Tag Archives: Psalm 22:14

Psalm 22, Part 8

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This is a continuing look into Psalm 22 as the music in Jesus’ heart as He endured the cross.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Psalm 22:14c (Tanakh) Table Psalm 22:14c (NET) Psalm 21:15c (NETS)

Psalm 21:15c (Elpenor English)
my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels. My heart is like wax; it melts away inside me. my heart became like wax melting within my belly; my heart in the midst of my belly is become like melting wax.

Since the Masoretic text and Septuagint agree here, I want to spend some time considering what might have been on Jesus’ heart (Hebrew: לִ֖בִּי; Greek: ἡ καρδία μου).  Here are the first occurrences of לִבּ֔וֹ (lēḇ) in the Masoretic text.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 6:5, 6 (Tanakh) Genesis 6:5, 6 (NET) Genesis 6:5, 6 (NETS)

Genesis 6:5, 6 (English Elpenor)
And HaShem saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart (לִבּ֔וֹ) was only evil continually. But the Lord saw that the wickedness of humankind had become great on the earth.  Every inclination of the thoughts of their minds (lēḇ, לבו) was only evil all the time. And when the Lord God saw that the wicked deeds of humans were multiplied on the earth and that all think attentively in their hearts (τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ) on evil things all the days, And the Lord God, having seen that the wicked actions of men were multiplied upon the earth, and that every one in his heart (τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ) was intently brooding over evil continually,
And it repented HaShem that He had made man on the earth, and it grieved Him at His heart (לִבּֽוֹ) [Table]. The Lord regretted that he had made humankind on the earth, and he was highly offended (lēḇ, לבו) [Note 25: “and he was grieved to his heart”]. then God considered that he had made humankind on the earth, and he thought it over (διενοήθη). then God laid it to heart[1] that he had made man upon the earth, and he pondered [it] deeply (διενοήθη).

The end result of this repentance, regret, consideration and pondering was the flood (Genesis 6:9-8:20).  But the flood didn’t change the evil thoughts of human hearts.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 8:21 (Tanakh) Genesis 8:21 (NET) Genesis 8:21 (NETS)

Genesis 8:21 (English Elpenor)
And HaShem smelled the sweet savour; and HaShem said in His heart (לִבּ֗וֹ): ‘I will not again curse the ground any more for man’s sake; for the imagination of man’s heart (לֵ֧ב) is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done [Table]. And the Lord smelled the soothing aroma and said to himself (lēḇ, לבו) [Note 33: “in his heart”], “I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, even though the inclination of their minds (lēḇ, לב) is evil from childhood on.  I will never again destroy everything that lives, as I have just done. And the Lord God smelled an odor of fragrance, and the Lord God, when he had given it thought (διανοηθείς), said, “I will not proceed hereafter to curse the earth because of the deeds of humans, for the mind (διάνοια) of humankind applies itself attentively to evil things from youth; so I will not proceed hereafter to smite all living flesh, as I have done. And the Lord God smelled a smell of sweetness, and the Lord God having considered (διανοηθείς), said, I will not any more curse the earth, because of the works of men, because the imagination (διάνοια) of man is intently bent upon evil things from his youth, I will not therefore any more smite all living flesh as I have done.

Jesus continued this teaching about the human heart (Matthew 15:18, 19; Mark 7:20-23 NET):

But the things that come out of the mouth come from the heart (καρδίας, a form of καρδία), and these things defile a person.  For out of the heart (καρδίας) come evil ideas, murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony, slander.

What comes out of a person defiles him.  For from within, out of the human heart (καρδίας), come evil ideas, sexual immorality,[2] theft,[3] murder, adultery,[4] greed, evil, deceit, debauchery, envy, slander, pride, and folly.  All these evils come from within and defile a person.

The first occurrences of לִבּ֔וֹ (lēḇ) in Genesis from the Masoretic text had me thinking this essay would be a contrast between the heart of human beings and the heart of God.  As I made or studied the tables for these verses, however, I noticed that the rabbis who translated the Septuagint veered away from a mechanical translation (if a form of לֵב [lēḇ] was actually in the Hebrew they translated) whenever God was the subject.  I took it to heart.  It was a human heart, THE human heart, that melted like wax on the cross.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Psalm 68:2 (Tanakh) Psalm 68:2 (NET) Psalm 67:3 (NETS)

Psalm 67:3 (English Elpenor)
As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax (דּ֖וֹנַג) melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God. As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away.  As wax (dônāḡ, דונג) melts before fire, so the wicked are destroyed before God. As smoke vanishes, let them vanish; as wax (κηρὸς) melts from before fire, so may sinners perish from before God. As smoke vanishes, let them vanish: as wax (κηρὸς) melts before the fire, so let the sinners perish from before God.

David’s prayer got a very literal answer in the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark when NAZIs, the contemporary archetype of evil, and their French collaborator literally melted like wax before the ark of the covenant.  But NAZIs and their collaborators are not the only ones with evil human hearts, the source of evil ideas, sexual immorality, theft, murder, adultery, greed, evil, deceit, debauchery, envy, slander, pride, and folly.

Do not be amazed that I said to you, Jesus said, ‘You must all be born from above.’[5]  Paul wrote of Jesus: For he hath made him…sin for us, who knew no sin…[6]  I don’t believe the phrase τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν (who knew no sin) means that Jesus lacked an evil human heart.  Quite the contrary, the Word became flesh,[7] John testified of Jesus.  Jesus stated explicitly how He knew (γνόντα, a form of γινώσκω) no sin: the Father that dwelleth in me, he doeth the works.[8]

Jesus is the pioneer and perfecter of our faith,[9] the beginning, the firstborn from the dead:[10] Before his crucifixion He was a human being with an evil human heart so led by the Holy Spirit, so filled with God’s own love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control that He knew no sin.  But the Word become flesh did not need anyone to testify about man, for he knew (ἐγίνωσκεν, another form of γινώσκω) what was in man.[11]  And God hath made him…sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made[12] the righteousness of God in him.[13]

The writer of Hebrews, who I think scribed what Jesus taught during the forty days between his resurrection and ascension, was fairly explicit about Jesus’ humanity (Hebrews 2:14-17; 4:15 NET):

Therefore, since the children share in flesh and blood, he likewise shared in their humanity, so that through death he could destroy the one who holds the power of death (that is, the devil), and set free those who were held in slavery all their lives by their fear of death.  For surely his concern (ἐπιλαμβάνεται, a form of ἐπιλαμβάνω) is not for angels, but he is concerned (ἐπιλαμβάνεται, a form of ἐπιλαμβάνω) for Abraham’s descendants.  Therefore he had to be made like his brothers and sisters in every respect (κατὰ πάντα), so that he could become a merciful and faithful high priest in things relating to God, to make atonement for the sins of the people.

For we do not have a high priest incapable of sympathizing with our weaknesses, but one who has been tempted[14] in every way just as we are (καθ᾿ ὁμοιότητα), yet without sin.

Through faith in Him we, too, receive his Holy Spirit (2 Corinthians 1:21, 22 NET):

But it is God who establishes us together with you in Christ and who anointed us, who also sealed us and gave us the Spirit in our hearts (ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν) as a down payment.

Paul prayed for the inner strengthening each of us needs to be a dwelling place of God (Ephesians 3:14-19 NET):

I kneel before the Father [Table], from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named.  I pray that according to the wealth of his glory he will grant you to be strengthened with power through his Spirit in the inner person [Table], that Christ will dwell in your hearts (ταῖς καρδίαις ὑμῶν) through faith, so that, because you have been rooted and grounded in love, you will be able to comprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth [Table], and thus to know the love of Christ that surpasses knowledge, so that you will be filled up to all the fullness of God.

I can think of no better way to end this essay than to conclude with Paul’s own benediction (Ephesians 3:20, 21 NET):

Now to him who by the power that is working within us is able to do far beyond[15] all that we ask or think, to him be the glory in the church and in Christ Jesus to all generations, forever and ever.  Amen [Table].

Tables comparing Genesis 6:5 and Psalm 68:2 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing Genesis 6:5 and Psalm 68:2 (67:3) in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Mark 7:21, 22; Hebrews 4:15 and Ephesians 3:20 in the NET and KJV follow.

Genesis 6:5 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 6:5 (KJV)

Genesis 6:5 (NET)
And HaShem saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And GOD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. But the Lord saw that the wickedness of humankind had become great on the earth.  Every inclination of the thoughts of their minds was only evil all the time.

