפשכם to נפשו to match the next verses better?

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 53:11, 12 (Tanakh) Isaiah 53:11, 12 (NET) Isaiah 53:11, 12 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:11, 12 (Elpenor English)

He shall see of the travail of his soul (נַפְשׁוֹ֙), and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities [Table]. Having suffered, he will reflect on his work, he will be satisfied when he understands what he has done.  “My servant will acquit many, for he carried their sins from the pain of his (αὐτοῦ) soul (ψυχῆς), to show him light and fill him with understanding, to justify a righteous one who is well subject to many, and he himself shall bear their sins [Table]. the travail of his (αὐτοῦ) soul (ψυχῆς), to shew him light, and to form [him] with understanding; to justify the just one who serves many well; and he shall bear their sins.
Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul (נַפְשׁ֔וֹ) unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors [Table]. So I will assign him a portion with the multitudes, he will divide the spoils of victory with the powerful, because he willingly submitted [NET note 36: because he laid bare his life (nephesh, נפשו)] to death and was numbered with the rebels, when he lifted up the sin of many and intervened on behalf of the rebels.” Therefore he shall inherit many, and he shall divide the spoils of the strong, because his (αὐτοῦ) soul (ψυχὴ) was given over to death, and he was reckoned among the lawless, and he bore the sins of many, and because of their sins he was given over [Table]. Therefore he shall inherit many, and he shall divide the spoils of the mighty; because his (αὐτοῦ) soul (ψυχὴ) was delivered to death: and he was numbered among the transgressors; and he bore the sins of many, and was delivered because of their iniquities.

Frankly, I would be more convinced, perhaps completely persuaded, if ὄψεσθε, the 2nd person plural form of ὁράω, had followed ψυχὴ ὑμῶν in Isaiah 53:10 rather than ὄψεται, the 3rd person singular form.  I don’t read this as a mistake.  The rabbis who translated the Septuagint knew Koine Greek better than I do.  I read this as their scruple not to alter the original text any more than they felt was absolutely necessary, even at the expense of good Koine Greek.

I’ll conclude this essay with Jesus’ understanding (Matthew 20:25-28 NET):

You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, and those in high positions use their authority over them.  It must not be this way among you!  Instead whoever wants to be great among you must be[5] your servant [Table], and whoever wants to be first among you must be[6] your slave—just as the Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve, and to give his life (ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ) as a ransom for many.

The phrase and to give his life (καὶ δοῦναι τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ) is so much more than a poetic allusion to Jesus’ death.  His death is only the beginning of his soul/life: I tell you the solemn truth, He told his disciples, unless a kernel of wheat falls into the ground and dies, it remains by itself alone.  But if it dies, it produces much grain.[7]  And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself.[8]

If I’ve learned anything from this exercise it is this: when the soul/life in question is God’s, I should think of it as functionally equivalent to αἰώνιος ζωὴ (eternal life).  Jesus lived, walked, was led by the Holy Spirit.  He, as a human being, was filled continuously with God’s own love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control.  His soul/life is “the absolute and unequivocal denial of the probability of [the desires of the flesh] EVER OCCURING at any moment or time in the future.”[9]  This is what He gave as a ransom for many; namely, for all and to all who take Him at his word.

The tables mentioned above follow.

Reference Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Isaiah 53:10 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his life [note 28] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Genesis 12:13 נַפְשִׁ֖י my soul my life ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Genesis 19:17 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ thy life your lives σεαυτοῦ ψυχήν σεαυτοῦ ψυχήν
Genesis 19:19 נַפְשִׁ֑י my life my life ψυχήν μου ψυχήν μου
Genesis 19:20 נַפְשִֽׁי my soul my soul [note 61] ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Genesis 27:4 נַפְשִׁ֖י my soul my soul [note 10] ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Genesis 27:19 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your soul [note 34] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Genesis 19:25 נַפְשִׁ֑י my soul my soul [note 45] ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Genesis 27:31 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your soul [note 61] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Genesis 32:30 (32:31) נַפְשִֽׁי my life my soul [note 79] μου ἡ ψυχή μου ἡ ψυχή
Genesis 34:3 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his soul [note 5] ψυχῇ Δινας ψυχῇ Δείνας
Genesis 34:8 נַפְשׁוֹ֙ The soul his soul [note 19] ψυχῇ ψυχῇ
Genesis 35:18 נַפְשָׁהּ֙ her soul her life [note 37] ψυχήν ψυχήν
Genesis 37:21 נָֽפֶשׁ his life his life ψυχήν ψυχήν
Genesis 42:21 נַפְשׁ֛וֹ his soul his soul [note 45] ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Genesis 44:30 וְנַפְשׁ֖וֹ his soul his very life ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
בְנַפְשֽׁוֹ the lad’s soul his son’s life τῆς τούτου ψυχῆς τῆς τούτου ψυχῆς
Genesis 49:6 נַפְשִׁ֔י my soul my soul ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Exodus 4:19 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy life your life ψυχήν ψυχήν[10]
Exodus 15:9 נַפְשִׁ֔י my lust my desire ψυχήν μου ψυχήν μου
Exodus 21:30 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his life his life ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Exodus 30:12 נַפְשׁ֛וֹ his soul his life ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Exodus 30:15 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם your souls your lives ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν
Exodus 30:16 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם your souls your lives ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν
Leviticus 11:43 נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם yourselves yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 11:44 נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם yourselves yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 16:29 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֗ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 16:31 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 17:11 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls your lives ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν
Leviticus 20:25 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֜ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 23:27 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 23:32 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 26:11 נַפְשִׁ֖י My soul my soul [note 19] ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Leviticus 26:15 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul n/a ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Leviticus 26:30 נַפְשִׁ֖י My soul my soul [note 51] ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Leviticus 26:43 נַפְשָֽׁם their soul their soul [note 73] ψυχῇ αὐτῶν ψυχῇ αὐτῶν
Numbers 11:6 נַפְשֵׁ֥נוּ our soul our souls [note 19] ψυχὴ ἡμῶν ψυχὴ ἡμῶν
Numbers 16:38 (17:3) בְּנַפְשֹׁתָ֗ם their lives their lives ψυχαῗς αὐτῶν ψυχαῗς αὐτῶν
Numbers 21:5 וְנַפְשֵׁ֣נוּ our soul our souls [note 12] ψυχὴ ἡμῶν ψυχὴ ἡμῶν
Numbers 23:10 נַפְשִׁי֙ me me ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Numbers 29:7 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Numbers 30:2 (30:3) נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul himself ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Numbers 30:4 (30:5) נַפְשָׁ֔הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:5 (30:6) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:6 (30:7) נַפְשָֽׁהּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:7 (30:8) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:8 (30:9) נַפְשָׁ֑הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:9 (30:10) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:10 (30:11) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:11 (30:12) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul herself ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 30:12 (30:13) נַפְשָׁ֖הּ her soul n/a ψυχῆς αὐτῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς
Numbers 31:50 נַפְשֹׁתֵ֖ינוּ our souls ourselves περὶ ἡμῶν περὶ ἡμῶν
Deuteronomy 4:9 נַפְשְׁךָ֜ thy soul your soul [note 13] ψυχήν σου ψυχήν σου
Deuteronomy 4:15 לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם yourselves your souls [note 23] ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 4:29 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…soul ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 6:5 נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 10:12 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 11:13 נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 11:18 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul your…being ψυχὴν ὑμῶν ψυχὴν ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 12:15 נַפְשְׁךָ֜ thy soul you ἐπιθυμίᾳ σου ἐπιθυμίᾳ σου
Deuteronomy 20:20 נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul my soul [note 29] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul your soul [note 30] ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 12:21 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul you ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 13:3 (13:4) נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your…being ψυχῆς ὑμῶν ψυχῆς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 13:6 (13:7) כְּנַפְשְׁךָ֖ thine own soul n/a ψυχῆς σου ψυχῇ σου
Deuteronomy 14:26 נַפְשְׁךָ֜ thy soul you ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ thy soul you ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Deuteronomy 18:6 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his soul [note 9] ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
Deuteronomy 26:16 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…soul ψυχῆς ὑμῶν ψυχῆς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 30:2 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 30:6 נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 30:10 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Isaiah 1:14 נַפְשִׁ֔י my soul I ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Isaiah 3:9 לְנַפְשָׁ֔ם their soul their soul [note 23] ψυχῇ αὐτῶν ψυχῇ αὐτῶν
Isaiah 5:14 נַפְשָׁ֔הּ herself its throat ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 15:4 נַפְשׁ֖וֹ his life his inner being [note 7] ψυχὴ αὐτῆς ψυχὴ αὐτῆς
Isaiah 26:8 (26:9) נָֽפֶשׁ our soul [our?] being [note 12] ψυχὴ ἡμῶν ψυχὴ ἡμῶν
Isaiah 26:9 נַפְשִׁ֚י my soul my soul [note 13] n/a n/a
Isaiah 29:8 נַפְשׁוֹ֒ his soul his stomach n/a n/a
וְנַפְשׁ֖וֹ his soul his thirst ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 38:15 נַפְשִֽׁי my soul my soul [note 27] ψυχῆς ψυχῆς[11]
Isaiah 38:17 נַפְשִׁי֙ my soul my soul [note 31] ψυχήν ψυχήν[12]
Isaiah 42:1 נַפְשִׁ֑י my soul I ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Isaiah 43:4 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy life your life κεφαλῆς σου κεφαλῆς σου
Isaiah 44:20 נַפְשׁוֹ֙ his soul himself ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 46:2 וְנַפְשָׁ֖ם themselves Their soul/life [note 6] αὐτοὶ αὐτοὶ
Isaiah 47:14 נַפְשָׁ֖ם themselves themselves ψυχὴν αὐτῶν ψυχὴν αὐτῶν
Isaiah 51:23 לְנַפְשֵׁ֖ךְ thy soul you ψυχῇ σου ψυχῇ σου
Isaiah 53:11 נַפְשׁוֹ֙ his soul n/a ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 53:12 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his life [note 36] ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 55:2 נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your appetite [note 8] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Isaiah 55:3 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul you ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Isaiah 58:3 נַפְשֵׁ֖נוּ our soul ourselves ψυχὰς ἡμῶν ψυχὰς ἡμῶν
Isaiah 58:5 נַפְשׁ֑וֹ his soul Himself [note 10] ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ
Isaiah 58:10 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ thy soul your being [note 24] ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Isaiah 58:11 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ thy soul your appetite [note 27] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Isaiah 61:10 נַפְשִׁי֙ my soul my being [note 26] ψυχή μου ψυχή μου
Isaiah 66:3 נַפְשָׁ֥ם their soul their being [note 10] ψυχὴ αὐτῶν ψυχὴ αὐτῶν
Reference Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Isaiah 53:10 נַפְשׁ֔וֹ his soul his life [note 28] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Genesis 19:17 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ thy life your lives σεαυτοῦ ψυχήν σεαυτοῦ ψυχήν
Genesis 27:19 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your soul [note 34] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Genesis 27:31 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your soul [note 61] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Exodus 4:19 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy life your life ψυχήν ψυχήν
Exodus 30:15 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם your souls your lives ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν
Exodus 30:16 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם your souls your lives ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν
Leviticus 11:43 נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם yourselves yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 11:44 נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם yourselves yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 16:29 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֗ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 16:31 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 17:11 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls your lives ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν
Leviticus 20:25 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֜ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 23:27 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 23:32 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Leviticus 26:15 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul n/a ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Numbers 29:7 נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם your souls yourselves ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 4:9 נַפְשְׁךָ֜ thy soul your soul [note 13] ψυχήν σου ψυχήν σου
Deuteronomy 4:15 לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם yourselves your souls [note 23] ψυχὰς ὑμῶν ψυχὰς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 4:29 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…soul ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 6:5 נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 10:12 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 11:13 נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 11:18 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul your…being ψυχὴν ὑμῶν ψυχὴν ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 12:15 נַפְשְׁךָ֜ thy soul you ἐπιθυμίᾳ σου ἐπιθυμίᾳ σου
Deuteronomy 20:20 נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul my soul [note 29] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul your soul [note 30] ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 12:21 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul you ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 13:3 (13:4) נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your…being ψυχῆς ὑμῶν ψυχῆς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 13:6 (13:7) כְּנַפְשְׁךָ֖ thine own soul n/a ψυχῆς σου ψυχῇ σου
Deuteronomy 14:26 נַפְשְׁךָ֜ thy soul you ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
נַפְשֶׁ֑ךָ thy soul you ψυχή σου ψυχή σου
Deuteronomy 26:16 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…soul ψυχῆς ὑμῶν ψυχῆς ὑμῶν
Deuteronomy 30:2 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 30:6 נַפְשְׁךָ֖ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Deuteronomy 30:10 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy soul your…being ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Isaiah 43:4 נַפְשֶֽׁךָ thy life your life κεφαλῆς σου κεφαλῆς σου
Isaiah 51:23 לְנַפְשֵׁ֖ךְ thy soul you ψυχῇ σου ψυχῇ σου
Isaiah 55:2 נַפְשְׁכֶֽם your soul your appetite [note 8] ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Isaiah 55:3 נַפְשְׁכֶ֑ם your soul you ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ψυχὴ ὑμῶν
Isaiah 58:10 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ thy soul your being [note 24] ψυχῆς σου ψυχῆς σου
Isaiah 58:11 נַפְשֶׁ֔ךָ thy soul your appetite [note 27] ψυχή σου ψυχή σου

Tables comparing Genesis 34:3; 34:8; Isaiah 15:4; 5:14; Genesis 27:31 and Leviticus 26:15 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing Genesis 34:3; 34:8; Isaiah 15:4; 5:14; Genesis 27:31 and Leviticus 26:15 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and a table comparing Matthew 20:27 in the NET and KJV follow.

Genesis 34:3 (Tanakh)

Genesis 34:3 (KJV)

Genesis 34:3 (NET)

And his soul did cleave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spoke comfortingly unto the damsel. And his soul clave unto Dinah the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and spake kindly unto the damsel. Then he became very attached to Dinah, Jacob’s daughter.  He fell in love with the young woman and spoke romantically to her.

Genesis 34:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 34:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ προσέσχεν τῇ ψυχῇ Δινας τῆς θυγατρὸς Ιακωβ καὶ ἠγάπησεν τὴν παρθένον καὶ ἐλάλησεν κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ καὶ προσέσχε τῇ ψυχῇ Δείνας τῆς θυγατρὸς ᾿Ιακὼβ καὶ ἠγάπησε τὴν παρθένον καὶ ἐλάλησε κατὰ τὴν διάνοιαν τῆς παρθένου αὐτῇ

Genesis 34:3 (NETS)

Genesis 34:3 (English Elpenor)

And he attended to the person of Dina the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the maiden and spoke with her according to the maiden’s mind. And he was attached to the soul of Dina the daughter of Jacob, and he loved the damsel, and he spoke kindly to the damsel.

