Exploration, Part 12

I was asked to compare the “translation” from the previous essay side-by-side with the ESV.

Galatians 5:25-6:5 (ESV/EXP11)

Galatians 5:25-6:5 (ESV)

(Links refer back to the rationale for this particular understanding of the Greek text.)

(Links refer to differences in the Greek of the received and critical texts.)

Since we live by the Spirit, by the Spirit also we may keep in step; we may not become conceited, provoking one another by envying one another.

Brothers, even if anyone is caught in any transgression, you, the spiritual, must restore such as this in a spirit of gentleness. Keep watch on yourself, lest you too be tempted. One another’s burdens you must bear, and so you will fulfill the law of Christ. For if anyone thinks he is something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself. But each one must test his own work, and then unto himself alone he will have reason to boast, and not unto the other. For each his own load will have to bear.

If we live by the Spirit, let us also keep in step with the Spirit. Let us not become conceited, provoking one another, envying one another.

Brothers, if anyone is caught in any transgression, you who are spiritual should restore him in a spirit of gentleness. Keep watch on yourself, lest you too be tempted. Bear one another’s burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ [Table]. For if anyone thinks he is something, when he is nothing, he deceives himself. But let each one test his own work, and then his reason to boast will be in himself alone and not in his neighbor. For each will have to bear his own load.

Having begun by the Spirit1…by hearing with faith…2

…are you now being perfected by the flesh?3

These few changes are more congenial to walking and living by the Spirit by hearing with faith. The ESV translation as is could encourage one to continue his foolish attempt to be perfected by the flesh. The dead giveaway was having Paul encourage the foolish one to have reason to boast (τὸ καύχημα)…in himself (εἰς ἑαυτὸν). Jesus would not approve.4 And Paul wrote to foolish Galatians: But far be it from me to boast (καυχᾶσθαι, a form of καυχάομαι) except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.5

I’m reminded of Jesus’ words to the man from whom He had cast out the Legion of demons: Go home to your friends and tell (ἀπάγγειλον, an imperative form of ἀπαγγέλλω) them how much the Lord has done6 for you, and how he has had mercy on you.7 It helps highlight the difference between telling what the Lord has done in and through me and boasting about what the Lord has done in and through me: The former remains cognizant of the truth: We are unworthy servants; we have only done what was our duty.8 The latter does not. Consider how Paul told what the Lord had done in and through him (Galatians 2:20 EXP11):

By means of Christ I have been crucified, but I live hereafter not I but He lives within me, Christ, so who now I live within flesh, by faithfulness I live by means of the Son of God who loved me and gave himself for me.

…to the praise of his glorious grace…

Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God, To the saints who are in Ephesus, and are faithful in Christ Jesus:

Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in Christ with every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places [Table], even as he chose us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and blameless before him. In love he predestined us for adoption to himself as sons through Jesus Christ, according to the purpose of his will, to the praise of his glorious grace, with which he has blessed us in the Beloved [Table].9

The Greek is: Παῦλος, Paul, ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ, apostle of Christ Jesus, διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ, by the will of God, τοῖς ἁγίοις, To the saints, τοῖς οὖσιν, who are, [ἐν Ἐφέσῳ], in Ephesus, καὶ πιστοῖς, and…faithful, ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, in (or, “by means of”) Christ Jesus. The adjective Χριστῷ is in the dative case.

The dative is the case of the indirect object, or may also indicate the means by which something is done.10

Paul continued: χάρις ὑμῖν, Grace to you, καὶ εἰρήνη, and peace, ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν, from God our Father, καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, and…Lord Jesus Christ. Εὐλογητὸς θεὸς καὶ πατὴρ, the Blessed God and Father, τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, of our Lord Jesus Christ, εὐλογήσας ἡμᾶς, who has blessed us, ἐν πάσῃ εὐλογίᾳ πνευματικῇ, with every spiritual blessing (or, “by means of every spiritual blessing” or “benefit”), ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις, in the heavenly places, ἐν Χριστῷ, in Christ (or “by means of Christ”).