Genesis 6:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 6:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ἰδὼν δὲ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ἐπληθύνθησαν αἱ κακίαι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ πᾶς τις διανοεῗται ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἐπιμελῶς ἐπὶ τὰ πονηρὰ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ᾿Ιδὼν δὲ Κύριος ὁ Θεός, ὅτι ἐπληθύνθησαν αἱ κακίαι τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ πᾶς τις διανοεῖται ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ ἐπιμελῶς ἐπὶ τὰ πονηρὰ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας,

Genesis 6:5 (NETS)

Genesis 6:5 (English Elpenor)
And when the Lord God saw that the wicked deeds of humans were multiplied on the earth and that all think attentively in their hearts on evil things all the days, And the Lord God, having seen that the wicked actions of men were multiplied upon the earth, and that every one in his heart was intently brooding over evil continually,

Psalm 68:2 (Tanakh)

 Psalm 68:2 (KJV)

Psalm 68:2 (NET)
As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God. As smoke is driven away, so drive them away: as wax melteth before the fire, so let the wicked perish at the presence of God. As smoke is driven away by the wind, so you drive them away.  As wax melts before fire, so the wicked are destroyed before God.

Psalm 68:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 67:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ὡς ἐκλείπει καπνός ἐκλιπέτωσαν ὡς τήκεται κηρὸς ἀπὸ προσώπου πυρός οὕτως ἀπόλοιντο οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ θεοῦ ὡς ἐκλείπει καπνός, ἐκλιπέτωσαν· ὡς τήκεται κηρὸς ἀπὸ προσώπου πυρός, οὕτως ἀπολοῦνται οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ Θεοῦ

Psalm 67:3 (NETS)

Psalm 67:3 (English Elpenor)
As smoke vanishes, let them vanish; as wax melts from before fire, so may sinners perish from before God. As smoke vanishes, let them vanish: as wax melts before the fire, so let the sinners perish from before God.

Mark 7:21, 22 (NET)

Mark 7:21, 22 (KJV)
For from within, out of the human heart, come evil ideas, sexual immorality, theft, murder, For from within, out of the heart of men, proceed evil thoughts, adulteries, fornications, murders,

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
ἔσωθεν γὰρ ἐκ τῆς καρδίας τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ διαλογισμοὶ οἱ κακοὶ ἐκπορεύονται, πορνεῖαι, κλοπαί, φόνοι εσωθεν γαρ εκ της καρδιας των ανθρωπων οι διαλογισμοι οι κακοι εκπορευονται μοιχειαι πορνειαι φονοι εσωθεν γαρ εκ της καρδιας των ανθρωπων οι διαλογισμοι οι κακοι εκπορευονται μοιχειαι πορνειαι φονοι
adultery, greed, evil, deceit, debauchery, envy, slander, pride, and folly. Thefts, covetousness, wickedness, deceit, lasciviousness, an evil eye, blasphemy, pride, foolishness:

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
μοιχεῖαι, πλεονεξίαι, πονηρίαι, δόλος, ἀσέλγεια, ὀφθαλμὸς πονηρός, βλασφημία, ὑπερηφανία, ἀφροσύνη κλοπαι πλεονεξιαι πονηριαι δολος ασελγεια οφθαλμος πονηρος βλασφημια υπερηφανια αφροσυνη κλοπαι πλεονεξιαι πονηριαι δολος ασελγεια οφθαλμος πονηρος βλασφημια υπερηφανια αφροσυνη

Hebrews 4:15 (NET)

Hebrews 4:15 (KJV)
For we do not have a high priest incapable of sympathizing with our weaknesses, but one who has been tempted in every way just as we are, yet without sin. For we have not an high priest which cannot be touched with the feeling of our infirmities; but was in all points tempted like as we are, yet without sin.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
οὐ γὰρ ἔχομεν ἀρχιερέα μὴ δυνάμενον συμπαθῆσαι ταῖς ἀσθενείαις ἡμῶν, πεπειρασμένον δὲ κατὰ πάντα καθ᾿ ὁμοιότητα χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας ου γαρ εχομεν αρχιερεα μη δυναμενον συμπαθησαι ταις ασθενειαις ημων πεπειραμενον δε κατα παντα καθ ομοιοτητα χωρις αμαρτιας ου γαρ εχομεν αρχιερεα μη δυναμενον συμπαθησαι ταις ασθενειαις ημων πεπειραμενον δε κατα παντα καθ ομοιοτητα χωρις αμαρτιας

Ephesians 3:20 (NET)

Ephesians 3:20 (KJV)
Now to him who by the power that is working within us is able to do far beyond all that we ask or think, Now unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us,

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
Τῷ δὲ δυναμένῳ ὑπὲρ πάντα ποιῆσαι ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν κατὰ τὴν δύναμιν τὴν ἐνεργουμένην ἐν ἡμῖν τω δε δυναμενω υπερ παντα ποιησαι υπερ εκπερισσου ων αιτουμεθα η νοουμεν κατα την δυναμιν την ενεργουμενην εν ημιν τω δε δυναμενω υπερ παντα ποιησαι υπερ εκπερισσου ων αιτουμεθα η νοουμεν κατα την δυναμιν την ενεργουμενην εν ημιν

[1] The phrase laid it to heart is an English translation of the Greek word ἐνεθυμήθη (a form of ἐνθυμέομαι).

[2] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had μοιχειαι (KJV: adulteries) preceding sexual immorality (KJV: fornications).  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[3] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had κλοπαί here.  The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[4] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had μοιχειαι here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had κλοπαί (KJV: Thefts).

[5] John 3:7 (NET)

[6] 2 Corinthians 5:21a (KJV) Table I deliberately dropped the words to be added by the translators.  They are not in the Greek and they add nothing to my understanding.

[7] John 1:14a (NET)

[8] John 14:10b (KJV) Table

[9] Hebrews 12:2b (NET) Table

[10] Colossians 1:18b (NET)

[11] John 2:25 (NET)

[12] The Sephanus Textus Receptus had γινωμεθα here, where the NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text had γενώμεθα (NET: would become).

[13] 2 Corinthians 5:21 (KJV) Table

[14] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had πεπειρασμένον here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had πεπειραμενον (KJV: was…tempted).

[15] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had υπερ εκπερισσου (KJV: abundantly above).

Psalm 22, Part 7

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This is a continuing look into Psalm 22 as the music in Jesus’ heart as He endured the cross.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Psalm 22:14b (Tanakh) Table Psalm 22:14b (NET) Psalm 21:15b (NETS)

Psalm 21:15b (Elpenor English)
and all my bones are out of joint: all my bones are dislocated. and all my bones were scattered and all my bones are loosened:

The English translation of וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ, a form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ), in the Tanakh (and others) was unique and specific.  A scan of the table below of all occurrences of forms of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) in the Old Testament is an easy way to satisfy myself that the form וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ is unique among them.  But my Hebrew isn’t good enough to say that וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ is so specific as are out of joint.  Yet it is this specificity that causes me to think of Jesus hanging on the cross: “The strain of the body suspended on the cross would all but dislocate the joints of the arms, and would be felt in every bone of the body.”[1]

A more contemporary translation of the Tanakh rendered וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ were separated.  Would that direct my thoughts to Jesus and the cross if I had never heard are out of joint?  The NETS translation of the Greek διεσκορπίσθη (a form of διασκορπίζω) were scattered would have led me toward a more figurative understanding if spoken by a living person, though I may be more willing now to have taken it more literally if spoken by the dead.  Neither interpretation would have led me to Jesus and the cross.

Between the two, were scattered (NETS) is a more accurate rendering of διεσκορπίσθη than are loosened (English Elpenor).  When I consider the forms of διασκορπίζω found in the New Testament it seems that the English translators of the Elpenor version of the Septuagint were reaching to better accommodate are out of joint.  There was only one other occurrence of a form of διασκορπίζω as the translation of a form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) in the Septuagint.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Psalm 92:9 (Tanakh) Psalm 92:9 (NET) Psalm 91:10 (NETS)

Psalm 91:10 (English Elpenor)
For, lo, thine enemies, O LORD, for, lo, thine enemies shall perish; all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered (יִ֜תְפָּֽרְד֗וּ). Indeed, look at your enemies, O Lord.  Indeed, look at how your enemies perish.  All the evildoers are scattered (pāraḏ , יתפרדו). because, look, your enemies, O Lord, because, look, your enemies shall perish and all those who practice lawlessness shall be scattered (διασκορπισθήσονται). For, behold, thine enemies shall perish; and all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered (διασκορπισθήσονται).