Genesis 34:8 (Tanakh)

Genesis 34:8 (KJV)

Genesis 34:8 (NET)

And Hamor spoke with them, saying ‘The soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter.  I pray you give her unto him to wife. And Hamor communed with them, saying, The soul of my son Shechem longeth for your daughter: I pray you give her him to wife. But Hamor made this appeal to them: “My son Shechem is in love with your daughter.  Please give her to him as his wife.

Genesis 34:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 34:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐλάλησεν Εμμωρ αὐτοῗς λέγων Συχεμ ὁ υἱός μου προείλατο τῇ ψυχῇ τὴν θυγατέρα ὑμῶν δότε οὖν αὐτὴν αὐτῷ γυναῗκα καὶ ἐλάλησεν ᾿Εμμὼρ αὐτοῖς λέγων· Συχὲμ ὁ υἱός μου προείλετο τῇ ψυχῇ τὴν θυγατέρα ὑμῶν· δότε οὖν αὐτὴν αὐτῷ γυναῖκα

Genesis 34:8 (NETS)

Genesis 34:8 (English Elpenor)

And Hennor spoke with them, saying, “My son Sychem has selected your daughter with his soul; give her to him as a wife. And Emmor spoke to them, saying, Sychem my son has chosen in his heart your daughter; give her therefore to him for a wife,

Isaiah 15:4 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 15:4 (KJV)

Isaiah 15:4 (NET)

And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh: their voice shall be heard even unto Jahaz: therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall cry out; his life shall be grievous unto him. And Heshbon shall cry, and Elealeh: their voice shall be heard even unto Jahaz: therefore the armed soldiers of Moab shall cry out; his life shall be grievous unto him. The people of Heshbon and Elealeh cry out; their voices are heard as far away as Jahaz.  For this reason Moab’s soldiers shout in distress; their courage wavers.

Isaiah 15:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 15:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι κέκραγεν Εσεβων καὶ Ελεαλη ἕως Ιασσα ἠκούσθη ἡ φωνὴ αὐτῶν διὰ τοῦτο ἡ ὀσφὺς τῆς Μωαβίτιδος βοᾷ ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτῆς γνώσεται ὅτι κέκραγεν ᾿Εσεβὼν καὶ ᾿Ελεαλή, ἕως ᾿Ιασσὰ ἠκούσθη ἡ φωνὴ αὐτῶν· διὰ τοῦτο ἡ ὀσφὺς τῆς Μωαβίτιδος βοᾷ, ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτῆς γνώσεται

Isaiah 15:4 (NETS)

Isaiah 15:4 (English Elpenor)

Because Hesebon and Eleale have cried out, her voice is heard as far as Iassa; therefore the loins of Moabitis cry aloud; her soul will know. For Esebon and Eleale have cried: their voice was heard to Jassa: therefore the loins of the region of Moab cry aloud; her soul shall know.

Isaiah 5:14 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 5:14 (KJV)

Isaiah 5:14 (NET)

Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it. Therefore hell hath enlarged herself, and opened her mouth without measure: and their glory, and their multitude, and their pomp, and he that rejoiceth, shall descend into it. So Death will open up its throat, and open wide its mouth; Zion’s dignitaries and masses will descend into it, including those who revel and celebrate within her.

Isaiah 5:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 5:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐπλάτυνεν ὁ ᾅδης τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ διήνοιξεν τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ τοῦ μὴ διαλιπεῗν καὶ καταβήσονται οἱ ἔνδοξοι καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι καὶ οἱ πλούσιοι καὶ οἱ λοιμοὶ αὐτῆς καὶ ἐπλάτυνεν ὁ ᾅδης τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ διήνοιξε τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ τοῦ μὴ διαλιπεῖν, καὶ καταβήσονται οἱ ἔνδοξοι καὶ οἱ μεγάλοι καὶ οἱ πλούσιοι καὶ οἱ λοιμοὶ αὐτῆς

Isaiah 5:14 (NETS)

Isaiah 5:14 (English Elpenor)

And Hades has enlarged its appetite and opened its mouth without ceasing; and her glorious ones and her great and her rich and her pestilent shall go down. Therefore hell has enlarged its desire and opened its mouth without ceasing: and her glorious and great, and her rich and her pestilent men shall go down [into it].

Genesis 27:31 (Tanakh)

Genesis 27:31 (KJV)

Genesis 27:31 (NET)

And he also made savoury food, and brought it unto his father; and he said unto his father: ‘Let my father arise, and eat of his son’s venison, that thy soul may bless me.’ And he also had made savoury meat, and brought it unto his father, and said unto his father, Let my father arise, and eat of his son’s venison, that thy soul may bless me. He also prepared some tasty food and brought it to his father.  Esau said to him, “My father, get up and eat some of your son’s wild game.  Then you can bless me.”

Genesis 27:31 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 27:31 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐποίησεν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐδέσματα καὶ προσήνεγκεν τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν τῷ πατρί ἀναστήτω ὁ πατήρ μου καὶ φαγέτω τῆς θήρας τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ ὅπως εὐλογήσῃ με ἡ ψυχή σου καὶ ἐποίησε καὶ αὐτὸς ἐδέσματα καὶ προσήνεγκε τῷ πατρὶ αὐτοῦ. καὶ εἶπε τῷ πατρί· ἀναστήτω ὁ πατήρ μου καὶ φαγέτω ἀπὸ τῆς θήρας τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅπως εὐλογήσῃ με ἡ ψυχή σου

Genesis 27:31 (NETS)

Genesis 27:31 (English Elpenor)

And he too prepared victuals and presented them to his father and said to his father, “Let my father rise and eat of his son’s game, so that your soul may bless me.” And he also had made meats and brought them to his father; and he said to his father, Let my father arise and eat of his son’s venison, that thy soul may bless me.

Leviticus 26:15 (Tanakh)

Leviticus 26:15 (KJV)

Leviticus 26:15 (NET)

and if ye shall reject My statutes, and if your soul abhor Mine ordinances, so that ye will not do all My commandments, but break My covenant; And if ye shall despise my statutes, or if your soul abhor my judgments, so that ye will not do all my commandments, but that ye break my covenant: if you reject my statutes and abhor my regulations so that you do not keep all my commandments and you break my covenant—

Leviticus 26:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Leviticus 26:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀλλὰ ἀπειθήσητε αὐτοῗς καὶ τοῗς κρίμασίν μου προσοχθίσῃ ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ὥστε ὑμᾶς μὴ ποιεῗν πάσας τὰς ἐντολάς μου ὥστε διασκεδάσαι τὴν διαθήκην μου ἀλλὰ ἀπειθήσητε αὐτοῖς καὶ τοῖς κρίμασί μου προσοχθίσῃ ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν, ὥστε ὑμᾶς μὴ ποιεῖν πάσας τὰς ἐντολάς μου, ὥστε διασκεδάσαι τήν διαθήκην μου

Leviticus 26:15 (NETS)

Leviticus 26:15 (English Elpenor)

but refuse to comply with them, and your soul be angered by my judgments so that you do not carry out all my commandments so that you scatter my covenant to the wind, but disobey them, and your soul should loathe my judgments, so that ye should not keep all my commands, so as to break my covenant,

Matthew 20:27 (NET)

Matthew 20:27 (KJV)

and whoever wants to be first among you must be your slave— And whosoever will be chief among you, let him be your servant:

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

καὶ ὃς ἂν θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν εἶναι πρῶτος ἔσται ὑμῶν δοῦλος και ος εαν θελη εν υμιν ειναι πρωτος εστω υμων δουλος και ος εαν θελη εν υμιν ειναι πρωτος εστω υμων δουλος

[1] The Elpenor Septuagint had ἐν τῷ ἀφιέναι αὐτὴν τὴν ψυχήν (in her giving up the ghost).  The her (αὐτὴν) followed the verb ἀφιέναι rather than the noun ψυχήν.

[2] The Elpenor Septuagint had οὐ πατάξωμεν αὐτὸν εἰς ψυχήν (Let us not kill him).  The him (αὐτὸν) followed the verb πατάξωμεν rather than the noun ψυχήν.

[3] The NET translators chose by his own free will for “according to all the desire of his soul” (Note 9).

[4] Cf. Isaiah 15:3a (Elpenor Septuagint) – ἐν ταῖς πλατείαις αὐτῆς περιζώσασθε σάκκους (Gird yourselves with sackcloth in her streets)

[5] The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text had ἔσται here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus had εστω (KJV: let…be).

[6] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἔσται here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had εστω (KJV: let…be).

[7] John 12:24 (NET)

[8] John 12:32 (NET)

[9] See: A Shadow of the Good Things, Part 6

[10] The Elpenor Septuagint had γὰρ πάντες οἱ ζητοῦντές σου τὴν ψυχήν (for all that sought thy life).  The thy (σου) followed the verb ζητοῦντές rather than the noun ψυχήν.

[11] The Elpenor Septuagint had καὶ ἀφείλατό μου τὴν ὀδύνην τῆς ψυχῆς (and removed the sorrow of my soul).  The my (μου) followed the verb ἀφείλατό rather than the noun ψυχῆς.

[12] The Elpenor Septuagint had εἵλου γάρ μου τὴν ψυχήν (For thou hast chosen my soul).  The my (μου) followed the verb εἵλου (and γάρ [For], which seems to be a matter of Koine Greek syntax: clauses don’t begin with γάρ) rather than the noun ψυχήν.

Isaiah 53:10-12, Part 1

This study originated in another essay: “I plan to look at all the differences between the Masoretic text and the Septuagint here.”  (My take on Isaiah 53:10a can be found there.)  I decided to give Isaiah 53:10-12 its own thread when I felt rushed and unwilling to spend the time it deserved as an aside in another thread.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 53:10b (Tanakh) Table Isaiah 53:10b (NET) Isaiah 53:10b (NETS)

Isaiah 53:10b (Elpenor English)

when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, once restitution is made, If you offer for sin, If ye can give an offering for sin,

A note (28) in the NET after the line—once restitution is made—reads:

The meaning of this line is uncertain. It reads literally, “if you/she makes, a reparation offering, his life.” The verb תָּשִׂים (tasim) could be second masculine singular, in which case it would have to be addressed to the servant or to God. However, the servant is only addressed once in this servant song (see 52:14a), and God either speaks or is spoken about in this servant song; he is never addressed. Furthermore, the idea of God himself making a reparation offering is odd. If the verb is taken as third feminine singular, then the feminine noun נֶפֶשׁ (nefesh) at the end of the line is the likely subject. In this case one can take the suffixed form of the noun as equivalent to a pronoun and translate, “if he [literally, “his life”] makes a reparation offering.”

“Furthermore, the idea of God himself making a reparation offering is odd,” practically leapt off the page at me.  Assuming the NET translators considered וַֽיהֹוָ֞ה (yehôvâh) here[1] as the Father and taking Jesus literally—The Father and I are one[2]—I ask, who but יְהֹוָה (yehôvâh) could make a meaningful “reparation offering”?  For it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins.[3]  The writer of Hebrews explained (Hebrews 9:22-26 NET):

Indeed according to the law almost everything was purified with blood, and without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness.  So it was necessary for the sketches of the things in heaven to be purified with these sacrifices, but the heavenly things themselves required better sacrifices than these.  For Christ[4] did not enter a sanctuary made with hands—the representation of the true sanctuary—but into heaven itself, and he appears now in God’s presence for us [Table].  And he did not enter to offer himself again and again, the way the high priest enters the sanctuary year after year with blood that is not his own, for then he would have had to suffer again and again since the foundation of the world.  But now[5] he has appeared once for all at the consummation of the ages to put away sin[6] by his sacrifice [Table].

Who wrote the letter to the Hebrews?  It seems important now to explain what I’m thinking since I can’t calculate how much affect that speculation has on my interpretation.

Matthew 22:34-40 (NET) Mark 12:28-31 (NET)
Now one of the experts in the law came and heard them debating.
Now when the Pharisees heard that [Jesus] had silenced the Sadducees, they assembled together.
When he saw that Jesus answered them well,
And one of them, an expert in religious law, asked him a question to test him:[7] he asked him,
“Teacher, which commandment in the law is the greatest?” “Which commandment is the most important of all?”
Jesus said[8] to him, Jesus answered,
“The most important is: ‘Listen, Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one [Table].
“‘Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind.’ Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength’ [Table].
This is the first and greatest commandment [Table].
The second is like it: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’ The second is: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’
All the law and the prophets depend on these two commandments” [Table].
There is no other commandment greater than these” [Table].

If I had read Matthew’s account only I would have thought this unnamed Pharisee tried to entrap Jesus in his words.  Mark pointed out that he saw that Jesus answered [the Sadducees] well.  This insight makes me suspect that the unnamed Pharisee became known to Mark or Peter at some later time.  At that particular moment he may have hoped his brother Pharisees perceived his question as a test (πειράζων, a form of πειράζω) but I wonder if, secretly, it was more like what John described: Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test (δοκιμάζετε, a form of δοκιμάζω) the spirits to determine if they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world.[9]

Mark’s Gospel narrative continued (Mark 12:32-34a NET):

The expert in the law said to him, “That is true, Teacher; you are right to say that he is one, and there is no one else besides him.  And to love him with all your heart, with all your mind, and with all your strength and to love your neighbor as yourself is more important than all burnt offerings and sacrifices”[10] [Table].  When Jesus saw that he had answered thoughtfully, he said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.”

Jesus’ affirmation along with this unnamed Pharisee’s desire for a love [that] is the fulfillment of the law[11] causes me to think he stood in the background among the other disciples as Jesus, after his resurrection, taught them what became the content of the letter to the Hebrews.  Though I quoted Paul, I don’t think this unnamed Pharisee was Saul.  The Pharisee who became the Apostle Paul was off doing his own thing, advancing in Judaism beyond many of [his] contemporaries in [his] nation, and was extremely zealous for the traditions of [his] ancestors.[12]

I think the Eleven plus Matthias (Acts 1:15-26) struggled mentally to force Jesus’ death and resurrection into their hypothesis of a political revolutionary who would free Israel from Roman domination.  Jesus’ teaching washed over them, virtually unheard and unheeded.  It was too technical, too religious, perhaps even too “heretical” to fully sink in.