The Greek continued: καθὼς ἐξελέξατο ἡμᾶς ἐν αὐτῷ, even as he chose us in him (or, “by means of Him”), πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου, before the foundation of the world, εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους, that we should be holy and blameless (literally, “to be us, holy and blameless”), κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ ἐν ἀγάπῃ, before him. In love (or, “before Him by means of love”).

Paul wrote elsewhere how this love renders one holy and blameless (Romans 13:8-10 ESV):

Owe no one anything, except to love each other, for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law. For the commandments, “You shall not commit adultery, You shall not murder, You shall not steal, You shall not covet,” and any other commandment, are summed up in this word: “You shall love your neighbor as yourself[Table]. Love (ἀγάπη) does no wrong to a neighbor; therefore love (ἀγάπη) is the fulfilling of the law.

And he identified the source of this love (Galatians 5:22a ESV):

But the fruit (καρπὸς; e.g., “result”) of the Spirit is love (ἀγάπη)

He also expounded on this love that is the result of the indwelling Holy Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 13:4-13 ESV):

Love (ἀγάπη) is patient and kind; love (ἀγάπη) does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude. It does not insist on its own way; it is not irritable or resentful; it does not rejoice at wrongdoing, but rejoices with the truth. Love bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.

Love (ἀγάπη) never ends. As for prophecies, they will pass away; as for tongues, they will cease; as for knowledge, it will pass away [Table]. For we know in part and we prophesy in part, but when the perfect comes, the partial will pass away [Table]. When I was a child, I spoke like a child, I thought like a child, I reasoned like a child. When I became a man, I gave up childish ways [Table]. For now we see in a mirror dimly, but then face to face. Now I know in part; then I shall know fully, even as I have been fully known.

So now faith, hope, and love (ἀγάπη) abide, these three; but the greatest of these is love (ἀγάπη).

The love which renders one holy and blameless is not achieved by being perfected by the flesh but by hearing with faith. Paul continued: προορίσας ἡμᾶς, he predestined us, εἰς υἱοθεσίαν, for adoption as sons, διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, through Jesus Christ, εἰς αὐτόν, to himself (literally, “to Him”), κατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν, according to the purpose, τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ, of his will, εἰς ἔπαινον, to the praise (or, “unto praise”), δόξης τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ, of his glorious grace, ἧς ἐχαρίτωσεν ἡμᾶς, with which he has blessed us (or, “which has blessed us”), ἐν τῷ ἠγαπημένῳ, in the Beloved (or “by means of the Beloved”).

I’m here in Ephesians ostensibly because he predestined us for adoption to himself as sons through Jesus Christ, according to the purpose of his will, to the praise of his glorious grace11 serves as a rebuttal of sorts to the contention that and then his reason to boast will be in himself alone12 is an appropriate translation of καὶ τότε εἰς ἑαυτὸν μόνον τὸ καύχημα ἕξει. Granted, once I hear εἰς ἑαυτὸν μόνον as a matter of private boasting, “unto himself alone,” rather than boasting about himself, even in himself alone rings true. But the bookend—καὶ οὐκ εἰς τὸν ἕτερον, and not in his neighbor13—is rendered unintelligible. Boasting privately within my neighbor is a ventriloquist act that has never even occurred to me to attempt, though boasting about myself, or the work of God in and through me, unto my neighbor is well within the purview of my potential offenses.

Now that I am here, however, Paul’s letter To the saints who are in Ephesus14 is a treasure trove of truth to be hearing with faith: Not only did he call them the saints (τοῖς ἁγίοις), he described them as faithful by means of Christ Jesus (ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ).

You are severed from Christ, you who would be justified by the law (ἐν νόμῳ; “by means of law”); you have fallen away from grace [Table]. For through the Spirit, by faith, we ourselves eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness. For in Christ Jesus (ἐνΧριστῷ |Ἰησοῦ|; “by means of Christ Jesus”) neither circumcision nor uncircumcision counts for anything, but only faith (πίστις) working through love.15

Hearing the dative case in Paul’s writing as “by means of,” more often than not, is probably a necessary step in overcoming every attempt at being perfected by the flesh.16 The truth to be hearing with faith is: Paul, apostle of Christ Jesus by the will of God: To the saints who are in Ephesus, and faithful by means of Christ Jesus: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and Lord Jesus Christ. The blessed God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who has blessed us by means of every spiritual blessing in the heavenly places by means of Christ, even as he chose us by means of him before the foundation of the world to be us, holy and blameless before him by means of love: he predestined us for adoption as sons through Jesus Christ to Him according to the purpose of his will unto praise of his glorious grace which has blessed us by means of the Beloved.