It encouraged me to look more closely at how the Rabbis translated forms of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) in the Septuagint.  Two forms of ἀφορίζω were chosen for the earliest occurrences in Genesis.

Reference Hebrew Tanakh NET BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Genesis 2:10 יִפָּרֵ֔ד it was parted it divides ἀφορίζεται ἀφορίζεται
Genesis 10:5 נִפְרְד֞וּ divided were separated ἀφωρίσθησαν ἀφωρίσθησαν

The former is the more visually explicit:

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Genesis 2:10 (Tanakh) Genesis 2:10 (NET) Genesis 2:10 (NETS)

Genesis 2:10 (English Elpenor)
And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted (יִפָּרֵ֔ד), and became four heads. Now a river flows from Eden to water the orchard, and from there it divides (pāraḏ, יפרד) into four headstreams. Now a river goes out of Edem to water the orchard; from there it divides (ἀφορίζεται) into four sources. And a river proceeds out of Edem to water the garden, thence it divides (ἀφορίζεται) itself into four heads.

If I visualize this wordstring as a map: at the point were the four rivers first part, divide or separate they might be described as dislocated.  Farther downstream as the rivers separate more and more they might be described as scattered.  Whether the rivers are dislocated by inches or scattered by my miles, they are separated.  If the Hebrew doesn’t specify where we are on the map so to speak (and I’m assuming from the translations cited above that it doesn’t) the point between dislocated and scattered is an interpretation made by the translators.  That’s actually quite a lot of clarity from the first occurrence of יִפָּרֵ֔ד, a form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) in Genesis.

There were three other occurrences translated with forms of διασπείρω:

Reference Hebrew Tanakh NET BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Genesis 10:32 נִפְרְד֧וּ divided spread διεσπάρησαν διεσπάρησαν
Deuteronomy 32:8 בְּהַפְרִיד֖וֹ when He separated when he divided up διέσπειρεν διέσπειρεν
Esther 3:8 וּמְפֹרָד֙ and dispersed and spread διεσπαρμένον διεσπαρμένον

Esther 3:8 is the most tantalizing:

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Esther 3:8 (Tanakh) Esther 3:8 (NET) Esther 3:8 (NETS)

Esther 3:8 (English Elpenor)
And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed (וּמְפֹרָד֙) among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king’s laws: therefore it is not for the king’s profit to suffer them. Then Haman said to King Ahasuerus, “There is a particular people that is dispersed and spread (pāraḏ, ומפרד) among the inhabitants throughout all the provinces of your kingdom whose laws differ from those of all other peoples.  Furthermore, they do not observe the king’s laws.  It is not appropriate for the king to provide a haven for them. Then he spoke to King Artaxerxes, saying, “There is a certain nation scattered (διεσπαρμένον) among the nations throughout all your kingdom; their laws are different from all the nations, and they disobey the king’s laws so that it is not expedient for the king to tolerate them. And he spoke to king Artaxerxes, saying, There is a nation scattered (διεσπαρμένον) among the nations in all thy kingdom, and their laws differ from [those of] all the [other] nations; and they disobey the laws of the king; and it is not expedient for the king to let them alone.

If I actually thought the Masoretic text was the original Hebrew inspired by the Holy Spirit I wouldn’t translate וּמְפֹרָד֙—another form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ), and dispersed (Tanakh), and spread (NET)—as a redundant synonym of מְפֻזָּ֤ר—a form of פזר (p̄zr), scattered abroad (Tanakh), that is dispersed (NET).  A certain people scattered abroad and separated among the people sounds like an authentic complaint a foreign official might lodge against Israel.  It sounds exactly like Haman’s complaint: their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king’s laws.  So why translate וּמְפֹרָד֙ as a redundant synonym of מְפֻזָּ֤ר?

There was only one verb διεσπαρμένον (a form of διασπείρω) in the Septuagint: “to scatter abroad, spread around, throw about, disperse.”  Whether there was only one verb in the original Hebrew or the rabbis collapsed two verbs into one, the Septuagint seems to have dictated the content of the English translations quoted above.  The Tanakh on chabad.org however reads: There is a certain people scattered and separate among the peoples throughout all the provinces of your kingdom…  This seems to be a better translation of the Masoretic text apart from any consideration of the Septuagint.  I’m not sure how much weight to give it in my consideration of Psalm 22:14.

There is another verse in another Psalm where נִפְזְר֥וּ, another form of פזר (p̄zr), was used apparently in a figurative way.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Psalm 141:7 (Tanakh) Psalm 141:7 (NET) Psalm 140:7 (NETS)

Psalm 140:7 (English Elpenor)
Our bones are scattered (נִפְזְר֥וּ) at the grave’s mouth, as when one cutteth and cleaveth wood upon the earth. As when one plows and breaks up the soil, so our bones are scattered (p̄zr, נפזרו) at the mouth of Sheol. As a clod of earth was crushed on the land, our bones were strewn (διεσκορπίσθη) beside Hades, As a lump of earth is crushed upon the ground, our bones have been scattered (διεσκορπίσθη) by the [mouth of] the grave.

If the rabbis collapsed two verbs—מְפֻזָּ֤ר, a form of פזר (p̄zr), and וּמְפֹרָד֙, another form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ)—into one—διεσπαρμένον (a form of διασπείρω)—in Esther 3:8, it might explain why they translated both וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ, a form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ), in Psalm 22:14 and נִפְזְר֥וּ, another form of פזר (p̄zr), in Psalm 141:7 διεσκορπίσθη (a form of διασκορπίζω).

There were five occurrences of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) translated with forms of διαχωρίζω in the Septuagint:

Reference Hebrew Tanakh NET BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Genesis 13:9 הִפָּ֥רֶד separate thyself Separate yourself διαχωρίσθητι διαχωρίσθητι
Genesis 13:11 וַיִּפָּ֣רְד֔וּ separated and they separated themselves διεχωρίσθησαν διεχωρίσθησαν
Genesis 13:14 הִפָּֽרֶד was separated had departed διαχωρισθῆναι διαχωρισθῆναι
2 Samuel 1:23 נִפְרָ֑דוּ they were not divided were they separated διεχωρίσθησαν διεχωρίσθησαν
Proverbs 16:28 מַפְרִ֥יד separateth separates διαχωρίζει διαχωρίζει

The first three occurrences mark the bullet points of the story of Abram and Lot separating because their herds were too great for the land (Genesis 13:5-14a).  Here, I would need to visualize the wordstring as a digital 4D map, showing elevation and time, but the story would be the same: Abram and Lot and their herds would begin together and then separate wider and wider apart as Lot journeyed east toward Sodom.

There were four occurrences of forms of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) translated with forms of διαστέλλω.

Reference Hebrew Tanakh NET BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Genesis 25:23 יִפָּרֵ֑דוּ shall be separated will be separated διασταλήσονται διασταλήσονται
Genesis 30:40 הִפְרִ֣יד separated removed διέστειλεν διέστειλεν
Ruth 1:17 יַפְרִ֖יד part will be able to separate διαστελεῗ διαστελεῖ
2 Kings 2:11 וַיַּפְרִ֖דוּ which parted They went διέστειλαν διέστειλαν

Since I’ve been considering free will,[2] the oath David’s Great-Grandmother (Ruth 4:13-17) swore to her mother-in-law stands out to me.  After the deaths of her husband and two sons Naomi had decided to return home to Judah from Moab.  Her two daughters-in-law Orpah and Ruth began the journey with her, but Naomi encouraged them to return to their own homes.  Orpah was reluctantly persuaded while Ruth was not:

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Ruth 1:15-17 (Tanakh) Ruth 1:15-17 (NET) Ruth 1:15-17 (NETS)

Ruth 1:15-17 (English Elpenor)
And she said: ‘Behold, thy sister-in-law is gone back unto her people, and unto her god; return thou after thy sister-in-law.’ So Naomi said, “Look, your sister-in-law is returning to her people and to her god (Note 49).  Follow your sister-in-law back home!” And Noemin said to Routh, “See, your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods; now turn back, you too, after your sister-in-law.” And Noemin said to Routh, “See, your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods; now turn back, you too, after your sister-in-law.”
And Ruth said: ‘Entreat me not to leave thee, and to return from following after thee; for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy G-d my G-d; But Ruth replied, “Stop urging me to abandon you!  For wherever you go, I will go.  Wherever you live, I will live.  Your people will become my people, and your God will become my God. But Routh said, “Do not oppose me, to make me abandon you or turn back from after you.  For wherever you go, I will go, and wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following thee; for whithersoever thou goest, I will go, and wheresoever thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people [shall be] my people, and thy God my God.
where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried; HaShem do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part (יַפְרִ֖יד) thee and me.’ Wherever you die, I will die—and there I will be buried.  May the Lord punish me severely if I do not keep my promise!  Only death will be able to separate (pāraḏ, יפריד) me from you!” And wherever you die, I will die—there will I be buried.  Thus and so may the Lord do to me, and thus and so may he add—for death alone shall part (διαστελεῗ) me from you!” And wherever thou diest, I will die, and there will I be buried: the Lord do so to me, and more also, [if I leave thee], for death [only] shall divide (διαστελεῖ) between me and thee.