This is not to say that the unnamed Pharisee was untroubled by Jesus’ teaching.  But I think that he was not a zealot in any sense of the word.  He was more patient, more thoughtful, more attuned to these particular technicalities and more willing to entertain Jesus’ notions, though he, too, would need time and the indwelling Holy Spirit to fully embrace them.

Sometime prior to the stoning of Stephen (Acts 7:54-8:3) this unnamed Pharisee recalled Jesus’ teaching as a solution to signs of defection he witnessed among his brothers, and he wrote it down.  I don’t know if he showed it to anyone or not.  To the apostles in Jerusalem, seeing themselves primarily as a Jewish reform movement (Acts 21:18-24), it may have seemed too radical, like pouring fuel on a smoldering fire (Acts 21:26-31).

I imagine this unnamed Pharisee standing again in the background at the Jerusalem Council.  He sensed a kindred spirit in Paul and handed him a copy, perhaps his only copy, of the manuscript of the letter to the Hebrews.  John could have confirmed its contents as Jesus’ teaching if Paul had asked.  I don’t know how Paul might have reacted.

He seemed content with the results of the Jerusalem Council initially: As [he and Timothy] went through the towns, they passed on the decrees that had been decided on by the apostles and elders in Jerusalem for the Gentile believers to obey.[13]

After Paul journeyed through Athens and Corinth, however, perhaps during the affliction that happened to [him] in the province of Asia,[14] I think Jesus’ teaching in the unnamed Pharisee’s writing known as Hebrews percolated, along with his recent experience and the Holy Spirit’s answers to the things that had troubled him (Romans 9-11), into that masterful Gospel commentary known today as Paul’s Letter to the Romans.  That unnamed Pharisee’s account of Jesus’ teaching had a much better opportunity for widespread circulation in Paul’s traveling library of scrolls and parchments.

This is all conjecture on my part, more like a screenwriter or an actor developing a backstory.  I share it here because I promised I would and because it may have some influence on my interpretation of Hebrews.

I searched all the occurrences of אָשָׁם֙ (ʼâshâm), translated offering for sin (Tanakh, KJV) and restitution (NET), and made the following table of those with identical consonants (no prefixes or suffixes) to see how the rabbis translated each of them in the Septuagint.

Reference Hebrew – Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Isaiah 53:10 אָשָׁם֙ an offering for sin restitution περὶ ἁμαρτίας περὶ ἁμαρτίας
Genesis 26:10 אָשָֽׁם guiltiness guilt ἄγνοιαν, a form of ἄγνοια ἄγνοιαν, a form of ἄγνοια
Leviticus 5:19 אָשָׁ֖ם a guilt-offering a guilt offering n/a n/a
Leviticus 7:5 אָשָׁ֖ם a guilt-offering a guilt offering πλημμελείας, a form of πλημμέλεια πλημμελείας, a form of πλημμέλεια
Leviticus 14:21 אָשָׁ֛ם a guilt-offering a guilt offering ἐπλημμέλησεν, a form of πλημμελέω ἐπλημμέλησεν, a form of πλημμελέω
Leviticus 19:21 אָשָֽׁם a guilt-offering a guilt-offering πλημμελείας, a form of πλημμέλεια πλημμελείας, a form of πλημμέλεια
1 Samuel (Kings) 6:3 אָשָׁ֑ם a guilt-offering a guilt offering ἀποδιδόντες a form of ἀποδίδωμι ἀποδιδόντες a form of ἀποδίδωμι
1 Samuel (Kings) 6:8 אָשָׁ֔ם a guilt-offering a guilt offering ἀποδώσετετῆς βασάνου ἀποδώσετετῆς βασάνου
1 Samuel (Kings) 6:17 אָשָׁ֖ם a guilt-offering a guilt offering ἀπέδωκαν…τῆς βασάνου ἀπέδωκαν…τῆς βασάνου
2 Kings 12:16 (4 Kings 12:17) אָשָׁם֙ forfeit reparation offerings περὶ ἁμαρτίας περὶ ἁμαρτίας
Proverbs 14:9 אָשָׁ֑ם sin reparation ὀφειλήσουσιν καθαρισμόν ὀφειλήσουσι καθαρισμόν
Jeremiah 51:5 (28:5) אָשָׁ֔ם sin guilt ἀδικίας, a form of ἀδικία ἀδικίας, a form of ἀδικία

Only 2 Kings 12:16 (4 Kings 12:17) matched the vowel points with the occurrence in Isaiah 53:10.  Both were translated περὶ ἁμαρτίας (for sin).  A table of the homograph אָשַׁ֥ם (ʼâsham) yielded no additional vowel point matches.

Reference Hebrew – Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Leviticus 5:19 אָשֹׁ֥ם is certainly was surely ἐπλημμέλησεν ἐπλημμέλησε
אָשַׁ֖ם guilty guilty πλημμέλησιν πλημμελείᾳ
Numbers 5:7 אָשַׁ֥ם he hath been guilty he wronged ἐπλημμέλησεν ἐπλημμέλησεν

The exercise persuaded me that אָשָׁם֙ (ʼâshâm) was the Hebrew word the rabbis intended to understand and translate in the Septuagint.  Then I searched all occurrences of תָּשִׂ֚ים (suwm), translated thou shalt make (Tanakh, KJV) and is made (NET), and made the following table of those with identical consonants (no prefixes or suffixes).

Reference Hebrew – Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Isaiah 53:10 תָּשִׂ֚ים thou shalt make is made δῶτε, a (2nd person plural) form of δίδωμι δῶτε, a (2nd person plural) form of δίδωμι
Genesis 6:16 תָּשִׂ֑ים shalt thou set Put ποιήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of ποιέω ποιήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of ποιέω
Genesis 44:2 תָּשִׂים֙ put put ἐμβάλατε, a (2nd person plural) form of ἐμβάλλω ἐμβάλετε, a (2nd person plural) form of ἐμβάλλω
Exodus 21:1 תָּשִׂ֖ים thou shalt set you will set παραθήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of παρατίθημι παραθήσῃ, a (2nd person singular) form of παρατίθημι
Deuteronomy 17:15 תָּשִׂ֤ים thou shalt…set you must select καταστήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of καθίστημι καταστήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of καθίστημι
תָּשִׂ֤ים shalt thou set you must appoint καταστήσεις καταστήσεις
Deuteronomy 22:8 תָשִׂ֤ים thou bring being ποιήσεις ποιήσεις
1 Samuel (Kings) 10:19 תָּשִֹ֣ים set Appoint στήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of ἵστημι καταστήσεις
1 Kings 20:34 (3 Kings 21:34) תָּשִֹ֨ים thou shalt make You may set up θήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of τίθημι θήσεις, a (2nd person singular) form of τίθημι
Job 7:12 תָשִׂ֖ים thou settest you must put κατέταξας, a (2nd person singular) form of κατατάσσω κατέταξας, a (2nd person singular) form of κατατάσσω
Job 38:33 תָּשִׂ֖ים thou set you set up n/a n/a
Isaiah 41:15 תָּשִֽׂים and shalt make you will make θήσεις θήσεις
Ezekiel 21:20 (21:25) תָּשִׂ֔ים Appoint Mark out n/a n/a
Ezekiel 24:17 תָּשִׂ֣ים and put on and put n/a n/a

None of the other occurrences of תָּשִׂ֚ים (suwm) matched the vowel points exactly.  All were translated into Greek as 2nd person verbs, most were singular.  The plural exceptions were Isaiah 53:10 [Table] and Genesis 44:2.

Masoretic Text Septuagint
Genesis 44:2 (Tanakh) Genesis 44:2 (NET) Genesis 44:2 (NETS) Genesis 44:2 (Elpenor English)
And put (תָּשִׂים֙) my goblet, the silver goblet, in the sack’s mouth of the youngest, and his corn money.’  And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken. Then put (suwm, תשׁים) my cup—the silver cup—in the mouth of the youngest one’s sack, along with the money for his grain.”  He did as Joseph instructed. and put (ἐμβάλατε) my silver cup into the bag of the younger one, with the price of his grain.”  And it happened according to the word of Joseph, just as he said. And put (ἐμβάλετε) my silver cup into the sack of the youngest, and the price of his corn.  And it was done according to the word of Joseph, as he said.

I don’t see any reason for a plural verb here but its existence gives me pause to consider the similar occurrence in Isaiah 53:10 as the translators’ interpretive choice.  Since “third [person] feminine singular” was another option cited in the NET note above I made a table of those occurrences as well.

Reference Hebrew – Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Exodus 2:3 וַתָּ֤שֶׂם put put ἐνέβαλεν, a (3rd person singular) form of ἐμβάλλω ἐνέβαλε, a (3rd person singular) form of ἐμβάλλω
וַתָּ֥שֶׂם laid set ἔθηκεν, a (3rd person singular) form of τίθημι ἔθηκεν, a (3rd person singular) form of τίθημι
1 Samuel (Kings) 25:18 וַתָּ֖שֶׂם and laid She loaded ἔθετο, a (3rd person singular) form of τίθημι ἔθετο, a (3rd person singular) form of τίθημι
2 Samuel (Kings) 13:19 וַתָּ֚שֶׂם and she laid She put ἐπέθηκεν, a (3rd person singular) form of ἐπιτίθημι ἐπέθηκε, a (3rd person singular) form of ἐπιτίθημι
2 Kings (4 Kings) 9:30 וַתָּ֨שֶׂם and she painted she put on ἐστιμίσατο, a (3rd person singular) form of στιμίζω ἐστιμίσατο, a (3rd person singular) form of στιμίζω
Esther 8:2 וַתָּ֧שֶׂם And…set And…designated κατέστησεν, a (3rd person singular) form of καθίστημι κατέστησεν, a (3rd person singular) form of καθίστημι
Job 13:27 וְתָ֘שֵׂ֚ם Thou puttest And you put ἔθου, a (2nd person singular) form of τίθημι ἔθου, a (2nd person singular) form of τίθημι

The final occurrence (Job 13:27), though its consonants were identical to the others, was clearly “second [person] masculine singular.”  And none of these was an exact match for the occurrence in Isaiah 53:10.  I noted one other form which was translated as forms of τίθημι in the Septuagint.

Reference Hebrew – Chabad.org Tanakh NET Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor
1 Samuel (Kings) 9:20 תָּ֧שֶׂם set be θῇς, a (2nd person singular) form of τίθημι θῇς, a (2nd person singular) form of τίθημι
Psalm 66:9 (65:9) הַשָּׂ֣ם Which holdeth He preserves θεμένου, a (singular participle) form of τίθημι θεμένου, a (singular participle) form of τίθημι
Psalm 104:3 (103:3) הַשָּֽׂם who maketh He makes τιθεὶς, a (singular participle) form of τίθημι τιθεὶς, a (singular participle) form of τίθημι
Psalm 147:14 (147:3) הַשָּׂ֣ם He maketh He brings τιθεὶς τιθεὶς
Isaiah 63:11 הַשָּׂ֥ם he that put who placed θεὶς, a (singular participle) form of τίθημι θεὶς, a (singular participle) form of τίθημι

This exercise made me willing to consider that תָּשִׂ֚ים (suwm) might be original to Isaiah 53:10, the Hebrew word the rabbis intended to understand and translate in the Septuagint.  Paul, in his greeting to believers in Galatia, had also used a (singular) form of δίδωμι  (Galatians 1:3-5 NET):

Grace and peace to you from God the Father and our Lord Jesus Christ, who gave (δόντος, another form of δίδωμι) himself for our sins to rescue us from this present evil age according to the will of our God and Father [Table], to whom be glory forever and ever!  Amen.

Though I still need to consider נַפְשׁ֔וֹ (nephesh), translated his soul (Tannakh, KJV), I began to consider: if this—when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin—is the more legitimate understanding of this clause, how did God make his soul an offering for sin?

What follows is a fictional explanation from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis, offered as the intellectual equivalent of an appetizer, to get the mind warmed up to the taste and smell of this issue:

“It means,” said Aslan, “that though the Witch knew the Deep Magic, there is a magic deeper still which she did not know. Her knowledge goes back only to the dawn of time. But if she could have looked a little further back, into the stillness and the darkness before Time dawned, she would have read there a different incantation. She would have known that when a willing victim who had committed no treachery was killed in a traitor’s stead, the Table would crack and Death itself would start working backward.”[15]

The understanding that was part of my own socialization is perhaps best exemplified by an excerpt from “The Death of Christ,” a sermon delivered by Charles Haddon Spurgeon on January 24, 1858:

Understand, then, the sense in which Christ was made a sacrifice for sin. But here lies the glory of this matter. It was as a substitute for sin that he did actually and literally suffer punishment for the sin of all his elect. When I say this, I am not to be understood as using any figure whatever, but as saying actually what I mean. Man for his sin was condemned to eternal fire; when God took Christ to be the substitute, it is true, he did not send Christ into eternal fire, but he poured upon him grief so desperate, that it was a valid payment for even an eternity of fire. Man was condemned to live forever in hell. God did not send Christ forever into hell; but he put on Christ, punishment that was equivalent for that. Although he did not give Christ to drink the actual hells of believers, yet he gave him a quid pro quo—something that was equivalent thereunto. He took the cup of Christ’s agony, and he put in there, suffering, misery, and anguish such as only God can imagine or dream of, that was the exact equivalent for all the suffering, all the woe, and all the eternal tortures of every one that shall at last stand in heaven, bought with the blood of Christ.

Both of these explanations share a common theme: God made Christ “a sacrifice for sin” by conforming to something presumed to be innate to the created cosmos.  In C.S. Lewis’ fiction He conformed to the “deeper magic” and in Charles Spurgeon’s sermon He conformed to some idea of judicial or commercial equivalence:  “something that was equivalent” to “a valid payment for even an eternity of fire” since “Man was condemned to live forever in hell.”

I think God made Christ “a sacrifice for sin” by the truth, power and authority of his word.

God said, Let Christ be the offering for sin.  And God made Christ the offering for sin, and it was so (John 3:16 NET Table):

For this is the way God loved the world: He gave his one and only Son, so that everyone who believes in him will not perish but have eternal life.

God said, Let Christ be the offering for sin.  And it was so (John 11:49-53 NET):

Then one of them, Caiaphas, who was high priest that year, said, “You know nothing at all!  You do not realize that it is more to your advantage to have one man die for the people than for the whole nation to perish.”  (Now he did not say this on his own, but because he was high priest that year, he prophesied that Jesus was going to die for the Jewish nation [Table], and not for the Jewish nation only, but to gather together into one the children of God who are scattered.)  So from that day they planned together to kill him [Table].

God said, Let Christ be the offering for sin.  And it was so.  The Christ obeyed God his Father (John 10:17, 18 NET).

