Here I continue to see the Lord cultivating the fear that is a conviction to act in accordance with his word in Israel.  It happened at midnight – the Lord attacked all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the captive who was in the prison, and all the firstborn of the cattle.¹  But the plague of the firstborn did not touch the Israelites who heard the word of the Lord and marked their doors with the blood of the Passover lamb: For the Lord will pass through to strike Egypt, and when he sees the blood on the top of the doorframe and the two side posts, then the Lord will pass over the door, and he will not permit the destroyer to enter your houses to strike you.²

Pharaoh got up in the night, along with all his servants and all Egypt, and there was a great cry in Egypt, for there was no house in which there was not someone dead [Table].  Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron in the night and said, “Get up, get out from among my people, both you and the Israelites! Go, serve the Lord as you have requested [Table]!  Also, take your flocks and your herds, just as you have requested, and leave.  But bless me also” [Table] ³

And so the descendants of Israel (and others) left Egypt:  There were about 600,000 men on foot, plus their dependents [Table].  A mixed multitude also went up with them, and flocks and herds – a very large number of cattle [Table].⁴  A note (94) in the NET reads: “The ‘mixed multitude’ (עֵרֶב רַב, ’erev rav) refers to a great ‘swarm’ (see a possible cognate in 8:21[17]) of folk who joined the Israelites, people who were impressed by the defeat of Egypt, who came to faith, or who just wanted to escape Egypt (maybe slaves or descendants of the Hyksos). The expression prepares for later references to riffraff who came along.”

In this context of cultivating a fear of the Lord that is a conviction to act in accordance with his word I begin to see a purpose for hardening Pharaoh’s heart (Exodus 14:1-4 NET).

The Lord spoke to Moses [Table]: “Tell the Israelites that they must turn and camp before Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea; you are to camp by the sea before Baal Zephon opposite it [Table].  Pharaoh will think regarding the Israelites, ‘They are wandering around confused in the land – the desert has closed in on them’ [Table].  I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and he will chase after them.  I will gain honor because of Pharaoh and because of all his army, and the Egyptians will know that I am the Lord.”  So this is what they did [Table].

It happened as the Lord promised Moses (Exodus 14:5-7 NET):

When it was reported to the king of Egypt that the people had fled, the heart of Pharaoh and his servants was turned against the people, and the king and his servants said, “What in the world have we done?  For we have released the people of Israel from serving us!”  Then he prepared his chariots and took his army with him.  He took six hundred select chariots, and all the rest of the chariots of Egypt, and officers on all of them.

If I am correct in seeing this fear that is a conviction to act in accordance with the word of the Lord as the functional equivalent in the Old Testament of the fruit of the Spirit,⁵ the desire and the effort brought forth by God for the sake of his good pleasure,⁶  because it does not depend on human desire or exertion, but on God who shows mercy,⁷  and the love of God⁸ that is the fulfillment of the law,⁹ then the contemporary Gentile response to the events of Exodus is telling.  It is a clear revelation of the ασεβεια in human hearts, the ungodliness (ἀσέβειαν, a form of ἀσέβεια) and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth by their unrighteousness;¹⁰ namely, the learned consensus that the Exodus didn’t happen as described in the Bible.  It is difficult to believe that God would do such things for anyone (the descendents of Israel), let alone for everyone (For God has consigned all people to disobedience so that he may show mercy to them all.¹¹).

But orchestrating the events to cultivate such a fear could have the opposite effect, creating a fear that caused Israel to flee, in their hearts if not with their feet (Exodus 14:10-12 NET).

When Pharaoh got closer, the Israelites looked up, and there were the Egyptians marching after them, and they were terrified (yârêʼ, וַיִּירְאוּ).  The Israelites cried out to the Lord [Table], and they said to Moses, “Is it because there are no graves in Egypt that you have taken us away to die in the desert?  What in the world have you done to us by bringing us out of Egypt? [Table]  Isn’t this what we told you in Egypt, ‘Leave us alone so that we can serve the Egyptians, because it is better for us to serve the Egyptians than to die in the desert!’” [Table]

The rabbis who translated the Septuagint used ἐφοβήθησαν (a form of φοβέω) here.  The next occurrence of ἐφοβήθησαν in the New Testament is in Matthew’s Gospel when Christ, our Passover lamb, [was] sacrificed.¹²  Now from noon until three, darkness came over all the land [Table].  At about three o’clock Jesus shouted [the opening line of Psalm 22] with a loud voice…“My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” [Table]¹³  Apparently some bystanders didn’t know Aramaic (the language of Judah’s Babylonian/Persian captors and didn’t recognize the Psalm in that ancient tongue: Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani? [8/19/2017: For a different take on this see, DID THE MESSIAH SPEAK ARAMAIC OR HEBREW? (PART 2) BY E.A.KNAPP]).  They said, This man is calling for Elijah¹⁴ (e.g., Eli, Eli—My God, My God).  Leave him alone!  Let’s see if Elijah will come to save him.¹⁵

Then Jesus cried out again with a loud voice and gave up his spirit.  Just then the temple curtain was torn in two, from¹⁶ top to bottom.  The earth shook and the rocks were split apart.  And tombs were opened, and the bodies of many saints who had died were raised¹⁷…Now when the centurion and those with him who were guarding Jesus saw the earthquake and what took place, they were extremely terrified (ἐφοβήθησαν, a form of φοβέω) and said, “Truly this one was God’s Son!”¹⁸

I doubt that the Centurion and his companions on Golgotha saw the curtain that separated the holy place from the most holy place ripped, though they may have seen or at least heard the commotion afterward.  I assume they witnessed the earthquake and the tombs opening.  Whether they saw any of the dead come out of their tombs depends on how limiting verse 53 is meant to be taken, They came out of the tombs after his resurrection and went into the holy city and appeared to many people.¹⁹  I’m not sure I can make that kind of determination based only on ἐκ, which can mean out of or away from.  But whatever they saw and heard frightened them like the Israelites were frightened when they looked up, and there were the Egyptians marching after them.

But Moses, who was privy to God’s plan, said, Do not fear (yârêʼ, תִּירָאוּ)!  Stand firm and see the salvation of the Lord that he will provide for you today; for the Egyptians that you see today you will never, ever see again.²⁰  The word translated fear above was θαρσεῖτε (a form of θαρσέω) in the Septuagint.  When Jesus’ disciples saw him walking on the water they were terrified and said, “It’s a ghost!” and cried out with fear.  But immediately Jesus spoke to them: “Have courage (θαρσεῖτε)!  It is I.  Do not be afraid.”²¹

Israel crossed the sea on dry ground.  The Egyptians were drowned when they attempted to follow.  When Israel saw the great power that the Lord had exercised over the Egyptians, they feared (yârêʼ, וַיִּירְאוּ) the Lord, and they believed in the Lord and in his servant Moses.²²  And so, for the moment, God had successfully cultivated that combination of faith and fear that is the functional equivalent of: if you confess with your mouth that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved,²³ and the fruit of the Spirit,²⁴ the desire and the effort brought forth by God for the sake of his good pleasure,²⁵  because it does not depend on human desire or exertion, but on God who shows mercy,²⁶  and the love of God²⁷ that is the fulfillment of the law.²⁸

Addendum: April 15, 2026
According to a footnote (82) in the NET Jesus quoted from Psalm 22:1 in Matthew 27:46. The following table compares the Greek of that quotation with that of the Septuagint.

Tables comparing Exodus 12:23; 14:5; 14:6 and 14:7 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Exodus 12:23; 14:5; 14:6 and 14:7 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 27:47 and 27:51, 52 in the NET and KJV follow.