One last occurrence caught my ear:

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Hosea 4:14 (Tanakh) Hosea 4:14 (NET) Hosea 4:14 (NETS)

Hosea 4:14 (English Elpenor)
I will not punish your daughters when they commit whoredom, nor your spouses when they commit adultery: for themselves are separated (יְפָרֵ֔דוּ) with whores, and they sacrifice with harlots: therefore the people that doth not understand shall fall. I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery.  For the men consort (pāraḏ, יפרדו) with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes.  It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!” And I will not take an interest in your daughters when they play the whore nor in your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery, for the men themselves were associating (συνεφύροντο) with whores and were sacrificing with initiates, and the people, not understanding embraced a whore. And I will not visit upon your daughters when they shall commit fornication, nor your daughters-in-law when they shall commit adultery: for they themselves mingled themselves (συνεφύροντο) with harlots, and sacrificed with polluted ones, and the people that understood not entangled itself with a harlot.

There was a subtle shift in the translation in the Septuagint that strikes me as the influence of the religious mind: It is not that people are separated from God with whores, but they were associating with whores (NETS), they mingled themselves with harlots.  Both are perfectly acceptable translations of συνεφύροντο (a form of συμφύρω); neither hints of separation, whether dislocated or scattered.  And the NET follows the Septuagint here, consort, without any note questioning the originality of יפרדו, a form of פָּרַד (pāraḏ).

All and all the translation of וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ into Greek in the Septuagint in Psalm 22:14 appears to be another reason that Jesus may have preferred[3] to sing this song in his heart in Hebrew.  The complete table of forms of פָּרַד (pāraḏ) in the Old Testament follows.

Reference Hebrew Tanakh NET BLB Septuagint Elpenor
Psalm 22:14 (22:15, 21:15) וְֽהִתְפָּֽרְד֗וּ are out of joint are dislocated διεσκορπίσθη διεσκορπίσθη
Genesis 2:10 יִפָּרֵ֔ד it was parted it divides ἀφορίζεται ἀφορίζεται
Genesis 10:5 נִפְרְד֞וּ divided were separated ἀφωρίσθησαν ἀφωρίσθησαν
Genesis 10:32 נִפְרְד֧וּ divided spread διεσπάρησαν διεσπάρησαν
Genesis 13:9 הִפָּ֥רֶד separate thyself Separate yourself διαχωρίσθητι διαχωρίσθητι
Genesis 13:11 וַיִּפָּ֣רְד֔וּ separated and they separated themselves διεχωρίσθησαν διεχωρίσθησαν
Genesis 13:14 הִפָּֽרֶד was separated had departed διαχωρισθῆναι διαχωρισθῆναι
Genesis 25:23 יִפָּרֵ֑דוּ shall be separated will be separated διασταλήσονται διασταλήσονται
Genesis 30:40 הִפְרִ֣יד separated removed διέστειλεν διέστειλεν
Deuteronomy 32:8 בְּהַפְרִיד֖וֹ when He separated when he divided up διέσπειρεν διέσπειρεν
Judges 4:11 נִפְרָ֣ד had severed had moved away ἐχωρίσθησαν ἐχωρίσθη
Ruth 1:17 יַפְרִ֖יד part will be able to separate διαστελεῗ διαστελεῖ
2 Samuel 1:23 נִפְרָ֑דוּ they were not divided were they separated διεχωρίσθησαν διεχωρίσθησαν
2 Kings 2:11 וַיַּפְרִ֖דוּ which parted They went διέστειλαν διέστειλαν
Nehemiah 4:19 (4:13) נִפְרָדִים֙ and we are separated and we are spread out σκορπιζόμεθα σκορπιζόμεθα
Esther 3:8 וּמְפֹרָד֙ and dispersed and spread διεσπαρμένον διεσπαρμένον
Job 4:11 יִתְפָּרָֽדוּ are scattered abroad are scattered ἔλιπον ἔλιπον
Job 41:17 (41:9) יִתְפָּרָֽדוּ be sundered be separated ἀποσπασθῶσιν ἀποσπασθῶσιν
Psalm 92:9 (92:10, 91:10) יִ֜תְפָּֽרְד֗וּ shall be scattered are scattered διασκορπισθήσονται διασκορπισθήσονται
Proverbs 16:28 מַפְרִ֥יד separateth separates διαχωρίζει διαχωρίζει
Proverbs 17:9 מַפְרִ֥יד separateth separates διίστησιν διΐστησι
Proverbs 18:1 נִפְרָ֑ד a man, having separated One who has isolated himself χωρίζεσθαι χωρίζεσθαι
Proverbs 18:18 יַפְרִֽיד and parteth and settles the issue δυνάσταις δυναστείαις
Proverbs 19:4 יִפָּרֵֽד is separated is separated λείπεται λείπεται
Ezekiel 1:11 פְּרֻד֖וֹת were stretched were spread out ἐκτεταμέναι ἐκτεταμέναι
Hosea 4:14 יְפָרֵ֔דוּ for themselves are separated For the men consort συνεφύροντο συνεφύροντο

Tables comparing Psalm 92:9; Genesis 2:10; Esther 3:8; Psalm 141:7; Ruth 1:15; 1:16; 1:17 and Hosea 4:14 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing Psalm 92:9 (91:10); Genesis 2:10; Esther 3:8; Psalm 141:7 (140:7); Ruth 1:15; 1:16; 1:17 and Hosea 4:14 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor) follow.

Psalm 92:9 (Tanakh)

 Psalm 92:9 (KJV)

Psalm 92:9 (NET)
For, lo, thine enemies, O LORD, for, lo, thine enemies shall perish; all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered. For, lo, thine enemies, O LORD, for, lo, thine enemies shall perish; all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered. Indeed, look at your enemies, O Lord.  Indeed, look at how your enemies perish.  All the evildoers are scattered.

Psalm 92:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 91:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ὅτι ἰδοὺ οἱ ἐχθροί σου ἀπολοῦνται καὶ διασκορπισθήσονται πάντες οἱ ἐργαζόμενοι τὴν ἀνομίαν ὅτι ἰδοὺ οἱ ἐχθροί σου, Κύριε, ἰδοὺ οἱ ἐχθροί σου ἀπολοῦνται, καὶ διασκορπισθήσονται πάντες οἱ ἐργαζόμενοι τὴν ἀνομίαν

Psalm 91:10 (NETS)

Psalm 91:10 (English Elpenor)
because, look, your enemies, O Lord, because, look, your enemies shall perish and all those who practice lawlessness shall be scattered.[4] For, behold, thine enemies shall perish; and all the workers of iniquity shall be scattered.

Genesis 2:10 (Tanakh)

 Genesis 2:10 (KJV)

Genesis 2:10 (NET)
And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became four heads. And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. Now a river flows from Eden to water the orchard, and from there it divides into four headstreams.

Genesis 2:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 2:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ποταμὸς δὲ ἐκπορεύεται ἐξ Εδεμ ποτίζειν τὸν παράδεισον ἐκεῗθεν ἀφορίζεται εἰς τέσσαρας ἀρχάς ποταμὸς δὲ ἐκπορεύεται ἐξ ᾿Εδὲμ ποτίζειν τὸν παράδεισον· ἐκεῖθεν ἀφορίζεται εἰς τέσσαρας ἀρχάς

Genesis 2:10 (NETS)

Genesis 2:10 (English Elpenor)
Now a river goes out of Edem to water the orchard; from there it divides into four sources. And a river proceeds out of Edem to water the garden, thence it divides itself into four heads.