This is why the Father loves me—because I lay down my life, so that I may take it back again.  No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down of my own free will.  I have the authority to lay it down, and I have the authority to take it back again.  This commandment I received from my Father.”

Tables comparing Genesis 44:2 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing Genesis 44:2 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and a table comparing Matthew 22:35 in the NET and KJV follow.

Genesis 44:2 (Tanakh) Genesis 44:2 (KJV) Genesis 44:2 (NET)
And put my goblet, the silver goblet, in the sack’s mouth of the youngest, and his corn money.’  And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken. And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack’s mouth of the youngest, and his corn money.  And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken. Then put my cup—the silver cup—in the mouth of the youngest one’s sack, along with the money for his grain.”  He did as Joseph instructed.
Genesis 44:2 (Septuagint BLB) Genesis 44:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ τὸ κόνδυ μου τὸ ἀργυροῦν ἐμβάλατε εἰς τὸν μάρσιππον τοῦ νεωτέρου καὶ τὴν τιμὴν τοῦ σίτου αὐτοῦ ἐγενήθη δὲ κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμα Ιωσηφ καθὼς εἶπεν καὶ τὸ κόνδυ μου τὸ ἀργυροῦν ἐμβάλετε εἰς τὸν μάρσιππον τοῦ νεωτέρου καὶ τὴν τιμὴν τοῦ σίτου αὐτοῦ. ἐγενήθη δὲ κατὰ τὸ ρῆμα ᾿Ιωσήφ, καθὼς εἶπε
Genesis 44:2 (NETS) Genesis 44:2 (English Elpenor)
and put my silver cup into the bag of the younger one, with the price of his grain.”  And it happened according to the word of Joseph, just as he said. And put my silver cup into the sack of the youngest, and the price of his corn.  And it was done according to the word of Joseph, as he said.
Matthew 22:35 (NET) Matthew 22:35 (KJV)
And one of them, an expert in religious law, asked him a question to test him: Then one of them, which was a lawyer, asked him a question, tempting him, and saying,
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ ἐπηρώτησεν εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν [νομικὸς] πειράζων αὐτόν και επηρωτησεν εις εξ αυτων νομικος πειραζων αυτον και λεγων και επηρωτησεν εις εξ αυτων νομικος πειραζων αυτον και λεγων

[1] Isaiah 53:10a

[2] John 10:30 (NET)

[3] Hebrews 10:4 (NET)

[4] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article ο preceding Christ.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[5] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had νυνὶ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had νυν.

[6] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the article τῆς preceding sin.  The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[7] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had και λεγων (KJV: and saying) here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[8] The Stephanus Textus Receptus had ιησους ειπεν here.  The Byzantine Majority Text had ιησους εφη.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had simply ἔφη.

[9] 1 John 4:1 (NET)

[10] The Stephanus Textus Receptus had the article των preceding sacrifices.  The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[11] Romans 13:10b (NET)

[12] Galatians 1:14 (NET)

[13] Acts 16:4 (NET) Table

[14] 2 Corinthians 1:8a (NET)

[15] The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe, Spark Notes

Psalm 22, Part 3

This is a continuing consideration of Psalm 22 as the music in Jesus’ heart as He endured the cross.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Psalm 22:11 (Tanakh) Psalm 22:11 (NET) Psalm 21:12 (NETS)

Psalm 21:12 (Elpenor English)

Be not far (תִּרְחַ֣ק) from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help. Do not remain far away (rachaq, תרחק) from me, for trouble is near and I have no one to help me. Do not keep away (ἀποστῇς) from me, because affliction is near, because there is no one to help. Stand not aloof (ἀποστῇς) from me; for affliction is near; for there is no helper.

I was curious if I could determine whether remain in the NET translation of תִּרְחַ֣ק (rachaq) owed anything to the theory that God the Father had forsaken God the Son in some more secretive way than to the cross.  Where Be not far from me sounds like a plea to stay close, Do not remain far away sounds to me like a plea to return from a distance.  But of the seven occurrences of the exact form תרחק (rachaq) five where translated doremain far away.  The only occurrence that was not negated was translated Keep your distance.

Reference

NET Parallel Hebrew NET Septuagint BLB

Septuagint Elpenor

Psalm 22:11 (21:12) תרחק Do…remain far away ἀποστῇς ἀποστῇς
Psalm 22:19 (21:20) תרחק do…remain far away μακρύνῃς μακρύνῃς
Psalm 35:22 (34:22) תרחק do…remain far away ἀποστῇς ἀποστῇς
Psalm 38:21 (37:22) תרחק do…remain far away ἀποστῇς ἀποστῇς
Psalm 71:12 (70:12) תרחק do…remain far away μακρύνῃς μακρύνῃς
Exodus 23:7 תרחק Keep your distance ἀποστήσῃ ἀποστήσῃ
Isaiah 46:13 תרחק is…far away n/a n/a

The clause in question in the Masoretic text of Isaiah 46:13 [Table] is not corroborated by the Septuagint.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 46:13 (Tanakh) Isaiah 46:13 (NET) Isaiah 46:13 (NETS)

Isaiah 46:13 (Elpenor English)

I bring near my righteousness; it shall not be far off, and my salvation shall not tarry: and I will place salvation in Zion for Israel my glory. I am bringing my deliverance near, it is not far away; I am bringing my salvation near, it does not wait.  I will save Zion; I will adorn Israel with my splendor. I brought near my righteousness, and I will not delay the salvation that comes from me; I have provided salvation in Sion to Israel for glorying. I have brought near my righteousness, and I will not be slow with the salvation that is from me: I have given salvation in Sion to Israel for glory.

Until Jesus’ crucifixion the typical expectation for the end (τέλος) of my one dear Son; in him I take great delight[1] was not that He would be executed as a criminal.  I’m taking my concept of “typical expectation” from Jesus’ use of δοκεῖτε (a form of δοκέω; NET: you think) in answer to those who informed Him about the manner of death of some Galileans (Luke 13:1-5 NET):

Now there were some present on that occasion who told him about the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mixed with their sacrifices.  He[2] answered them, “Do you think (δοκεῖτε, a form of δοκέω) these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered these things?[3]  No, I tell you!  But unless you repent, you will all perish as well![4]  Or those eighteen[5] who were killed when the tower in Siloam fell on them, do you think (δοκεῖτε, a form of δοκέω) they[6] were worse offenders than all the[7] others who live in[8] Jerusalem?  No, I tell you!  But unless you repent you will all perish as well!”[9]

The rulers in Jerusalem had done everything in their power to engineer Jesus’ crucifixion to discredit (Luke 19:29-40) Him with the people, as was prophesied by Isaiah:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 53:4b, 5 (Tanakh) Isaiah 53:4b, 5 (NET) Isaiah 53:4b, 5 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:4b, 5 (Elpenor English)

we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. we thought he was being punished, attacked by God, and afflicted for something he had done. we accounted him to be in trouble and calamity and ill-treatment. we accounted him to be in trouble, and in suffering [by God]*, and in affliction.
But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. He was wounded because of our rebellious deeds, crushed because of our sins; he endured punishment that made us well; because of his wounds we have been healed. But he was wounded because of our acts of lawlessness and has been weakened because of our sins; upon him was the discipline of our peace; by his bruise we were healed. But he was wounded on account of our sins, and was bruised because of our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; [and] by his bruises we were healed.

After Jesus’ death, more to the point after his resurrection, his death became the foundational assumption of new (Romans 7:1-6) eternal life in the Spirit (Galatians 2:20, 21 NET):

I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me.  So the life I now live in the body, I live because of the faithfulness of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me.  I do not set aside God’s grace, because if righteousness could come through the law, then Christ died for nothing!

Job is the primary example of suffering for righteousness’ sake (1 Peter 3:13-17) in the Old Testament.  If I accept Psalm 22 as Christ’s meditation enduring the cross, it is interesting to contrast Job’s attitude toward God with that of the Son of God toward his Father.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Job 13:21 (Tanakh) Job 13:21 (NET) Job 13:21 (NETS)

Job 13:21 (Elpenor English)

Withdraw thine hand far (הַרְחַ֑ק) from me: and let not thy dread make me afraid. Remove your hand far (rachaq, הרחק) from me and stop making me afraid with your terror. withdraw (ἀπέχου) your hand from me, and let fear of you not terrify me. Withhold (ἀπέχου) [thine] hand from me: and let not thy fear terrify me.

Psalm 22:11 (Tanakh)

Psalm 22:11 (NET) Psalm 21:12 (NETS)

Psalm 21:12 (Elpenor English)

Be not far (תִּרְחַ֣ק) from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help. Do not remain far away (rachaq, תרחק) from me, for trouble is near and I have no one to help me. Do not keep away (ἀποστῇς) from me, because affliction is near, because there is no one to help. Stand not aloof (ἀποστῇς) from me; for affliction is near; for there is no helper.

This is why the Father loves me, Jesus said, because I lay down my life, so that I may take it back again.  No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down of my own free will.  I have the authority to lay it down, and I have the authority to take it back again.  This commandment I received from my Father.[10]  He knew that it pleased the LORD to bruise him.[11]  Or did He?

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 53:10-12 (Tanakh) Isaiah 53:10-12 (NET) Isaiah 53:10-12 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:10-12 (Elpenor English)

Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand. Though the Lord desired to crush him and make him ill, once restitution is made, he will see descendants and enjoy long life, and the Lord’s purpose will be accomplished through him. And the Lord desires to cleanse him from his blow.  If you offer for sin, you shall see a long-lived offspring.  And the Lord wishes to take away The Lord also is pleased to purge him from his stroke.  If ye can give an offering for sin, your soul shall see a long-lived seed: (11a) the Lord also is pleased to take away from
He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. Having suffered, he will reflect on his work, he will be satisfied when he understands what he has done.  “My servant will acquit many, for he carried their sins. from the pain of his soul, to show him light and fill him with understanding, to justify a righteous one who is well subject to many, and he himself shall bear their sins. (11b) the travail of his soul, to shew him light, and to form [him] with understanding; to justify the just one who serves many well; and he shall bear their sins.
Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. So I will assign him a portion with the multitudes, he will divide the spoils of victory with the powerful, because he willingly submitted to death and was numbered with the rebels, when he lifted up the sin of many and intervened on behalf of the rebels.” Therefore he shall inherit many, and he shall divide the spoils of the strong, because his soul was given over to death, and he was reckoned among the lawless, and he bore the sins of many, and because of their sins he was given over. Therefore he shall inherit many, and he shall divide the spoils of the mighty; because his soul was delivered to death: and he was numbered among the transgressors; and he bore the sins of many, and was delivered because of their iniquities.

I plan to look at all the differences between the Masoretic text and the Septuagint here.  What caught my attention first, however, was how this prophecy fared so well at the hands of the Masoretes, whose “ultimate goal was to uphold the traditions of the Jewish people.  The Masoretes had to decipher the authentic word of God and eliminate the dissimilarities.”[12]

So I clicked the “Show” button on Rashi’s Commentary on The Complete Jewish Bible online at Chabad.org.  The answer became apparent:

Rashi’s Commentary to verse 3 – Despised and rejected by men: was he.  So is the custom of this prophet: he mentions all Israel as one man, e.g., (44:2), “Fear not, My servant Jacob” ; (44:1) “And now, hearken, Jacob, My servant.” Here too (52:13), “Behold My servant shall prosper,” he said concerning the house of Jacob.  יַשְׂכִּיל is an expression of prosperity.  Comp. (I Sam. 18:14) “And David was successful (מַשְׂכִּיל) in all his ways.”

Rashi’s Commentary to verse 4 – Indeed, he bore our illnesses: Heb. אָכֵן, an expression of ‘but’ in all places.  But now we see that this came to him not because of his low state, but that he was chastised with pains so that all the nations be atoned for with Israel’s suffering.  The illness that should rightfully have come upon us, he bore.

The massacre of Jews during the People’s Crusade of 1096 deeply affected Rashi (RAbbi SHlomo Yitzhaki).  He “wrote several Selichot (penitential poems) mourning the slaughter and the destruction of the region’s great yeshivot.”[13]  “The Hebrew chronicles portray the Rhineland Jews [whether massacred by crusaders in 1096 directly or compelled to suicide] as martyrs who willingly sacrificed themselves in order to honour God and to preserve their own honour.”[14]

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Isaiah 53:10a (Tanakh) Isaiah 53:10a (NET) Isaiah 53:10a (NETS)

Isaiah 53:10a (Elpenor English)

Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise (דַּכְּאוֹ֙) him; he hath put him to grief (הֶֽחֱלִ֔י): Though the Lord desired to crush (daka’, דכאו) him and make him ill (chalah, החלי), And the Lord desires to cleanse (καθαρίσαι) him from his blow (πληγῆς). The Lord also is pleased to purge (καθαρίσαι) him from his stroke (πληγῆς).

I cross-referenced the occurrences of חָלָה (châlâh) in the Masoretic text with the occurrences of πληγῆς (a form of πληγή)] in the Septuagint, searching for some correlation.  In the account of Ahab’s death (1 Kings 22:34-39) after being struck by an arrow the king said, I’m wounded (החליתי, another form of châlâh).[15]  King Ahab of the northern kingdom of Israel bled to death from that wound (makkah, המכה), translated πληγῆς in the Septuagint.  It was enough to persuade me that the rabbis interpreted החלי (another form of châlâh) as a noun in Isaiah 53:10a.

A table of all the occurrences of καθαρίσαι (a form of καθαρίζω) and the Hebrew words it translated follows.

Reference

Septuagint BLB Septuagint Elpenor NET Parallel Hebrew

Chabad.org

Leviticus 13:7 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι tohorah, לטהרתו לְטָֽהֳרָת֑וֹ
Leviticus 13:59 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι taher, לטהרו לְטַֽהֲר֖וֹ
Leviticus 14:23 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι tohorah, לטהרתו לְטָֽהֳרָת֖וֹ
Leviticus 16:30 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι taher, לטהר לְטַהֵ֣ר
2 Chronicles 29:15 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι taher, לטהר לְטַהֵ֖ר
2 Chronicles 34:3 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι taher, לטהר לְטַהֵ֔ר
2 Chronicles 34:8 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι taher, לטהר לְטַהֵ֥ר
Isaiah 53:10 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι daka’, דכאו דַּכְּאוֹ֙
Ezekiel 39:14 καθαρίσαι καθαρίσαι taher, לטהרה לְטַֽהֲרָ֑הּ

Isaiah 53:10 stands out as an outlier and causes me to wonder if the original Hebrew had more to do with the Day of Atonement.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
Leviticus 16:30 (Tanakh) Leviticus 16:30 (NET) Leviticus 16:30 (NETS)

Leviticus 16:30 (Elpenor English)

For on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse (לְטַהֵ֣ר) you; from all your sins shall ye be clean before HaShem. for on this day atonement is to be made for you to cleanse (taher, לטהר) you from all your sins; you must be clean before the Lord. For on this day he shall make atonement for you, to cleanse (καθαρίσαι) you from all your sins before the Lord, and you shall be clean. For in this day he shall make an atonement for you, to cleanse (καθαρίσαι) you from all your sins before the Lord, and ye shall be purged.