…to unite all things in Christ…

In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace [Table], which he lavished upon us, in all wisdom and insight making known to us the mystery of his will, according to his purpose, which he set forth in Christ as a plan for the fullness of time, to unite all things in Christ, things in heaven and things on earth in him [Table].17

Paul continued: Ἐν , In him (literally, “In whom” or “By means of whom”), ἔχομεν τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν, we have redemption, διὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ, through his blood (e.g., “bloodshed”), τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν παραπτωμάτων, the forgiveness of…trespasses, κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ, according to the riches of his grace, ἧς ἐπερίσσευσεν εἰς ἡμᾶς, which he lavished upon us, ἐν πάσῃ σοφίᾳ καὶ φρονήσει, in all wisdom and insight (or, “by means of all wisdom and insight”).

The Greek continues: γνωρίσας ἡμῖν, making known to us (or, “by means of us”), τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ, the mystery of his will, κατὰ τὴν εὐδοκίαν αὐτοῦ, according to his purpose, ἣν προέθετο ἐν αὐτῷ, which he set forth in Christ (or, “by means of Christ”; literally, “Him”), εἰς οἰκονομίαν, as a plan (or, “for stewardship”), τοῦ πληρώματος τῶν καιρῶν, for the fullness of time (literally, “of the fulfilling of the ages”), ἀνακεφαλαιώσασθαι τὰ πάντα ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ, to unite all things in Christ (literally, “to gather together in one the whole by means of the Christ”), τὰ ἐπὶ τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, things in heaven (literally, “those in the heavens”), καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἐν αὐτῷ, and things (or, “those”) on “the” earth in him (or, “by means of Him”).

The truth to be hearing with faith continued: By means of whom we have redemption through his bloodshed, the forgiveness of trespasses according to the riches of his grace which he lavished upon us by means of all wisdom and insight, making known by means of us the mystery of his will according to his purpose which he set forth by means of Him for stewardship of the fulfilling of the ages: to gather together in one the whole by means of the Christ, those in the heavens and those on the earth by means of Him. As Jesus promised, And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all (πάντας, a form of πᾶς)…to myself.18

…to the praise of his glory…

In him we have obtained an inheritance, having been predestined according to the purpose of him who works all things according to the counsel of his will, so that we who were the first to hope in Christ might be to the praise of his glory [Table]. In him you also, when you heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation, and believed in him, were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit, who19 is the guarantee of our inheritance until we acquire possession of it, to the praise of his glory.20

Paul continued: Ἐν καὶ, In him (literally, “In whom also” or “By means of whom also”), ἐκληρώθημεν, we have obtained an inheritance, προορισθέντες, having been predestined, κατὰ πρόθεσιν, according to the purpose, τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐνεργοῦντος, of him who all things works (or “of Him who the whole works”), κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν, according to the counsel, τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ, of his will, εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, so that we who “are,” εἰς ἔπαινον δόξης αὐτοῦ, “unto” praise of his glory, τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ, were first to hope in Christ (or “by means of Christ”). Ἐν καὶ, In himalso (Literally, “in whom also” or “By means of whom also”), ὑμεῖς ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας, you heard the word of truth, (τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν, the gospel of your salvation) ἐν καὶ πιστεύσαντες, and believed in him (Literally, “in whom also believed” or “by means of whom also believed”) ἐσφραγίσθητε τῷ πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ ἁγίῳ, were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit (literally, “you were sealed with the Spirit” or “by means of the Spirit of the promise of the holy” or “by means of the Holy [One]”), ἐστιν ἀρραβὼν, who is the guarantee, τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν, of our inheritance, εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν τῆς περιποιήσεως, until we acquire possession of it (literally, “for redemption of possession”), εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, “unto” praise of his glory.

Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, Paul wrote elsewhere, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price [Table].21 Peter may have expressed our inheritance “for redemption of possession” more clearly (1 Peter 2:8b-10 ESV):

They stumble because they disobey (ἀπειθοῦντες, a present participle of ἀπειθέω; e.g., “disbelieve, doubt”) the word, as they were destined to do (Romans 11:11-24; cf. 11:23).

But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people for (εἰς) his own possession (περιποίησιν, an accusative form of περιποίησις), that you may proclaim the excellencies (τὰς ἀρετὰς) of him who called you out of darkness into his marvelous light. Once you were not a people, but now you are God’s people; once you had not received mercy, but now you have received mercy.

The inheritance of the priesthood was stated clearly in the law:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 10:8, 9 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 10:8, 9 (NET)

Deuteronomy 10:8, 9 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 10:8, 9 (English Elpenor)

At that time HaShem separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of HaShem, to stand before HaShem to minister unto Him, and to bless in His name, unto this day. At that time the Lord set apart the tribe of Levi to carry the ark of the Lord’s covenant, to stand before the Lord to serve him, and to formulate blessings in his name, as they do to this very day. At that time the Lord set apart the tribe of Leui to carry the ark of the covenant of the Lord, to stand before the Lord to minister and to pray in his name, to this day. At that time the Lord separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the Lord, to stand near before the Lord, to minister and bless in his name to this day.
Wherefore Levi hath no portion nor inheritance (וְנַֽחֲלָ֖ה) with his brethren; HaShem is his inheritance (נַֽחֲלָת֔וֹ), according as HaShem thy G-d spoke unto him.– Therefore Levi has no allotment or inheritance (naḥălâ, ונחלה) among his brothers; the Lord is his inheritance (naḥălâ, נחלתו) just as the Lord your God told him. Therefore, for the Leuites there is not a part or allotment (κλῆρος) among their brothers; the Lord himself is his allotment (κλῆρος), as he said to him.) Therefore the Levites have no part nor inheritance (κλῆρος) among their brethren; the Lord himself [is] their inheritance (κλῆρος), as he said to them.

And so I assume that the inheritance of this royal priesthood—an inheritance (κληρονομίαν, another form of κληρονομία) that is imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you,22 who by God’s power are being guarded through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time23is God the Father, God the Son through God the indwelling Holy Spirit rather than some unspecified it which we acquire possession of.

…all who hate me love death.

As I worked on this essay I watched Lars von Trier’s Melancholia again, drawn to it as irresistibly as Justine (Kirsten Dunst) is drawn out of her sister’s house to bathe naked in the reflected light of the giant planet on a collision course with earth. Claire (Charlotte Gainsbourg), Justine’s sister, follows Justine at a distance and becomes our window into her amorous affection for impending death.

Justine had rejected her husband Michael (Alexander Skarsgård) from their bridal bed, only to wander off and rape Tim (Brady Corbet) in the sand trap on her brother-in-law’s golf course, still wearing her wedding dress. And Claire’s voyeuristic presence at Justine’s tryst with the planet Melancholia reminds us of her failure to engage her depressed sister in an imitation of life; namely, her attempt to put Justine in a bath before eating a favorite meal—meatloaf she had specially prepared—a gesture which Justine also rejected: “It tastes like ashes.”

And I was again reminded of Lars von Trier’s uncanny ability to dramatize biblical themes. The speaker of the headline of this section—all who hate me love death24—is God:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Proverbs 8:1 (Tanakh/KJV)

Proverbs 8:1 (NET)

Proverbs 8:1 (NETS)

Proverbs 8:1 (English Elpenor)

Doth not wisdom (חָכְמָ֥ה) cry? and understanding put forth her voice? Does not wisdom (ḥāḵmâ, חכמה) call out? Does not understanding raise her voice? You will proclaim wisdom (σοφίαν) in order that prudence may be obedient to you; Thou shalt proclaim wisdom (σοφίαν), that understanding may be obedient to thee.