Esther 3:8 (Tanakh)

 Esther 3:8 (KJV)

Esther 3:8 (NET)
And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king’s laws: therefore it is not for the king’s profit to suffer them. And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus, There is a certain people scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom; and their laws are diverse from all people; neither keep they the king’s laws: therefore it is not for the king’s profit to suffer them. Then Haman said to King Ahasuerus, “There is a particular people that is dispersed and spread among the inhabitants throughout all the provinces of your kingdom whose laws differ from those of all other peoples.  Furthermore, they do not observe the king’s laws.  It is not appropriate for the king to provide a haven for them.

Esther 3:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Esther 3:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐλάλησεν πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα Ἀρταξέρξην λέγων ὑπάρχει ἔθνος διεσπαρμένον ἐν τοῗς ἔθνεσιν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου οἱ δὲ νόμοι αὐτῶν ἔξαλλοι παρὰ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη τῶν δὲ νόμων τοῦ βασιλέως παρακούουσιν καὶ οὐ συμφέρει τῷ βασιλεῗ ἐᾶσαι αὐτούς καὶ ἐλάλησε πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα ᾿Αρταξέρξης λέγων· ὑπάρχει ἔθνος διεσπαρμένον ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ βασιλείᾳ σου, οἱ δὲ νόμοι αὐτῶν ἔξαλλοι παρὰ πάντα τὰ ἔθνη, τῶν δὲ νόμων τοῦ βασιλέως παρακούουσι, καὶ οὐ συμφέρει τῷ βασιλεῖ ἐᾶσαι αὐτούς

Esther 3:8 (NETS)

Esther 3:8 (English Elpenor)
Then he spoke to King Artaxerxes, saying, “There is a certain nation scattered among the nations throughout all your kingdom; their laws are different from all the nations, and they disobey the king’s laws so that it is not expedient for the king to tolerate them. And he spoke to king Artaxerxes, saying, There is a nation scattered among the nations in all thy kingdom, and their laws differ from [those of] all the [other] nations; and they disobey the laws of the king; and it is not expedient for the king to let them alone.

Psalm 141:7 (Tanakh)

 Psalm 141:7 (KJV)

Psalm 141:7 (NET)
Our bones are scattered at the grave’s mouth, as when one cutteth and cleaveth wood upon the earth. Our bones are scattered at the grave’s mouth, as when one cutteth and cleaveth wood upon the earth. As when one plows and breaks up the soil, so our bones are scattered at the mouth of Sheol.

Psalm 141:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 140:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ὡσεὶ πάχος γῆς διερράγη ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς διεσκορπίσθη τὰ ὀστᾶ ἡμῶν παρὰ τὸν ᾅδην ὡσεὶ πάχος γῆς ἐρράγη ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, διεσκορπίσθη τὰ ὀστᾶ αὐτῶν παρὰ τὸν ᾅδην

Psalm 140:7 (NETS)

Psalm 140:7 (English Elpenor)
As a clod of earth was crushed on the land, our bones were strewn beside Hades, As a lump of earth is crushed upon the ground, our bones have been scattered by the [mouth of] the grave.

Ruth 1:15 (Tanakh)

 Ruth 1:15 (KJV)

Ruth 1:15 (NET)
And she said: ‘Behold, thy sister-in-law is gone back unto her people, and unto her god; return thou after thy sister-in-law.’ And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law. So Naomi said, “Look, your sister-in-law is returning to her people and to her god.  Follow your sister-in-law back home!”

Ruth 1:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Ruth 1:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ εἶπεν Νωεμιν πρὸς Ρουθ ἰδοὺ ἀνέστρεψεν ἡ σύννυμφός σου πρὸς λαὸν αὐτῆς καὶ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῆς ἐπιστράφητι δὴ καὶ σὺ ὀπίσω τῆς συννύμφου σου καὶ εἶπε Νωεμὶν πρὸς Ῥούθ· ἰδοὺ ἀνέστρεψεν ἡ σύννυμφός σου πρὸς λαὸν αὐτῆς καὶ πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς αὐτῆς· ἐπιστράφηθι δὴ καὶ σὺ ὀπίσω τῆς συννύμφου σου

Ruth 1:15 (NETS)

Ruth 1:15 (English Elpenor)
And Noemin said to Routh, “See, your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods; now turn back, you too, after your sister-in-law.” And Noemin said to Ruth, Behold, thy sister-in-law has returned to her people and to her gods; turn now thou also after thy sister-in-law.

Ruth 1:16 (Tanakh)

 Ruth 1:16 (KJV)

Ruth 1:16 (NET)
And Ruth said: ‘Entreat me not to leave thee, and to return from following after thee; for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy G-d my G-d; And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God: But Ruth replied, “Stop urging me to abandon you!  For wherever you go, I will go.  Wherever you live, I will live.  Your people will become my people, and your God will become my God.

Ruth 1:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Ruth 1:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)
εἶπεν δὲ Ρουθ μὴ ἀπαντήσαι ἐμοὶ τοῦ καταλιπεῗν σε ἢ ἀποστρέψαι ὄπισθέν σου ὅτι σὺ ὅπου ἐὰν πορευθῇς πορεύσομαι καὶ οὗ ἐὰν αὐλισθῇς αὐλισθήσομαι ὁ λαός σου λαός μου καὶ ὁ θεός σου θεός μου εἶπε δὲ Ῥούθ· μὴ ἀπάντησαί μοι τοῦ καταλιπεῖν σε ἢ ἀποστρέψαι ὄπισθέν σου· ὅτι σὺ ὅπου ἐὰν πορευθῇς, πορεύσομαι, καὶ οὗ ἐὰν αὐλισθῇς, αὐλισθήσομαι· ὁ λαός σου λαός μου, καὶ ὁ Θεός σου Θεός μου

Ruth 1:16 (NETS)

Ruth 1:16 (English Elpenor)
But Routh said, “Do not oppose me, to make me abandon you or turn back from after you.  For wherever you go, I will go, and wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following thee; for whithersoever thou goest, I will go, and wheresoever thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people [shall be] my people, and thy God my God.

Ruth 1:17 (Tanakh)

 Ruth 1:17 (KJV)

Ruth 1:17 (NET)
where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried; HaShem do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part thee and me.’ Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me. Wherever you die, I will die—and there I will be buried.  May the Lord punish me severely if I do not keep my promise!  Only death will be able to separate me from you!”

Ruth 1:17 (Septuagint BLB)

Ruth 1:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ οὗ ἐὰν ἀποθάνῃς ἀποθανοῦμαι κἀκεῗ ταφήσομαι τάδε ποιήσαι μοι κύριος καὶ τάδε προσθείη ὅτι θάνατος διαστελεῗ ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ καὶ οὗ ἐὰν ἀποθάνῃς, ἀποθανοῦμαι, κἀκεῖ ταφήσομαι· τάδε ποιήσαι μοι Κύριος καὶ τάδε προσθείῃ, ὅτι θάνατος διαστελεῖ ἀναμέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ σοῦ

Ruth 1:17 (NETS)

Ruth 1:17 (English Elpenor)
And wherever you die, I will die—there will I be buried.  Thus and so may the Lord do to me, and thus and so may he add—for death alone shall part me from you!” And wherever thou diest, I will die, and there will I be buried: the Lord do so to me, and more also, [if I leave thee], for death [only] shall divide between me and thee.

Hosea 4:14 (Tanakh)

 Hosea 4:14 (KJV)

Hosea 4:14 (NET)
I will not punish your daughters when they commit whoredom, nor your spouses when they commit adultery: for themselves are separated with whores, and they sacrifice with harlots: therefore the people that doth not understand shall fall. I will not punish your daughters when they commit whoredom, nor your spouses when they commit adultery: for themselves are separated with whores, and they sacrifice with harlots: therefore the people that doth not understand shall fall. I will not punish your daughters when they commit prostitution, nor your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery.  For the men consort with harlots; they sacrifice with temple prostitutes.  It is true: “A people that lacks understanding will come to ruin!”