If so, I would consider The Lord also is pleased to purge him from his stroke an oblique reference to Jesus’ resurrection.  On the other hand, I might consider that the rabbis understood דַּכְּאוֹ֙ (daka’; Tanakh: bruise; NET: crush) as something similar to what happened when young King Josiah began to purge Judah of idolatry.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint
2 Chronicles 34:3, 8 (Tanakh) 2 Chronicles 34:3, 8 (NET) 2 Supplements 34:3, 8 (NETS)

2 Chronicles 34:3, 8 (Elpenor English)

For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he began to seek after the God of David his father: and in the twelfth year he began to purge (לְטַהֵ֔ר) Judah and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images. In the eighth year of his reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God of his ancestor David.  In his twelfth year he began ridding (taher, לטהר) Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, Asherah poles, idols, and images. And in the eighth year of his reign—and he was still a lad—he began to seek the Lord, God of Dauid his father.  And in the twelfth year of his reign he began to purge (καθαρίσαι) Ioudas and Ierousalem of the high places and the groves and the smelted items. And in the eighth year of his reign, and he [being] yet a youth, he began to seek the Lord God of his father David: and in the twelfth year of his reign he began to purge (καθαρίσαι) Juda and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the ornaments for the altars, and the molten images.
Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had purged (לְטַהֵ֥ר) the land, and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the LORD his God. In the eighteenth year of his reign, he continued his policy of purifying (taher, לטהר) the land and the temple.  He sent Shaphan son of Azaliah, Maaseiah the city official, and Joah son of Joahaz the secretary to repair the temple of the Lord his God. And in the eighteenth year of his reign—in order to purge (καθαρίσαι) the land and the house—he sent out Saphan son of Eselias and Maasias ruler of the city and Iouach son of Ioachaz, his recorder, to repair the house of the Lord, his God. And in the eighteenth year of his reign, after having cleansed (καθαρίσαι) the land, and the house, he sent Saphan the son of Ezelias, and Maasa prefect of the city, and Juach son of Joachaz his recorder, to repair the house of the Lord his God.

Rashi’s commentary reads: 

And the Lord wished to crush him, He made him ill: The Holy One, blessed be He, wished to crush him and to cause him to repent; therefore, he made him ill.

I’m uncertain[16] if the translators of the Septuagint understood this as a reference to “all Israel” or as a reference to the Messiah whose appearance was prophesied.  The Masoretes, understanding him as “all Israel” and believing “he was chastised with pains so that all the nations be atoned for with Israel’s suffering,” may have preserved the original Hebrew here better than the Rabbis who translated the Septuagint.

None of this, however, justifies Christian crusaders[17] (or anyone else for that matter) extorting, robbing or killing Jews (From Rhineland massacres, Background):

A relevant perspective on the extent of the era’s antisemitism was recorded 40 years afterward by Jewish historian Solomon bar Simson. He stated that Godfrey of Bouillon swore

to go on this journey only after avenging the blood of the crucified one by shedding Jewish blood and completely eradicating any trace of those bearing the name ‘Jew,’ thus assuaging his own burning wrath.[8]

Emperor Henry IV (after being notified of the pledge by Kalonymus Ben Meshullam, the Jewish leader in Mainz) issued an order prohibiting such an action. Godfrey claimed he never really intended to kill Jews, but the community in Mainz and Cologne sent him a collected bribe of 500 silver marks.[9]

…On top of the general Catholic suspicion of Jews at the time, when the thousands of French members of the People’s Crusade arrived at the Rhine, they had run out of provisions.[12] To restock their supplies, they began to plunder Jewish food and property while attempting to force them to convert to Catholicism.[12]

Not all crusaders who had run out of supplies resorted to murder; some, like Peter the Hermit, used extortion instead. While no sources claim he preached against the Jews, he carried a letter with him from the Jews of France to the community at Trier. The letter urged them to supply provisions to Peter and his men. The Solomon bar Simson Chronicle records that they were so terrified by Peter’s appearance at the gates that they readily agreed to supply his needs.[9]

Still, I’m deeply affected that this periodic[18] share in his sufferings[19] coupled with the belief that such suffering atoned for all the nations may have contributed to the preservation of his word and thus the redemption of the nations: Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief.[20]

Tables comparing Psalm 22:11; Isaiah 53:4; 53:5; Job 13:21; Isaiah 53:10; 53:11; 53:12; Leviticus 16:30; 2 Chronicles 34:3 and 34:8 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing Psalm 22:11 (21:12); Isaiah 53:4; 53:5; Job 13:21; Isaiah 53:10; 53:11; 53:12; Leviticus 16:30; 2 Chronicles (Supplements) 34:3 and 34:8 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and a table comparing Luke 13:2-5 in the NET and KJV follow.

Psalm 22:11 (Tanakh)

Psalm 22:11 (KJV)

Psalm 22:11 (NET)

Be not far from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help. Be not far from me; for trouble is near; for there is none to help. Do not remain far away from me, for trouble is near and I have no one to help me.

Psalm 22:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 21:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

μὴ ἀποστῇς ἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ ὅτι θλῗψις ἐγγύς ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ βοηθῶν μὴ ἀποστῇς ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ, ὅτι θλῖψις ἐγγύς, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ βοηθῶν

Psalm 21:12 (NETS)

Psalm 21:12 (English Elpenor)

Do not keep away from me, because affliction is near, because there is no one to help. Stand not aloof from me; for affliction is near; for there is no helper.

Isaiah 53:4 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 53:4 (KJV)

Isaiah 53:4 (NET)

Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted. But he lifted up our illnesses, he carried our pain; even though we thought he was being punished, attacked by God, and afflicted for something he had done.

Isaiah 53:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 53:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὗτος τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν φέρει καὶ περὶ ἡμῶν ὀδυνᾶται καὶ ἡμεῗς ἐλογισάμεθα αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐν πόνῳ καὶ ἐν πληγῇ καὶ ἐν κακώσει οὗτος τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν φέρει καὶ περὶ ἡμῶν ὀδυνᾶται, καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐλογισάμεθα αὐτὸν εἶναι ἐν πόνῳ καὶ ἐν πληγῇ ὑπὸ Θεοῦ καὶ ἐν κακώσει

Isaiah 53:4 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:4 (English Elpenor)

This one bears our sins and suffers pain for us, and we accounted him to be in trouble and calamity and ill-treatment. He bears our sins, and is pained for us: yet we accounted him to be in trouble, and in suffering [by God]*, and in affliction.

Isaiah 53:5 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 53:5 (KJV)

Isaiah 53:5 (NET)

But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. He was wounded because of our rebellious deeds, crushed because of our sins; he endured punishment that made us well; because of his wounds we have been healed.

Isaiah 53:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 53:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

αὐτὸς δὲ ἐτραυματίσθη διὰ τὰς ἀνομίας ἡμῶν καὶ μεμαλάκισται διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν παιδεία εἰρήνης ἡμῶν ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν τῷ μώλωπι αὐτοῦ ἡμεῗς ἰάθημεν αὐτὸς δὲ ἐτραυματίσθη διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν καὶ μεμαλάκισται διὰ τὰς ἀνομίας ἡμῶν· παιδεία εἰρήνης ἡμῶν ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν. τῷ μώλωπι αὐτοῦ ἡμεῖς ἰάθημεν

Isaiah 53:5 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:5 (English Elpenor)

But he was wounded because of our acts of lawlessness and has been weakened because of our sins; upon him was the discipline of our peace; by his bruise we were healed. But he was wounded on account of our sins, and was bruised because of our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; [and] by his bruises we were healed.

Job 13:21 (Tanakh)

Job 13:21 (KJV)

Job 13:21 (NET)

Withdraw thine hand far from me: and let not thy dread make me afraid. Withdraw thine hand far from me: and let not thy dread make me afraid. Remove your hand far from me and stop making me afraid with your terror.

Job 13:21 (Septuagint BLB)

Job 13:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τὴν χεῗρα ἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ ἀπέχου καὶ ὁ φόβος σου μή με καταπλησσέτω τὴν χεῖρα ἀπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ἀπέχου, καὶ ὁ φόβος σου μή με καταπλησσέτω

Job 13:21 (NETS)

Job 13:21 (English Elpenor)

withdraw your hand from me, and let fear of you not terrify me. Withhold [thine] hand from me: and let not thy fear terrify me.

Isaiah 53:10 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 53:10 (KJV)

Isaiah 53:10 (NET)

Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand. Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand. Though the Lord desired to crush him and make him ill, once restitution is made, he will see descendants and enjoy long life, and the Lord’s purpose will be accomplished through him.

Isaiah 53:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 53:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ κύριος βούλεται καθαρίσαι αὐτὸν τῆς πληγῆς ἐὰν δῶτε περὶ ἁμαρτίας ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ὄψεται σπέρμα μακρόβιον καὶ βούλεται κύριος ἀφελεῗν καὶ Κύριος βούλεται καθαρίσαι αὐτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς πληγῆς. ἐὰν δῶτε περὶ ἁμαρτίας, ἡ ψυχὴ ὑμῶν ὄψεται σπέρμα μακρόβιον· καὶ βούλεται Κύριος ἀφελεῖν

Isaiah 53:10 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:10, 11a (English Elpenor)

And the Lord desires to cleanse him from his blow.  If you offer for sin, you shall see a long-lived offspring.  And the Lord wishes to take away The Lord also is pleased to purge him from his stroke. If ye can give an offering for sin, your soul shall see a long-lived seed: (11a) the Lord also is pleased to take away from

Isaiah 53:11 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 53:11 (KJV)

Isaiah 53:11 (NET)

He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied: by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many; for he shall bear their iniquities. Having suffered, he will reflect on his work, he will be satisfied when he understands what he has done.  “My servant will acquit many, for he carried their sins.

Isaiah 53:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 53:11 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀπὸ τοῦ πόνου τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ δεῗξαι αὐτῷ φῶς καὶ πλάσαι τῇ συνέσει δικαιῶσαι δίκαιον εὖ δουλεύοντα πολλοῗς καὶ τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν αὐτὸς ἀνοίσει ἀπὸ τοῦ πόνου τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ, δεῖξαι αὐτῷ φῶς καὶ πλάσαι τῇ συνέσει, δικαιῶσαι δίκαιον εὖ δουλεύοντα πολλοῖς, καὶ τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν αὐτὸς ἀνοίσει

Isaiah 53:11 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:11b (English Elpenor)

from the pain of his soul, to show him light and fill him with understanding, to justify a righteous one who is well subject to many, and he himself shall bear their sins. the travail of his soul, to shew him light, and to form [him] with understanding; to justify the just one who serves many well; and he shall bear their sins.

Isaiah 53:12 (Tanakh)

Isaiah 53:12 (KJV)

Isaiah 53:12 (NET)

Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. So I will assign him a portion with the multitudes, he will divide the spoils of victory with the powerful, because he willingly submitted to death and was numbered with the rebels, when he lifted up the sin of many and intervened on behalf of the rebels.”

Isaiah 53:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Isaiah 53:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸς κληρονομήσει πολλοὺς καὶ τῶν ἰσχυρῶν μεριεῗ σκῦλα ἀνθ᾽ ὧν παρεδόθη εἰς θάνατον ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τοῗς ἀνόμοις ἐλογίσθη καὶ αὐτὸς ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν ἀνήνεγκεν καὶ διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν παρεδόθη διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸς κληρονομήσει πολλοὺς καὶ τῶν ἰσχυρῶν μεριεῖ σκῦλα, ἀνθ᾿ ὧν παρεδόθη εἰς θάνατον ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀνόμοις ἐλογίσθη· καὶ αὐτὸς ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν ἀνήνεγκε καὶ διὰ τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὐτῶν παρεδόθη

Isaiah 53:12 (NETS)

Isaiah 53:12 (English Elpenor)

Therefore he shall inherit many, and he shall divide the spoils of the strong, because his soul was given over to death, and he was reckoned among the lawless, and he bore the sins of many, and because of their sins he was given over. Therefore he shall inherit many, and he shall divide the spoils of the mighty; because his soul was delivered to death: and he was numbered among the transgressors; and he bore the sins of many, and was delivered because of their iniquities.

Leviticus 16:30 (Tanakh)

Leviticus 16:30 (KJV)

Leviticus 16:30 (NET)

For on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins shall ye be clean before HaShem. For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD. for on this day atonement is to be made for you to cleanse you from all your sins; you must be clean before the Lord.

Leviticus 16:30 (Septuagint BLB)

Leviticus 16:30 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν γὰρ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ ὑμῶν καθαρίσαι ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν ἔναντι κυρίου καὶ καθαρισθήσεσθε ἐν γὰρ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ ἐξιλάσεται περὶ ὑμῶν, καθαρίσαι ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν ἔναντι Κυρίου, καὶ καθαρισθήσεσθε

Leviticus 16:30 (NETS)

Leviticus 16:30 (English Elpenor)

For on this day he shall make atonement for you, to cleanse you from all your sins before the Lord, and you shall be clean. For in this day he shall make an atonement for you, to cleanse you from all your sins before the Lord, and ye shall be purged.

2 Chronicles 34:3 (Tanakh)

2 Chronicles 34:3 (KJV)

2 Chronicles 34:3 (NET)

For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he began to seek after the God of David his father: and in the twelfth year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images. For in the eighth year of his reign, while he was yet young, he began to seek after the God of David his father: and in the twelfth year he began to purge Judah and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the carved images, and the molten images. In the eighth year of his reign, while he was still young, he began to seek the God of his ancestor David.  In his twelfth year he began ridding Judah and Jerusalem of the high places, Asherah poles, idols, and images.

2 Chronicles 34:3 (Septuagint BLB)

2 Chronicles 34:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀγδόῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ καὶ αὐτὸς ἔτι παιδάριον ἤρξατο τοῦ ζητῆσαι κύριον τὸν θεὸν Δαυιδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν τῷ δωδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ ἤρξατο τοῦ καθαρίσαι τὸν Ιουδαν καὶ τὴν Ιερουσαλημ ἀπὸ τῶν ὑψηλῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλσεων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν χωνευτῶν καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀγδόῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ -καὶ αὐτὸς ἔτι παιδάριον- ἤρξατο τοῦ ζητῆσαι Κύριον τὸν Θεὸν Δαυὶδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐν τῷ δωδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ ἤρξατο τοῦ καθαρίσαι τὸν ᾿Ιούδαν καὶ τὴν ῾Ιερουσαλὴμ ἀπὸ τῶν ὑψηλῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλσεων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν περιβωμίων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν χωνευτῶν

2 Supplements 34:3 (NETS)

2 Chronicles 34:3 (English Elpenor)

And in the eighth year of his reign—and he was still a lad—he began to seek the Lord, God of Dauid his father.  And in the twelfth year of his reign he began to purge Ioudas and Ierousalem of the high places and the groves and the smelted items. And in the eighth year of his reign, and he [being] yet a youth, he began to seek the Lord God of his father David: and in the twelfth year of his reign he began to purge Juda and Jerusalem from the high places, and the groves, and the ornaments for the altars, and the molten images.

2 Chronicles 34:8 (Tanakh)

2 Chronicles 34:8 (KJV)

2 Chronicles 34:8 (NET)

Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had purged the land, and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the LORD his God. Now in the eighteenth year of his reign, when he had purged the land, and the house, he sent Shaphan the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah the governor of the city, and Joah the son of Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the LORD his God. In the eighteenth year of his reign, he continued his policy of purifying the land and the temple.  He sent Shaphan son of Azaliah, Maaseiah the city official, and Joah son of Joahaz the secretary to repair the temple of the Lord his God.

2 Chronicles 34:8 (Septuagint BLB)

2 Chronicles 34:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐν τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ ἔτει τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαρίσαι τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸν οἶκον ἀπέστειλεν τὸν Σαφαν υἱὸν Εσελια καὶ τὸν Μαασιαν ἄρχοντα τῆς πόλεως καὶ τὸν Ιουαχ υἱὸν Ιωαχαζ τὸν ὑπομνηματογράφον αὐτοῦ κραταιῶσαι τὸν οἶκον κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ αὐτοῦ Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔτει τῷ ὀκτωκαιδεκάτῳ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθαρίσαι τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸν οἶκον ἀπέστειλε τὸν Σαφὰν υἱὸν ᾿Εσελία καὶ τὸν Μαασὰ ἄρχοντα τῆς πόλεως καὶ τὸν ᾿Ιουὰχ υἱὸν ᾿Ιωάχαζ τὸν ὑπομνηματογράφον αὐτοῦ κραταιῶσαι τὸν οἶκον Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ αὐτοῦ

2 Supplements 34:8 (NETS)

2 Chronicles 34:8 (English Elpenor)

And in the eighteenth year of his reign—in order to purge the land and the house—he sent out Saphan son of Eselias and Maasias ruler of the city and Iouach son of Ioachaz, his recorder, to repair the house of the Lord, his God. And in the eighteenth year of his reign, after having cleansed the land, and the house, he sent Saphan the son of Ezelias, and Maasa prefect of the city, and Juach son of Joachaz his recorder, to repair the house of the Lord his God.

Luke 13:2-5 (NET)

Luke 13:2-5 (KJV)

He answered them, “Do you think these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered these things? And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they suffered such things?

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

καὶ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· δοκεῖτε ὅτι οἱ Γαλιλαῖοι οὗτοι ἁμαρτωλοὶ παρὰ πάντας τοὺς Γαλιλαίους ἐγένοντο, ὅτι ταῦτα πεπόνθασιν και αποκριθεις ο ιησους ειπεν αυτοις δοκειτε οτι οι γαλιλαιοι ουτοι αμαρτωλοι παρα παντας τους γαλιλαιους εγενοντο οτι τοιαυτα πεπονθασιν και αποκριθεις ο ιησους ειπεν αυτοις δοκειτε οτι οι γαλιλαιοι ουτοι αμαρτωλοι παρα παντας τους γαλιλαιους εγενοντο οτι τοιαυτα πεπονθασιν
No, I tell you!  But unless you repent, you will all perish as well! I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐὰν μὴ μετανοῆτε πάντες ὁμοίως ἀπολεῖσθε ουχι λεγω υμιν αλλ εαν μη μετανοητε παντες ωσαυτως απολεισθε ουχι λεγω υμιν αλλ εαν μη μετανοητε παντες ωσαυτως απολεισθε
Or those eighteen who were killed when the tower in Siloam fell on them, do you think they were worse offenders than all the others who live in Jerusalem? Or those eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwelt in Jerusalem?

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

ἢ ἐκεῖνοι οἱ δεκαοκτὼ ἐφ᾿ οὓς ἔπεσεν ὁ πύργος ἐν τῷ Σιλωὰμ καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτούς, δοκεῖτε ὅτι αὐτοὶ ὀφειλέται ἐγένοντο παρὰ πάντας τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τοὺς κατοικοῦντας Ἰερουσαλήμ η εκεινοι οι δεκα και οκτω εφ ους επεσεν ο πυργος εν τω σιλωαμ και απεκτεινεν αυτους δοκειτε οτι ουτοι οφειλεται εγενοντο παρα παντας ανθρωπους τους κατοικουντας εν ιερουσαλημ η εκεινοι οι δεκα και οκτω εφ ους επεσεν ο πυργος εν τω σιλωαμ και απεκτεινεν αυτους δοκειτε οτι ουτοι οφειλεται εγενοντο παρα παντας ανθρωπους τους κατοικουντας εν ιερουσαλημ
No, I tell you!  But unless you repent you will all perish as well!” I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish.

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

οὐχί, λέγω ὑμῖν, ἀλλ᾿ ἐὰν μὴ |μετανοῆτε| πάντες ὡσαύτως ἀπολεῖσθε ουχι λεγω υμιν αλλ εαν μη μετανοητε παντες ομοιως απολεισθε ουχι λεγω υμιν αλλ εαν μη μετανοητε παντες ομοιως απολεισθε

[1] Matthew 3:17b (NET)

[2] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ο ιησους (KJV: Jesus) here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[3] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ταῦτα here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had τοιαυτα (KJV: such things).

[4] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὁμοίως here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ωσαυτως (KJV: likewise).

[5] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had δεκαοκτὼ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had δεκα και οκτω (literally: “ten and eight”).

[6] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had αὐτοὶ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ουτοι.

[7] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had τοὺς here.  The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[8] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had εν here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[9] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ωσαυτως here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ὁμοίως (KJV: likewise).

[10] John 10:17, 18 (NET)

[11] Isaiah 53:10a (Tanakh)

[12]Jewish Concepts: Masoretic Text,” Jewish Virtual Library: Anything you need to know from Anti-Semitism to Zionism

[13] Rashi

[14] Rhineland massacres

[15] This was translated τέτρωμαι (a form of τιτρώσκω) in the Septuagint.

[16] The Samaritan woman who spoke with Jesus knew that Messiah is coming, Herod asked the chief priests and experts in the lawwhere the Christ was to be born (Matthew 2:4 NET) but None of the rulers of this age understood [the wisdom of God, hidden in a mystery], Paul wrote believers in Corinth.  If they had known it, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory (1 Corinthians 2:8 NET).  How then would the scriptures that say it must happen this way be fulfilled? (Matthew 26:54 NET)

[17] From Rhineland massacres, Background: Many crusaders had to go into debt in order to purchase weaponry and equipment for the expedition; as Western Catholicism strictly forbade usury, many crusaders inevitably found themselves indebted to Jewish moneylenders.  Having armed themselves by assuming the debt, the crusaders rationalized the killing of Jews as an extension of their Catholic mission.[6]

[18] From Rhineland massacres, Background: There had not been so broad a movement against Jews by Catholics since the seventh century’s mass expulsions and forced conversions.  While there had been a number of regional persecutions of Jews by Catholics, such as the one in Metz in 888, a plot against Jews in Limoges in 992, a wave of anti-Jewish persecution by Christian millenarian movements (which believed that Jesus was immediately to descend from Heaven) in the year 1000, and the threat of expulsion from Trier in 1066; these are all viewed “in the traditional terms of governmental outlawry rather than unbridled popular attacks.”[7]  Also many movements against Jews (such as forced conversions by King Robert the Pious of France, Richard II, Duke of Normandy, and Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor around 1007–1012) had been quashed either by Roman Catholicism’s papacy or its bishops.[7]

[19] Romans 8:17; Philippians 3:10, 11; 1 Peter 4:13

[20] Isaiah 53:10a (Tanakh)

Father, Son and Holy Spirit – Part 1

I am more or less willing to be a polytheist.  Trinitarianism gives me a headache.  I’m not quite sure how anyone deduced monotheism from, HEAR, O ISRAEL: THE HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) OUR GOD (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהינו), THE HaShem (yehôvâh, יהוה) IS ONE[1] anyway.  The Hebrew word אלהינו (ʼĕlôhı̂ym), as I understand it, is a plural noun treated as a singular (i.e., the Gods is).

If the oneness of the אלהינו (ʼĕlôhı̂ym) meant that they were not warring among themselves, constantly working at cross-purposes like the gods of the pagan myths, then trinitarianism would be an unnecessary complication.  But the impact the quotation of Psalm 110:1 in Hebrews had on me as I read it this time compels me to consider something much closer to trinitarianism than polytheism: The LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה) said unto my Lord (ʼâdôn, לאדני), Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.[2]

But when this priest[3] had offered one sacrifice for sins for all time, the anonymous author of Hebrews wrote, he sat down at the right hand of God, where he is now waiting until his enemies are made a footstool for his feet.[4]  This made it obvious that the resurrected and ascended Jesus was signified by לאדני (ʼâdôn) in Psalm 110:1, not יהוה (yehôvâh).  As a Bible-believing polytheist I would be forced to accept that Jesus is not יהוה (yehôvâh) according to this Psalm.

The insight that Jesus is יהוה (yehôvâh) come in human flesh has revolutionized my thinking about, not to mention my feeling for, יהוה (yehôvâh).  I won’t give it up easily.  If I can believe, for instance, that the him in Yet it pleased the LORD (yehôvâh, ויהוה) to bruise him[5] was effectively Himself, it presages Jesus’ own words: I lay down my life, so that I may take it back again.  No one takes it away from me, but I lay it down of my own free will.[6]  If, however, I must believe that him was someone else יהוה (yehôvâh) abused, an only begotten Son in fact, and He wants to treat me as a son…well, those are fighting words.

As I think of it now, for foolish Gentiles to see one like the Son of man [returning] with the clouds of heaven[7] and then follow their desperate leaders in a short-lived insurrection will require a hardening much like the hardening that fortified religious minds in Jerusalem to seek the death of a man who healed the sick and raised the dead.  So rather than be hardened by a simplistic polytheism I plan to endure the headache of something more like trinitarianism.

The first occurrence of ואדני (ʼâdôn) in Genesis was from the lips of Sarah: After I am worn out will I have pleasure, especially when my husband is old too?[8]  Husband (ʼâdôn, ואדני) was lord in the Tanakh and κύριός in the Septuagint.  Peter made much of this single occurrence of ʼâdôn (1 Peter 3:5, 6 NET):

For in the same way the holy women who hoped in[9] God[10] long ago adorned themselves by being subject to their husbands, like Sarah who obeyed Abraham, calling him lord (κύριον, a form of κύριος).  You become her children when you do what is good and have no fear in doing so.

Surely the relevant relationship in Sarah’s mind as she laughed, contemplated, probably doubted the possibility of having her first child in her old age was that of husband as the NET translators suggested.  Turn, O backsliding children, saith the LORD; for I am married unto you: and I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and I will bring you to Zion: And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.[11]

The Hebrew word translated LORD here was יהוה (yehôvâh), κύριος in Greek in the Septuagint.  The Hebrew word translated for I am married was בעלתי (bâʽal).  Like אדני (ʼâdôn) בעלתי (bâʽal) can mean master.  This is what the rabbis keyed on when they chose κατακυριεύσω (a form of κατακυριεύω) to translate בעלתי (bâʽal) into Greek.  But Jesus called them and said, “You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over (κατακυριεύουσιν, another form of κατακυριεύω) them, and those in high positions use their authority over them.  It[12] must not be this way among you!”[13]  In fact, the man who beat [some Jewish exorcists] into submission[14] (κατακυριεύσας, another form of κατακυριεύω)…was possessed by [an] evil spirit,[15] not the Spirit of God.

I think the translators of the Tanakh keyed on the relevant relationship the Holy Spirit intended, for later the same passage reads: Surely as a wife treacherously departeth from her husband, so have ye dealt treacherously with me, O house of Israel, saith the LORD.[16]  Again, LORD was the translation of יהוה (yehôvâh), κύριος in the Septuagint.  The word translated husband was מרעה (rêaʽ).  It was translated συνόντα (a form of σύνειμι) by the rabbis in the Septuagint (Luke 9:18-22 NET).

Once when Jesus was praying by himself, and his disciples were nearby (συνῆσαν, another form of σύνειμι), he asked them, “Who do the crowds say that I am?”  They answered,[17] “John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others that one of the prophets of long ago has risen.”  Then he said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”  Peter[18] answered, “The Christ of God.”  But he forcefully commanded them not to tell[19] this to anyone, saying, “The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and experts in the law, and be killed, and on the third day be raised.”[20]

The LORD was determined to do good (Jeremiah 3:16-18) to Israel but questioned how since they had treacherously departed from Him: But I said, How shall I put thee among the children, and give thee a pleasant land, a goodly heritage of the hosts of nations? [21]  Jesus explained His answer—and I said, Thou shalt call me, My father; and shalt not turn away from me[22]—to Nicodemus (John 3:5-7 NET).

I tell you the solemn truth, unless a person is born of water and spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God.  What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit.  Do not be amazed that I said to you, “You must all be born from above.”

So, how is one born from above?  Receive Jesus.  Actually, him in to all who have received him referred back to the Word.  I was among the slowest of the slow to realize that the Word was Jesus.  Here is John’s description of Jesus as the Word of God (John 1:1-5, 10-13 NET):

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was fully God.  The Word was with God in the beginning.  All things were created by him, and apart from him not one thing was created that has been created.  In him was life, and the life was the light of mankind.  And the light shines on in the darkness, but the darkness has not mastered it…

He was in the world, and the world was created by him, but the world did not recognize him.  He came to what was his own, but his own people did not receive him.  But to all who have received him – those who believe in his name – he has given the right to become God’s children – children not born by human parents or by human desire or a husband’s decision, but by God.