Hosea 4:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 4:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐπισκέψωμαι ἐπὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ὑμῶν ὅταν πορνεύωσιν καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς νύμφας ὑμῶν ὅταν μοιχεύωσιν διότι καὶ αὐτοὶ μετὰ τῶν πορνῶν συνεφύροντο καὶ μετὰ τῶν τετελεσμένων ἔθυον καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ συνίων συνεπλέκετο μετὰ πόρνης καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐπισκέψωμαι ἐπὶ τὰς θυγατέρας ὑμῶν, ὅταν πορνεύσωσι, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς νύμφας ὑμῶν, ὅταν μοιχεύσωσιν· ὅτι αὐτοὶ μετὰ τῶν πορνῶν συνεφύροντο καὶ μετὰ τῶν τετελεσμένων ἔθυον, καὶ ὁ λαὸς ὁ συνίων συνεπλέκετο μετὰ πόρνης

Hosea 4:14 (NETS)

Hosea 4:14 (English Elpenor)
And I will not take an interest in your daughters when they play the whore nor in your daughters-in-law when they commit adultery, for the men themselves were associating with whores and were sacrificing with initiates, and the people, not understanding embraced a whore. And I will not visit upon your daughters when they shall commit fornication, nor your daughters-in-law when they shall commit adultery: for they themselves mingled themselves with harlots, and sacrificed with polluted ones, and the people that understood not entangled itself with a harlot.

[1] Pulpit Commentary, Psalm 22:14

[2] Who Am I? Part 11; Who Am I? Part 12; Who Am I? Part 13

[3] Psalm 22, Part 1; Psalm 22, Part 2

[4] In this case the NETS is a better translation of the Elpenor Septuagint (with the exception of a second ὅτι, because) while the English Elpenor is a better translation of the BLB Septuagint.

Psalm 22, Part 6

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This is a continuing look into Psalm 22 as the music in Jesus’ heart as He endured the cross.

Masoretic Text

 Septuagint
Psalm 22:14a (Tanakh) Psalm 22:14a (NET) Psalm 21:15a (NETS)

Psalm 21:15a (Elpenor English)
I am poured out like water, My strength drains away like water [Note 31: like water I am poured out]; Like water I was poured out, I am poured out like water,

The Hebrew word translated I am poured out was נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי֘ (shaphak).  The Greek word in the Septuagint was ἐξεχύθην (a form of ἐκχέω).  Jesus taught his disciples:

Matthew 26:27, 28 (NET)

 Mark 14:23, 24 (NET)

Luke 22:20 (NET)
And after taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you, And after taking the[1] cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them, and they all drank from it. And in the same way he took the cup after they had eaten, saying, “This cup that is poured out (ἐκχυννόμενον) for you[2] is the new covenant in my blood.
for this is my blood, the blood of the[3] covenant,[4] that is poured out (ἐκχυννόμενον) for many for the forgiveness of sins. He said to them, “This is my blood, the blood of the[5] covenant,[6] that is poured out (ἐκχυννόμενον) for[7] many.

Here, too, the Greek word translated poured out was ἐκχυννόμενον (another form of ἐκχέω).  On the day the Holy Spirit was poured out on all who believed Jesus, Peter quoted the prophet Joel:

Acts 2:17 (NET)

 Joel 2:28 (NETS)

Joel 3:1 (English Elpenor)
‘And in the last days it will be,’ God says, ‘that I will pour out (ἐκχεῶ) my Spirit on all people, and your sons and your daughters will prophesy, and your young men will see visions, and your old men will dream dreams. And it shall be after these things, I will pour out (ἐκχεῶ)[8] my spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions. And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out (ἐκχεῶ) of my Spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions.
Acts 2:17 (NET Parallel Greek) Joel 2:28 (Septuagint BLB) Joel 3:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἔσται ἐν ταῖς ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις, λέγει ὁ θεός, ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνυπνίοις ἐνυπνιασθήσονται καὶ ἔσται μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνύπνια ἐνυπνιασθήσονται καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται ΚΑΙ ἔσται μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν, καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνύπνια ἐνυπνιασθήσονται, καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται
Acts 2:18 (NET) Joel 2:29 (NETS) Joel 3:2 (English Elpenor)
Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out (ἐκχεῶ) my Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy. Even on the male and female slaves, in those days, I will pour out (ἐκχεῶ)[9] my spirit. And on my servants and on [my] handmaids in those days will I pour out (ἐκχεῶ) of my Spirit.
Acts 2:18 (NET Parallel Greek) Joel 2:29 (Septuagint BLB) Joel 3:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καί γε ἐπὶ τοὺς δούλους μου καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας μου ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος μου, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς δούλους καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας ἐν ταῗς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς δούλους μου καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας μου ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου

Peter’s addition of γε (translated even) understood as at least, and the potential addition of μου (depending on which version of the Septuagint is closer to the original Greek and which Greek is closer to the original Hebrew), indicates to me that the pouring out of the Holy Spirit was limited in Peter’s then present to believers—limited to my (e.g., God’s) servants or slaves (δούλους, a form of δοῦλος, and δούλας, a form of δούλη).  Jesus told his disciples, “you too, when you have done everything you were commanded to do, should say, ‘We are slaves (δοῦλοι, another form of δοῦλος) undeserving of special praise; we have only done what was our duty.’”[10]

The religious mind as “a subspecies of the carnal mind” will not hear this saying.  It rejects such a concept entirely as it strives to justify itself by having its own righteousness derived from the law or Church doctrine or whatever virtue system it might imagine for itself.  The religious mind craves credit and praise for its own standards and achievements of righteousness.   I think the phrase slaves undeserving of special praise (δοῦλοι ἀχρεῖοι; KJV: unprofitable servants) was Jesus’ way of expressing the attitude of those led by the Spirit of God.  Paul described it a bit differently (Galatians 2:19-21 NET):

For through the law I died to the law so that I may live to God.  I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me.  So the life I now live in the body, I live because of the faithfulness of the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me.  I do not set aside God’s grace, because if righteousness could come through the law, then Christ died for nothing!

What you have done (ποιήσητε, a form of ποιέω) when you have done everything as a disciple of Christ led by his Holy Spirit is not your work (Hebrews 4:1-13) but Christ’s: the righteousness that comes by way of Christ’s faithfulness—a righteousness from God that is in fact based on Christ’s faithfulness.[11]  The one who practices the truth comes to the light, so that it may be plainly evident that his deeds have been done in God.[12]

This Jesus God raised up, Peter continued on the day the Holy Spirit was poured out upon believers, and we are all witnesses of it.  So then, exalted to the right hand of God, and having received the promise of the Holy Spirit from the Father, he has poured out (ἐξέχεεν, another form of ἐκχεῶ) what you both see and hear [Table].[13]

The phrase what you both see and hear was a reference to what happened when the Holy Spirit was poured out on believers (Acts 2:4-12 NET):

All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit, and they began to speak in other languages as the Spirit enabled them.

Now there were devout Jews from every nation under heaven residing in Jerusalem [Table].  When this sound occurred, a crowd gathered and was in confusion because each one heard them speaking in his own language.  Completely baffled, they said, “Aren’t all these who are speaking Galileans? [Table]  And how is it that each one of us hears them in our own native language?  Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and residents of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and the province of Asia, Phrygia and Pamphylia, Egypt and the parts of Libya near Cyrene, and visitors from Rome, both Jews and proselytes, Cretans and Arabs—we hear them speaking in our own languages about the great deeds God has done!”  All were astounded and greatly confused, saying to one another, “What does this mean?” [Table]

Peter was also first to preach the Gospel to Gentiles (Acts 10:34b-48a NET):

I now truly understand that God does not show favoritism in dealing with people [Table], but in every nation the person who fears him and does what is right is welcomed before him.  You know the message he sent to the people of Israel, proclaiming the good news (εὐαγγελιζόμενος, a form of εὐαγγελίζω) of peace through Jesus Christ (he is Lord of all)—you know what happened throughout Judea, beginning from Galilee after the baptism that John announced: with respect to Jesus from Nazareth,[14] that God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power.  He went around doing good (εὐεργετῶν, a form of εὐεργετέω) and healing all who were oppressed by the devil because God was with him.  We are[15] witnesses of all the things he did both in Judea and in Jerusalem.  They killed[16] him by hanging him on a tree, but God raised him up on[17] the third day and caused him to be seen, not by all the people, but by us, the witnesses God had already chosen, who ate and drank with him after he rose from the dead.  He commanded us to preach to the people and to warn them that he[18] is the one appointed by God as judge of the living and the dead.  About him all the prophets testify, that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name.”