So, how does the right (John 8:40-45) to become God’s children, the fact that Thou shalt call [Him], My father ensure that thou shalt not turn away from him?  Therefore, Peter concluded his first Gospel proclamation, let all the house of Israel know beyond a doubt that God has made this Jesus whom you crucified both Lord and Christ[23] (Acts 2:37, 38 NET).

Now when they heard this, they were acutely distressed and said to Peter and the rest of the apostles, “What should we do, brothers?”  Peter said to them, “Repent, and each one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.

We know that everyone fathered by God does not sin, John wrote those who had received Jesus, but God protects the one he has fathered, and the evil one cannot touch him.  We know that we are from God, and the whole world lies in the power of the evil one.  And we know that the Son of God has come and has given us insight to know him who is true, and we are in him who is true, in his Son Jesus Christ. This one is the true God and eternal life.[24]

So then, brothers and sisters, Paul wrote to those in Rome who believed that God has made this Jesus whom [they] crucified both Lord and Christ, who had repented and been baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of [their] sins, we are under obligation, not to the flesh, to live according to the flesh (for if you live according to the flesh, you will die), but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body you will live.  For all who are led by the Spirit of God are the sons of God.  For you did not receive the spirit of slavery leading again to fear, but you received the Spirit of adoption, by whom we cry, “Abba, Father.”[25]

This explains why the ark of the covenant of the Lord will no longer come to mind (Jeremiah 3:16-18 Tanakh):

And it shall come to pass, when ye be multiplied and increased in the land, in those days, saith the LORD, they shall say no more, The ark of the covenant of the LORD: neither shall it come to mind: neither shall they remember it; neither shall they visit it; neither shall that be done any more.

At that time they shall call Jerusalem the throne of the LORD; and all the nations shall be gathered unto it, to the name of the LORD, to Jerusalem: neither shall they walk any more after the imagination of their evil heart.  In those days the house of Judah shall walk with the house of Israel, and they shall come together out of the land of the north to the land that I have given for an inheritance unto your fathers.

Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah: Not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they brake, although I was an husband unto them, saith the LORD:[26]

Here again, husband was בעלתי (bâʽal) and LORD was יהוה (yehôvâh) in the Hebrew (Masoretic text), but the rabbis chose ἠμέλησα (a form of ἀμελέω) in the Septuagint.  The author of Hebrews quoted it (Hebrews 8:9 NET):

It will not be like the covenant that I made with their fathers, on the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of Egypt, because they did not continue in my covenant and I had no regard (ἠμέλησα, a form of ἀμελέω) for them, says the Lord.

The NET parallel Greek text, Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text were identical here.

Hebrews 8:9 (NET Parallel Greek) Hebrews 8:9 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Hebrews 8:9 (Byzantine Majority Text)

οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν ἐποίησα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Ἀιγύπτου, ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, καγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει κύριος ου κατα την διαθηκην ην εποιησα τοις πατρασιν αυτων εν ημερα επιλαβομενου μου της χειρος αυτων εξαγαγειν αυτους εκ γης αιγυπτου οτι αυτοι ουκ ενεμειναν εν τη διαθηκη μου καγω ημελησα αυτων λεγει κυριος ου κατα την διαθηκην ην εποιησα τοις πατρασιν αυτων εν ημερα επιλαβομενου μου της χειρος αυτων εξαγαγειν αυτους εκ γης αιγυπτου οτι αυτοι ουκ ενεμειναν εν τη διαθηκη μου καγω ημελησα αυτων λεγει κυριος

There were three relatively insignificant differences compared to the BLB and Elpenor versions of the Septuagint.

Hebrews 8:9 (NET Parallel Greek)

Jeremiah 31:32 (Septuagint BLB)

Jeremiah 38:32 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν ἐποίησα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Ἀιγύπτου, ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, καγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, λέγει κύριος οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου καὶ ἐγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν φησὶν κύριος οὐ κατὰ τὴν διαθήκην, ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιλαβομένου μου τῆς χειρὸς αὐτῶν ἐξαγαγεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου, ὅτι αὐτοὶ οὐκ ἐνέμειναν ἐν τῇ διαθήκῃ μου, καὶ ἐγὼ ἠμέλησα αὐτῶν, φησὶ Κύριος

If בעלתי (bâʽal) was not original in Jeremiah 31:32, it was found in Isaiah, though again it was translated κύριος (Lord) in the Septuagint (Isaiah 54:4-7 Tanakh):

Fear not; for thou shalt not be ashamed: neither be thou confounded; for thou shalt not be put to shame: for thou shalt forget the shame of thy youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy widowhood any more.  For thy Maker is thine husband (bâʽal, בעליך); the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה) of hosts is his name; and thy Redeemer the Holy One of Israel; The God of the whole earth shall he be called.  For the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה) hath called thee as a woman forsaken and grieved in spirit, and a wife of youth, when thou wast refused, saith thy God.  For a small moment have I forsaken thee; but with great mercies will I gather thee.

Therefore, behold, I will allure her, and bring her into the wilderness, and speak comfortably unto her.  And I will give her her vineyards from thence, and the valley of Achor for a door of hope: and she shall sing there, as in the days of her youth, and as in the day when she came up out of the land of Egypt.  And it shall be at that day, saith the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה), that thou shalt call me Ishi; and shalt call me no more Baali (baʽălı̂y, בעלי).  For I will take away the names of Baalim (baʽal, הבעלים) out of her mouth, and they shall no more be remembered by their name.[27]

Here the Hebrew word אישי (ʼı̂ysh) was transliterated as a proper name Ishi (also in the KJV).  The rabbis translated it ἀνήρ in the SeptuagintAnd the man (ʼâdâm, האדם; Septuagint: Αδαμ) said: ‘This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man (ʼı̂ysh, מאיש; Septuagint: ἀνδρὸς, a form of ἀνήρ).’  Therefore shall a man (ʼı̂ysh, איש; Septuagint: ἄνθρωπος) leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh [Table].[28]  Most English Bibles that translate rather than transliterate Ishi render it my husband, including the New English Translation of the Septuagint.

Matthew (9:15), Mark (2:19, 20) and Luke (5:34, 35) all recounted Jesus reference to Himself as the bridegroom (νυμφίος).  John (3:25-30) recalled that John the Baptist also called Jesus the bridegroom.  The prophet Hosea continued quoting yehôvâh (Hosea 2:18-23 Tanakh):

And in that day will I make a covenant for them with the beasts of the field and with the fowls of heaven, and with the creeping things of the ground: and I will break the bow and the sword and the battle out of the earth, and will make them to lie down safely.  And I will betroth (ʼâraś, וארשׁתיך; Septuagint: μνηστεύσομαί, a form of μνηστεύω) thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth (ʼâraś, וארשׁתיך; Septuagint: μνηστεύσομαί, a form of μνηστεύω) thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies.  I will even betroth (ʼâraś, וארשׁתיך; Septuagint: μνηστεύσομαί, a form of μνηστεύω) thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה).

And it shall come to pass in that day, I will hear, saith the LORD (yehôvâh, יהוה), I will hear the heavens, and they shall hear the earth; And the earth shall hear the corn, and the wine, and the oil; and they shall hear Jezreel.  And I will sow her unto me in the earth; and I will have mercy upon her that had not obtained mercy; and I will say to them which were not my people, Thou art my people; and they shall say, Thou art my God.

Tables comparing Hebrews 10:12; 1 Peter 3:5; Matthew 20:26; Acts 19:16 and Luke 9:19-22 in the NET and KJV follow.

Hebrews 10:12 (NET)

Hebrews 10:12 (KJV)

But when this priest had offered one sacrifice for sins for all time, he sat down at the right hand of God, But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God;

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

οὗτος δὲ μίαν ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν προσενέγκας θυσίαν εἰς τὸ διηνεκὲς ἐκάθισεν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θεοῦ αυτος δε μιαν υπερ αμαρτιων προσενεγκας θυσιαν εις το διηνεκες εκαθισεν εν δεξια του θεου αυτος δε μιαν υπερ αμαρτιων προσενεγκας θυσιαν εις το διηνεκες εκαθισεν εν δεξια του θεου

1 Peter 3:5 (NET)

1 Peter 3:5 (KJV)

For in the same way the holy women who hoped in God long ago adorned themselves by being subject to their husbands, For after this manner in the old time the holy women also, who trusted in God, adorned themselves, being in subjection unto their own husbands:
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

οὕτως γάρ ποτε καὶ αἱ ἅγιαι γυναῖκες αἱ ἐλπίζουσαι εἰς θεὸν ἐκόσμουν ἑαυτάς ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν ουτως γαρ ποτε και αι αγιαι γυναικες αι ελπιζουσαι επι τον θεον εκοσμουν εαυτας υποτασσομεναι τοις ιδιοις ανδρασιν ουτως γαρ ποτε και αι αγιαι γυναικες αι ελπιζουσαι επι θεον εκοσμουν εαυτας υποτασσομεναι τοις ιδιοις ανδρασιν

Matthew 20:26 (NET)

Matthew 20:26 (KJV)

It must not be this way among you!  Instead whoever wants to be great among you must be your servant, But it shall not be so among you: but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister;

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

οὐχ οὕτως |ἔσται| ἐν ὑμῖν, ἀλλ᾿ ὃς |ἐὰν| θέλῃ ἐν ὑμῖν μέγας γενέσθαι ἔσται ὑμῶν διάκονος ουχ ουτως δε εσται εν υμιν αλλ ος εαν θελη εν υμιν μεγας γενεσθαι εστω υμων διακονος ουχ ουτως δε εσται εν υμιν αλλ ος εαν θελη εν υμιν μεγας γενεσθαι εσται υμων διακονος
Acts 19:16 (NET)

Acts 19:16 (KJV)

Then the man who was possessed by the evil spirit jumped on them and beat them all into submission.  He prevailed against them so that they fled from that house naked and wounded. And the man in whom the evil spirit was leaped on them, and overcame them, and prevailed against them, so that they fled out of that house naked and wounded.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

καὶ ἐφαλόμενος ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐπ᾿ αὐτοὺς ἐν ᾧ ἦν τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ πονηρόν, κατακυριεύσας ἀμφοτέρων ἴσχυσεν κατ᾿ αὐτῶν ὥστε γυμνοὺς καὶ τετραυματισμένους ἐκφυγεῖν ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου ἐκείνου και εφαλλομενος επ αυτους ο ανθρωπος εν ω ην το πνευμα το πονηρον και κατακυριευσας αυτων ισχυσεν κατ αυτων ωστε γυμνους και τετραυματισμενους εκφυγειν εκ του οικου εκεινου και εφαλλομενος επ αυτους ο ανθρωπος εν ω ην το πνευμα το πονηρον και κατακυριευσαν αυτων ισχυσεν κατ αυτων ωστε γυμνους και τετραυματισμενους εκφυγειν εκ του οικου εκεινου
Luke 9:19-22 (NET)

Luke 9:19-22 (KJV)

They answered, “John the Baptist; others say Elijah; and still others that one of the prophets of long ago has risen.” They answering said, John the Baptist; but some say, Elias; and others say, that one of the old prophets is risen again.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

οἱ δὲ ἀποκριθέντες εἶπαν Ἰωάννην τὸν βαπτιστήν, ἄλλοι δὲ Ἠλίαν, ἄλλοι δὲ ὅτι προφήτης τις τῶν ἀρχαίων ἀνέστη οι δε αποκριθεντες ειπον ιωαννην τον βαπτιστην αλλοι δε ηλιαν αλλοι δε οτι προφητης τις των αρχαιων ανεστη οι δε αποκριθεντες ειπον ιωαννην τον βαπτιστην αλλοι δε ηλιαν αλλοι δε οτι προφητης τις των αρχαιων ανεστη
Then he said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”  Peter answered, “The Christ of God.” He said unto them, But whom say ye that I am?  Peter answering said, The Christ of God.

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

εἶπεν δὲ αὐτοῖς· ὑμεῖς δὲ τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; Πέτρος δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· τὸν χριστὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ειπεν δε αυτοις υμεις δε τινα με λεγετε ειναι αποκριθεις δε ο πετρος ειπεν τον χριστον του θεου ειπεν δε αυτοις υμεις δε τινα με λεγετε ειναι αποκριθεις δε ο πετρος ειπεν τον χριστον του θεου
But he forcefully commanded them not to tell this to anyone, And he straitly charged them, and commanded them to tell no man that thing;

NET Parallel Greek

Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text

ὁ δὲ ἐπιτιμήσας αὐτοῖς παρήγγειλεν μηδενὶ λέγειν τοῦτο ο δε επιτιμησας αυτοις παρηγγειλεν μηδενι ειπειν τουτο ο δε επιτιμησας αυτοις παρηγγειλεν μηδενι ειπειν τουτο
saying, “The Son of Man must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests, and experts in the law, and be killed, and on the third day be raised.” Saying, The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be slain, and be raised the third day.
NET Parallel Greek Stephanus Textus Receptus Byzantine Majority Text
εἰπων ὅτι δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου πολλὰ παθεῖν καὶ ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων καὶ ἀρχιερέων καὶ γραμματέων καὶ ἀποκτανθῆναι καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἐγερθῆναι ειπων οτι δει τον υιον του ανθρωπου πολλα παθειν και αποδοκιμασθηναι απο των πρεσβυτερων και αρχιερεων και γραμματεων και αποκτανθηναι και τη τριτη ημερα εγερθηναι ειπων οτι δει τον υιον του ανθρωπου πολλα παθειν και αποδοκιμασθηναι απο των πρεσβυτερων και αρχιερεων και γραμματεων και αποκτανθηναι και τη τριτη ημερα αναστηναι

[1] Deuteronomy 6:4 (Tanakh)

[2] Psalm 110:1 (Tanakh)

[3] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had οὗτος here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αυτος (KJV: this man).

[4] Hebrews 10:12, 13 (NET)

[5] Isaiah 53:10a (Tanakh)

[6] John 10:17b, 18a (NET)

[7] Daniel 7:13b (Tanakh) The Greek word translated returning in Revelation 1:7 (NET) was ἔρχεται, while the Hebrew word translated came in Daniel 7:13 (Tanakh) was translated ἐρχόμενος in the Septuagint.  Both are forms of ἔρχομαιἐρχόμενος: Matthew 3:11; 11:2-6; 21:6-11; 23:37-39.

[8] Genesis 18:12 (NET)

[9] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had εἰς here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had επι.

[10] The Stephanus Textus Receptus had the article τον preceding God.  The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[11] Jeremiah 3:14, 15 (Tanakh)

[12] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had δε (KJV: But).  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[13] Matthew 20:25, 26a (NET)

[14] The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus had κατακυριεύσας here, where the Byzantine Majority Text had κατακυριευσαν.