While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit fell on all those who heard the message.  The circumcised believers who had accompanied[19] Peter were greatly astonished that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out (ἐκκέχυται, another form of ἐκχέω) even on the Gentiles, for they heard them speaking in tongues and praising God.  Then Peter said [Table], “No one can withhold the water for these people to be baptized, who have received the Holy Spirit just as we did, can he?”  So he gave orders to have them baptized in the name of Jesus Christ [Table].

As I’ve mentioned elsewhere I have never spoken in tongues.  I receive God’s own love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control from his Holy Spirit.  Paul wrote: And hope does not disappoint, because the love of God has been poured out (ἐκκέχυται, another form of ἐκχέω) in our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.[20]

A note (6) in the NET acknowledged the possibility that this love of God (ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ) means: “The love that comes from God and that produces our love for God has been poured out within our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.”  I will testify to this actuality, and add that the love that comes from God and that produces our love for God and others has been poured out within our hearts through the Holy Spirit who was given to us.  For from him and through him and to him are all things.  To him be glory forever!  Amen.[21]

Paul wrote to Titus (Titus 3:3-7 NET):

For we, too, were once foolish, disobedient, misled, enslaved to various passions and desires, spending our lives in evil and envy, hateful and hating one another.  But “when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared, he saved us not by works of righteousness that[22] we have done but on the basis of his mercy,[23] through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit, whom he poured out (ἐξέχεεν, another form of ἐκχέω) on us in full measure through Jesus Christ our Savior.  And so, since we have been justified by his grace, we become[24] heirs with the confident expectation of eternal life.”

After Jesus bowed his head and gave up his spirit,[25] one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and blood and water flowed out immediately.[26]  I’ve heard the physical explanation of this flow of blood and water many times.  A quote from an article on compellingTruth online—“When Jesus was pierced, why did blood and water come out of His side?”—follows:

Crucifixion typically resulted in death through one of two ways. The first way was hypovolemic shock. The prolonged rapid heartbeat resulting from hypovolemic shock can cause fluid to gather in the area around the heart….

The second way death often occurred during crucifixion was due to asphyxiation….This…can also result in the buildup of fluid around the heart.

I didn’t grasp the symbolic significance of blood and water (αἷμα καὶ ὕδωρ) until I did this study of what poured out of Jesus: his blood for the forgiveness of sins and the water near to his heart, his Holy Spirit, for the righteousness of God through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ for all who believe.[27]  As He promised the Samaritan woman at the well: whoever drinks some of the water that I will give him will never be thirsty again, but the water (ὕδωρ) that I will give him will become in him a fountain of water springing up to eternal life.[28]

I am poured out like water, Jesus sang in his heart as He died on the cross.

Tables comparing Psalm 22:14; Joel 2:28 (3:1) and 2:29 (3:2) in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing Psalm 22:14 (21:15); Joel 2:28 (3:1) and 2:29 (3:2) in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 26:28; Mark 14:23, 24; Acts 2:18; 10:38-40; 10:42; 10:45; Titus 3:5; 3:7 and John 19:34 in the NET and KJV follow.

Psalm 22:14 (Tanakh)

 Psalm 22:14 (KJV)

Psalm 22:14 (NET)
I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint: my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels. I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of joint: my heart is like wax; it is melted in the midst of my bowels. My strength drains away like water; all my bones are dislocated. My heart is like wax; it melts away inside me.

Psalm 22:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 21:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)
ὡσεὶ ὕδωρ ἐξεχύθην καὶ διεσκορπίσθη πάντα τὰ ὀστᾶ μου ἐγενήθη ἡ καρδία μου ὡσεὶ κηρὸς τηκόμενος ἐν μέσῳ τῆς κοιλίας μου ὡσεὶ ὕδωρ ἐξεχύθην, καὶ διεσκορπίσθη πάντα τὰ ὀστᾶ μου, ἐγενήθη ἡ καρδία μου ὡσεὶ κηρὸς τηκόμενος ἐν μέσῳ τῆς κοιλίας μου

Psalm 21:15 (NETS)

Psalm 21:15 (English Elpenor)
Like water I was poured out, and all my bones were scattered; my heart became like wax melting within my belly; I am poured out like water, and all my bones are loosened: my heart in the midst of my belly is become like melting wax.

Joel 3:1 (Tanakh)

 Joel 2:28 (KJV)

Joel 2:28 (NET)
And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out My spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions; And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions: “After all of this I will pour out my Spirit on all kinds of people.  Your sons and daughters will prophesy.  Your elderly will have prophetic dreams; your young men will see visions.

Joel 2:28 (Septuagint BLB)

Joel 3:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἔσται μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνύπνια ἐνυπνιασθήσονται καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται ΚΑΙ ἔσται μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν, καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνύπνια ἐνυπνιασθήσονται, καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται

Joel 2:28 (NETS)

Joel 3:1 (English Elpenor)
And it shall be after these things, I will pour out my spirit on all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions. And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, and your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions.

Joel 3:2 (Tanakh)

 Joel 2:29 (KJV)

Joel 2:29 (NET)
And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out My spirit. And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out my spirit. Even on male and female servants I will pour out my Spirit in those days.

Joel 2:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Joel 3:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)
καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς δούλους καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας ἐν ταῗς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου καὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς δούλους μου καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας μου ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματός μου

Joel 2:29 (NETS)

Joel 3:2 (English Elpenor)
Even on the male and female slaves, in those days, I will pour out my spirit. And on my servants and on [my] handmaids in those days will I pour out of my Spirit.

Matthew 26:28 (NET)

Matthew 26:28 (KJV)
for this is my blood, the blood of the covenant, that is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν τὸ αἷμα μου τῆς διαθήκης τὸ περὶ πολλῶν ἐκχυννόμενον εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν τουτο γαρ εστιν το αιμα μου το της καινης διαθηκης το περι πολλων εκχυνομενον εις αφεσιν αμαρτιων τουτο γαρ εστιν το αιμα μου το της καινης διαθηκης το περι πολλων εκχυνομενον εις αφεσιν αμαρτιων

Mark 14:23, 24 (NET)

Mark 14:23, 24 (KJV)
And after taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them, and they all drank from it. And he took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them: and they all drank of it.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ λαβὼν ποτήριον εὐχαριστήσας ἔδωκεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἔπιον ἐξ αὐτοῦ πάντες και λαβων το ποτηριον ευχαριστησας εδωκεν αυτοις και επιον εξ αυτου παντες και λαβων το ποτηριον ευχαριστησας εδωκεν αυτοις και επιον εξ αυτου παντες
He said to them, “This is my blood, the blood of the covenant, that is poured out for many. And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· τοῦτο ἐστιν τὸ αἷμα μου τῆς διαθήκης τὸ ἐκχυννόμενον ὑπὲρ πολλῶν και ειπεν αυτοις τουτο εστιν το αιμα μου το της καινης διαθηκης το περι πολλων εκχυνομενον και ειπεν αυτοις τουτο εστιν το αιμα μου το της καινης διαθηκης το περι πολλων εκχυνομενον

Acts 2:18 (NET)

Acts 2:18 (KJV)
Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy. And on my servants and on my handmaidens I will pour out in those days of my Spirit; and they shall prophesy:

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καί γε ἐπὶ τοὺς δούλους μου καὶ ἐπὶ τὰς δούλας μου ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις ἐκείναις ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πνεύματος μου, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν και γε επι τους δουλους μου και επι τας δουλας μου εν ταις ημεραις εκειναις εκχεω απο του πνευματος μου και προφητευσουσιν καιγε επι τους δουλους μου και επι τας δουλας μου εν ταις ημεραις εκειναις εκχεω απο του πνευματος μου και προφητευσουσιν

Acts 10:38-40 (NET)