[15] Acts 19:16 (NET)

[16] Jeremiah 3:20 (Tanakh)

[17] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had εἶπαν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ειπον (KJV: said).

[18] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article ο preceding Peter.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[19] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had λέγειν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ειπειν.

[20] The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus had ἐγερθῆναι here, where the Byzantine Majority Text had αναστηναι.

[21] Jeremiah 3:19a (Tanakh)

[22] Jeremiah 3:19b (Tanakh)

[23] Acts 2:36 (NET)

[24] 1 John 5:18-20 (NET) Table1, Table2

[25] Romans 8:12-15 (NET)

[26] Jeremiah 31:31, 32 (Tanakh)

[27] Hosea 2:14-17 (Tanakh) Table1 Table2 Table3

[28] Genesis 2:23, 24 (Tanakh)

Who Am I? Part 4

I spend a large portion of my Christmas holiday with three post-Christian women I’ll call Grandmother, Mother and Daughter because of their relationship to one another.  I call them post-Christian because they were all professing Christians at one time.  Grandmother still calls herself a Christian.  She means a non-Buddhist, non-Hindu, non-Jew, non-Muslim who believes in Jesus.  Her ex-husband was a Baptist Sunday school teacher who abused her, and Mother as a child.  Daughter is the most non-Christian, vocally pagan of the three with Mother falling somewhere between.  Their transformation began with a desire for a more feminine God.  I regret now not taking Mother’s question more seriously.  I didn’t understand at the time that this desire would lead through Mother Earth to a Mother Goddess and on to full-fledged paganism.

I pointed out that yehôvâh (יהוה) created male and female: God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) created humankind in his own image, in the image of God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים) he created them, male and female he created them.[1]  I talked about the meaning of El Shaddai (ʼêl, אל; shadday, שדי) and a few other references to God as feminine.  But I emphasized that the general understanding of God as masculine was due primarily to the fact that we are all feminine in relation to the operation of his grace through Jesus Christ.

I am accepted among them as the kindly, odd, somewhat benighted, old man who studies the Bible in his spare time, so ordinary conversation—what’ve you been up to?—offers many opportunities.  A recent conversation with Grandmother and Daughter turned naturally to Jesus’ dying thoughts on the cross.  I read Psalm 22 aloud.  Daughter was visibly, tearfully moved and vocally overwhelmed that David could write such exact knowledge so many centuries before Jesus was born.

I spoke of God having mercy on whoever he chooses to have mercy and hardening whoever he chooses to harden.  I said I had been considering how, and told them the story of two prophets, Nathan and John the Baptist.  When Pharisees and Sadduccees, religious leaders, came to be baptized for repentance (Matthew 3:11, 12; Mark 1:4-8; Luke 3:15-17) John said, You offspring of vipers!  Who warned you to flee from the coming wrath?[2]  And he challenged them to put their works religion to the test: Therefore produce fruit that proves your repentance[3]

What I didn’t say but will record here for my own memory’s sake, whether these particular Pharisees and Sadduccees were directly responsible or not, John’s words were not secret and would have tended to harden the resolve of the religious elite to kill Jesus: the Lord (yehôvâh, ויהוה) desired to crush him (e.g., Jesus).  On the other hand yehôvâh desired David’s repentance and sent Nathan to that effect.

He was sent after King David had committed adultery with Bathsheba and then had her husband killed to cover it up.  Nathan told David a story (2 Samuel 12:1-6) about a rich man who had entertained a traveler with a meal.  The rich man hadn’t served up any of his own sheep or cattle, but the one ewe lamb he took from a poor man.  Then David became very angry at this man.[4]  You are that man![5] Nathan said to him.

“Did he kill him?” Daughter asked.  I was actually surprised that she had forgotten the story.

No, I answered, I have sinned against the Lord![6] David said and then he wrote the 51st Psalm.  I got to read Psalm 51 aloud to them.  When I finished Grandmother responded to a look on Daughter’s face at the line—Look, I was guilty of sin from birth, a sinner the moment my mother conceived me.[7]

“I don’t believe that either,” Grandmother said.

This is a point to concede by the way.  If it offends or hurts your feelings, welcome to the human race.  Being guilty of sin from birth, a sinner the moment my mother conceived me is equivalent to being born of the flesh of Adam (Romans 5:12-21; 1 Corinthians 15:42-58).  You do not want a relentless God who will pursue you with goodness and mercy all the days of your life to spend that time convincing you the hard way that you are a sinner instead (John 16:7-11).

Goodness and mercy, by the way is the NKJV translation of Psalm 23:6a.  In the NET it was translated goodness and faithfulness (chêsêd , וחסד).

chêsêd Hebrew KJV NET Tanakh Septuagint
Psalm 23:6a וחסד mercy faithfulness mercy ἔλεός[8]


Daughter
informed me that my religion has a lot of guilt in it as she praised me for my adherence to it, and insisted that we, she and her pagan friends, desperately need a canon (i.e., of written scripture).

On Yule I learned that Mother had been taking drugs.  I wasn’t personally that aware of the winter solstice.  Daughter and Mother wished one another happy Yule in the car as I drove them to rehab.  It’s probably the only reason I knew anything at all.

I hadn’t known the night before that Mother had informed Daughter she was abusing drugs.  Daughter called me the next morning when Mother hesitated to actually commit herself to rehab.  In the car on the way Daughter was jubilant and excited that Mother was doing the right thing.  Yes, rehab is better than sitting home alone shooting dope, but I was much more somber and subdued.

At her home I had sat with her, held her and listened to her enough to convince myself that Mother had no interest in repentance.  Daughter was right.  My presence alone persuaded Mother to shower, dress and leave with us for the rehab facility.  But in the car I felt like I was delivering her up for more hardening.  In my admittedly limited experience I know no one who has returned to faith in Christ from the higher power mysticism of a twelve-step program.  I watched sadly the full realization of incarceration creep across her face as she was taken from us.  No matter what I say or how much I protest, Mother and Daughter believe I live a life of rules, while they are free.

I gave them My statutes, yehôvâh explained in the philosopher’s dream chapter of Ezekiel the prophet, and informed them of My ordinances, by which, if a man observes them, he will live.[9] I call it the philosopher’s dream chapter because yehôvâh explained so much of his own understanding of Israel’s history there.  Then the twelve-year-old Jesus had this chapter at his disposal to renew and refresh his now human mind.

The Hebrew word translated My statutes was chûqqâh (חקותי).  It was translated προστάγματά in the Septuagint.  The Hebrew word translated My ordinances was mishpâṭ (משפטי), and δικαιώματά, a form of δικαίωμα, in the Septuagint.  This was translated the righteous requirements in: Therefore if the uncircumcised man obeys the righteous requirements (δικαιώματα, a form of δικαίωμα) of the law, will not his uncircumcision be regarded as circumcision?[10]

In the same chapter yehôvâh explained: I also gave them statutes that were not good and ordinances by which they could not live.[11]  Here the Hebrew word translated statutes was chôq (חקים); chûqqâh is the feminine of chôq according to Strong’s Concordance.  It was still translated προστάγματα in the Septuagint.  And again, the word translated ordinances was mishpâṭ (ומשפטים) in Hebrew and δικαιώματα in the Septuagint.  I don’t think these are different statutes or different ordinances.

The commandmentwas intended to bring life.[12]  The law is holy, and the commandment is holy, righteous, and good.[13]  But if a law had been given that was able to give life, then righteousness would certainly have come by the law.[14]  God achieved what the law could not do because it was weakened through the flesh.[15]  For sin, seizing the opportunity through the commandment, deceived me and through it I died.[16]  For we know that the law is spiritual – but I am unspiritual, sold into slavery to sin.  For I don’t understand what I am doing.  For I do not do what I want – instead, I do what I hate.[17]

Also I gave them My Sabbaths, yehôvâh said in the philosopher’s dream chapter, to be a sign between Me and them, that they might know that I am the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) who sanctifies them.[18]

In practice many professing faith in Jesus do not believe that yehôvâh/Jesus sanctifies[19] them.  We trust Him for justification only, primarily forgiveness.  We believe our sanctification is a measure of our own good works, obedience accomplished in our own strength for our own glory.  We do not believe that here and now a Sabbath rest remains for the people of God.  For the one who enters God’s rest has also rested from his works, just as God did from his own works.[20]  I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me.  So the life I now live in the body, I live because of the faithfulness of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me.[21]  Thus we must make every effort to enter that rest, so that no one may fall by following the same pattern of disobedience[22] (ἀπειθείας, a form of ἀπείθεια; literally, disbeliefDo we then nullify the law through faith?  Absolutely not!  Instead we uphold the law.[23]

I want to consider the movie The Host as a Holy Spirit metaphor for one who does not yet experience Him.  There are many spoilers here and as a metaphor the film is fatally flawed.  But in the hope of communicating some small portion of the Ineffable, here goes.

“The earth is at peace,” a resistance leader named Jebediah (William Hurt) narrates the beginning of the film.  “There is no hunger.  There is no violence.  The environment is healed.  Honesty, courtesy and kindness are practiced by all.  Our world has never been more perfect.  Only it is no longer our world.  We’ve been invaded by an alien race.  They occupy the bodies of almost all human beings on the planet.  The few humans who have survived are on the run.”

Then we are introduced to Melanie (Saoirse Ronan) fleeing her enemies: honesty, courtesy and kindness.  Following her earthly father’s example, she attempts suicide but lives, despite her best efforts, only to be possessed by Wanderer (also Saoirse Ronan).  Melanie’s old human survives to fight Wanderer for control of their body.

The Seeker (Diane Kruger) interviews Wanderer to glean Melanie’s memories for knowledge of other old humans in the resistance underground.  When she decides that Melanie’s old human is too strong for Wanderer, she plans to put Wanderer in a more compliant host, search Melanie’s memories herself and then let Melanie die the death she wanted.  But Wanderer has begun to love Melanie.  They flee The Seeker together.

Melanie tricks Wanderer into the desert and leads her to Uncle Jebediah and the underground resistance.  Uncle Jeb uses all of his authority as a leader to keep others in the resistance from killing the obviously possessed Melanie/Wanderer.  Even Melanie’s lover Jared (Max Irons) has no sympathy for her at first.  In a get-to-know-you walk-and-talk Uncle Jeb shortens Wanderer’s name to Wanda.

Melanie begins to love Wanda as she witnesses Wanda’s concern for the people Melanie loves, even some she hates or is indifferent toward.  The metaphor breaks down, of course.  The holy spirits, called souls in the film, are many and varied, and some or not as holy as Wanda.  The Seeker ironically becomes almost human in her fears that she personally is losing control to her host Lacey (also Diane Kruger) and that the holy spirits may ultimately lose their possession of the humans.  In the end The Host becomes Satan’s wet dream as The Seeker’s fears become flesh: holy spirits collaborate with the resistance to rid humans of the holy spirits.

 

Mother is on the verge of bankruptcy.  I helped her in a similar position nearly twenty years ago.  She called me before I left for Christmas.  I offered to help again.  She accepted.  As I drove the hundred miles or so to my own mother’s house the evening after Mother committed herself to rehab I understood why we hadn’t met to review her finances yet.  I recalled the things I’ve said and done with Grandmother, Mother and Daughter, fretted over some things I hadn’t said or done and heard Darth Vader echoing in my head, saying, “Now his failure is complete.”

As far as I know I am the believer of record in their lives.  I will give an account of this stewardship before Jesus.  As the enormity of my failure to live a life that commends others to Jesus inundated me in crushing waves, the image of my mother scrubbing the basement floor on her hands and knees popped into my mind.  Of all the things she had said or done, of all the things I might have complained that she hadn’t said or done, this simple image stuck with me.

I had overdosed on some hallucinogen.  I had thrown up all night long on her basement floor.  My mother cleaning up after me became a living metaphor of my life.  I had returned to drugs because a simple taste a few days earlier brought back the feeling I had lost since my early days of trusting Jesus again.  I made many more bad decisions along the way.  But my mother never gave up on me.

As I drove through the dark hills thinking perhaps I had been spared from helping Mother again financially, the admonition of my penny-pinching father came to mind:

If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,

Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,

And stoop and build ’em up with worn-out tools:

 

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,

And lose, and start again at your beginnings

And never breathe a word about your loss;

If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew

To serve your turn long after they are gone,

And so hold on when there is nothing in you

Except the Will which says to them: ‘Hold on!’

The words weren’t his but Rudyard Kipling’s.[24]  A man like me would be a fool to attempt Kipling’s vision of manhood apart from the Holy Spirit.  But the image of my mother’s loving persistence and my father’s words of counsel gave me some hope that I was there, the right person at the right place and time.  And that image and those words carried me through that dark night until the continuous infusion of the Holy Spirit’s love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and control took over again the next morning.


[1] Genesis 1:27 (NET)

[2] Matthew 3:7 (NET)

[3] Matthew 3:8 (NET)

[4] 2 Samuel 12:5a (NET) Table

[5] 2 Samuel 12:7a (NET) Table

[6] 2 Samuel 12:13a (NET) Table

[7] Psalm 51:5 (NET) Table

[8] In the Septuagint both chêsêd (וחסד) and ṭôb (טוב) were translated by the one Greek word ἔλεός.

[9] Ezekiel 20:11 (NASB)

[10] Romans 2:26 (NET) Table

[11] Ezekiel 20:25 (NASB)

[12] Romans 7:10 (NET)

[13] Romans 7:12 (NET)

[14] Galatians 3:21b (NET)

[15] Romans 8:3a (NET)

[16] Romans 7:11 (NET)

[17] Romans 7:14, 15 (NET)

[18] Ezekiel 20:12 (NASB)

[19] When I struggled the most with this concept my Pastor was from the Christian and Missionary Alliance.  Today, as I scanned their webpage titled “Sanctification,” nothing jumps out at me as problematic except my own spiritual tic.  My flesh and my religious mind hear obedience in step 3 “to A Spirit-Filled Life”—“We maintain a continuous relationship with Jesus through obedience to His Word”—as a trigger word, calling me back to a DIY works religion.  But now I just translate obedience back into Greek, ὑπακοή, attentive hearkening, and the trigger obey disappears.  I remain (μείνατε, a form of μένω) in Jesus through faith instead (which is the actual word used in John 15:1-11 the Scriptural source of step 3).

[Addendum 1/26/2017] I’m not so sure Paul would agree that 1 Corinthians 3:1-4 “clearly teaches that there are two kinds of Christians.”

[20] Hebrews 4:9, 10 (NET)

[21] Galatians 2:20 (NET)

[22] Hebrews 4:11 (NET)

[23] Romans 3:31 (NET)

[24] If, by Rudyard Kipling