Acts 10:38-40 (KJV)
with respect to Jesus from Nazareth, that God anointed him with the Holy Spirit and with power.  He went around doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil because God was with him. How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
Ἰησοῦν τὸν ἀπὸ Ναζαρέθ, ὡς ἔχρισεν αὐτὸν ὁ θεὸς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ δυνάμει, ὃς διῆλθεν εὐεργετῶν καὶ ἰώμενος πάντας τοὺς καταδυναστευομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἦν μετ᾿ αὐτοῦ ιησουν τον απο ναζαρετ ως εχρισεν αυτον ο θεος πνευματι αγιω και δυναμει ος διηλθεν ευεργετων και ιωμενος παντας τους καταδυναστευομενους υπο του διαβολου οτι ο θεος ην μετ αυτου ιησουν τον απο ναζαρετ ως εχρισεν αυτον ο θεος πνευματι αγιω και δυναμει ος διηλθεν ευεργετων και ιωμενος παντας τους καταδυναστευομενους υπο του διαβολου οτι ο θεος ην μετ αυτου
We are witnesses of all the things he did both in Judea and in Jerusalem.  They killed him by hanging him on a tree, And we are witnesses of all things which he did both in the land of the Jews, and in Jerusalem; whom they slew and hanged on a tree:

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ ἡμεῖς μάρτυρες πάντων ὧν ἐποίησεν ἔν τε τῇ χώρᾳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ [ἐν] Ἰερουσαλήμ. ὃν καὶ ἀνεῖλαν κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου και ημεις εσμεν μαρτυρες παντων ων εποιησεν εν τε τη χωρα των ιουδαιων και εν ιερουσαλημ ον ανειλον κρεμασαντες επι ξυλου και ημεις εσμεν μαρτυρες παντων ων εποιησεν εν τε τη χωρα των ιουδαιων και εν ιερουσαλημ ον και ανειλον κρεμασαντες επι ξυλου
but God raised him up on the third day and caused him to be seen, Him God raised up the third day, and shewed him openly;

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
τοῦτον ὁ θεὸς ἤγειρεν [ἐν] τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτὸν ἐμφανῆ γενέσθαι τουτον ο θεος ηγειρεν τη τριτη ημερα και εδωκεν αυτον εμφανη γενεσθαι τουτον ο θεος ηγειρεν τη τριτη ημερα και εδωκεν αυτον εμφανη γενεσθαι

Acts 10:42 (NET)

Acts 10:42 (KJV)
He commanded us to preach to the people and to warn them that he is the one appointed by God as judge of the living and the dead. And he commanded us to preach unto the people, and to testify that it is he which was ordained of God to be the Judge of quick and dead.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ παρήγγειλεν ἡμῖν κηρύξαι τῷ λαῷ καὶ διαμαρτύρασθαι ὅτι οὗτος ἐστιν ὁ ὡρισμένος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κριτὴς ζώντων καὶ νεκρῶν και παρηγγειλεν ημιν κηρυξαι τω λαω και διαμαρτυρασθαι οτι αυτος εστιν ο ωρισμενος υπο του θεου κριτης ζωντων και νεκρων και παρηγγειλεν ημιν κηρυξαι τω λαω και διαμαρτυρασθαι οτι αυτος εστιν ο ωρισμενος υπο του θεου κριτης ζωντων και νεκρων

Acts 10:45 (NET)

Acts 10:45 (KJV)
The circumcised believers who had accompanied Peter were greatly astonished that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles, And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as came with Peter, because that on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Ghost.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
καὶ ἐξέστησαν οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς πιστοὶ |ὅσοι| συνῆλθαν τῷ Πέτρῳ, ὅτι καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη ἡ δωρεὰ τοῦ |ἁγίου| πνεύματος  ἐκκέχυται και εξεστησαν οι εκ περιτομης πιστοι οσοι συνηλθον τω πετρω οτι και επι τα εθνη η δωρεα του αγιου πνευματος εκκεχυται και εξεστησαν οι εκ περιτομης πιστοι οσοι συνηλθον τω πετρω οτι και επι τα εθνη η δωρεα του αγιου πνευματος εκκεχυται

Titus 3:5 (NET)

Titus 3:5 (KJV)
he saved us not by works of righteousness that we have done but on the basis of his mercy, through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit, Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost;

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων τῶν ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ ἃ ἐποιήσαμεν ἡμεῖς ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἔλεος ἔσωσεν ἡμᾶς διὰ λουτροῦ παλιγγενεσίας καὶ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου ουκ εξ εργων των εν δικαιοσυνη ων εποιησαμεν ημεις αλλα κατα τον αυτου ελεον εσωσεν ημας δια λουτρου παλιγγενεσιας και ανακαινωσεως πνευματος αγιου ουκ εξ εργων των εν δικαιοσυνη ων εποιησαμεν ημεις αλλα κατα τον αυτου ελεον εσωσεν ημας δια λουτρου παλιγγενεσιας και ανακαινωσεως πνευματος αγιου

Titus 3:7 (NET)

Titus 3:7 (KJV)
And so, since we have been justified by his grace, we become heirs with the confident expectation of eternal life.” That being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
ἵνα δικαιωθέντες τῇ ἐκείνου χάριτι κληρονόμοι γενηθῶμεν κατ᾿ ἐλπίδα ζωῆς αἰωνίου ινα δικαιωθεντες τη εκεινου χαριτι κληρονομοι γενωμεθα κατ ελπιδα ζωης αιωνιου ινα δικαιωθεντες τη εκεινου χαριτι κληρονομοι γενωμεθα κατ ελπιδα ζωης αιωνιου

John 19:34 (NET)

John 19:34 (KJV)
But one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and blood and water flowed out immediately. But one of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out blood and water.

NET Parallel Greek

 Stephanus Textus Receptus

Byzantine Majority Text
ἀλλ᾿ εἷς τῶν στρατιωτῶν λόγχῃ αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευρὰν ἔνυξεν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν εὐθὺς αἷμα καὶ ὕδωρ αλλ εις των στρατιωτων λογχη αυτου την πλευραν ενυξεν και ευθυς εξηλθεν αιμα και υδωρ αλλ εις των στρατιωτων λογχη αυτου την πλευραν ενυξεν και ευθεως εξηλθεν αιμα και υδωρ

[1] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article το here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[2] The word order in Greek is: 1) τοῦτο τὸ ποτήριον (This cup); 2) ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη (the new covenant); 3) ἐν τῷ αἵματι μου (in my blood); 4) τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἐκχυννόμενον (that is poured out for you).  Neither my Greek nor my King James English is subtle enough to know if This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you (KJV) means This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood (NET).  They sound substantially different to my ear.  The KJV translators have mimicked the Greek word order better than the NET translators.

[3] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article το preceding the article τῆς.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[4] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had καινης (KJV: new) preceding covenant (KJV: testament).  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[5] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the article το preceding the article τῆς.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[6] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had καινης (KJV: new) preceding covenant (KJV: testament).  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[7] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὑπὲρ here where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had περι.

[8] The Hebrew word in the Masoretic text was אֶשְׁפּ֚וֹךְ (shaphak, שָׁפַךְ) another form of the word נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי֘ translated I am poured out in Psalm 22:14.

[9] The Hebrew word in the Masoretic text was אֶשְׁפּ֖וֹךְ (shaphak, שָׁפַךְ) another form of the word נִשְׁפַּכְתִּי֘ translated I am poured out in Psalm 22:14.

[10] Luke 17:10 (NET) The Greek word translated duty was ὠφείλομεν (a form of ὀφείλω): we have only done what what was owed to God in Christ.  Owe (ὀφείλετε, another form of ὀφείλω) no one anything, Paul wrote, except to love one another, for the one who loves his neighbor has fulfilled the law (Romans 13:8 NET).

[11] Philippians 3:9b (NET)

[12] John 3:21 (NET)

[13] Acts 2:32, 33 (NET)

[14] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had Ναζαρέθ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ναζαρετ.

[15] The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the verb εσμεν here.  The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

[16] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἀνεῖλαν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ανειλον (KJV: they slew).

[17] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐν here.  The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

[18] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had οὗτος here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αυτος.

[19] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had συνῆλθαν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had συνηλθον (KJV: came with).

[20] Romans 5:5 (NET)

[21] Romans 11:36 (NET)

[22] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἃ here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ων (KJV: which).

[23] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἔλεος here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ελεον.

[24] The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had γενηθῶμεν here, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had γενωμεθα (KJV: we should be made).

[25] John 19:30b (NET)

[26] John 19:34 (NET) The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Stephanus Textus Receptus had εὐθὺς here, where the Byzantine Majority Text had ευθεως.

[27] Romans 3:22a (NET) Table

[28] John 4:14 (NET)