Though the Masoretic text and Septuagint differ somewhat in their interpretations of the original Hebrew, Paul made the connection (1 Corinthians 1:20-25 ESV):

Where is the one who is wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has not God made foolish the wisdom (σοφίαν, a form of σοφία) of the world? [Table] For since, in the wisdom (σοφίᾳ, another form of σοφία) of God, the world did not know God through wisdom (σοφίας, another form of σοφία), it pleased God through the folly of what we preach to save those who believe. For Jews demand signs and Greeks seek wisdom (σοφίαν, a form of σοφία), but we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles [Table], but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom (σοφίαν, a form of σοφία) of God. For the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men [Table].

In the fictional world of Lars von Trier’s Melancholia there was no salvation from death or the love of death. As Justine said:

The earth is evil. We don’t need to grieve for it…Nobody will miss it…All I know is, life on earth is evil…I know we’re alone…Life is only on earth—and not for long.

Justine’s hatred of God doesn’t manifest in particularly overt or aggressive ways. She is a fictional character. Jesus is not drawing her to Himself with the infinite gravity of All authority in heaven and on earth.25 There is nothing for her to resist. She simply states her hatred calmly: “I know we’re alone.” Still, as writer and director of Melancholia, Mr. von Trier grounded Justine in the here and now. Her mother Gaby (Charlotte Rampling) reveals much of Justine’s nurturing in an impromptu and unwilling wedding toast:

Yes, I wasn’t at the church. I don’t believe in marriage. Claire, who I’ve always taken for a sensible girl, you’ve arranged a spectacular party: Till death do us part and forever and ever, Justine and Michael. I just have one thing to say: enjoy it while it lasts. I myself hate marriages…especially when they involve some of my closest family members.

And Justine’s erratic behavior bears some resemblance to the contemporary woman whose quest for self-possession both entitles her to share herself with whomever whenever she chooses and prohibits her from being possessed by another, man or God. Her father Dexter (John Hurt) has no words to say beyond his complaint about not wishing to complain about Gaby (which provoked Gaby’s outburst). Dexter will dance with his daughter and party with her but will not, or cannot, have a serious conversation with her about her concerns.

I understand Justine as an actor playing a role called happiness (unconvincingly) in a world that is ultimately absurd to her, a mindless concatenation of meaningless rituals: evil in a word, though even evil loses its potency when not held in opposition to the goodness and graciousness, love in a word, of God. She only comes to life, as it were, only comes into her own true self as death overwhelms all (well, everyone except for her young nephew, to whom she lies shamelessly). We, however, live in a real world where death is ultimately defeated, where the goodness of God draws you to Himself to love and possess you through Jesus: the way, and the truth, and the life.26

The truth to be hearing with faith is: By means of whom also we have obtained an inheritance, having been predestined of Him who the whole works according to the counsel of his will, so that we who are unto praise of his glory were first to hope by means of Christ. By means of whom also you heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation, by means of whom also believed; you were sealed by means of the Spirit of the promise by means of the holy [One] who is the guarantee of our inheritance for redemption of possession unto praise of his glory.

I may be getting carried away with the “by means of” aspect of Paul’s use of the dative case. But I would prefer to praise the Lord too much, rather than too little, for his salvation, not falling back into the temptation of being perfected by the flesh. Paul made it abundantly clear here that the Lord’s purpose in saving me was unto praise of his glory. His salvation is good. I will perceive that goodness and will praise Him for it because that is his purpose. And I’ll continue to study Ephesians to know more truth to be hearing with faith.

According to a note (29) Peter quoted from Hosea 1:6, 9 and 2:23. Tables comparing the Greek of Peter’s quotation to that of the Septuagint follow.

1 Peter 2:10b (NET Parallel Greek)

Hosea 1:6b (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 1:6b (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐκ ἠλεημένοι Οὐκ-ἠλεημένη Οὐκ-ἠλεημένη

1 Peter 2:10b (NET)

Hosea 1:6b (NETS)

Hosea 1:6b (English Elpenor)

shown no mercy Not Pitied Unpitied

1 Peter 2:10a (NET Parallel Greek)

Hosea 1:9b (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 1:9b (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐ λαὸς Οὐ-λαόσ-μου Οὐ-λαός-μου

1 Peter 2:10a (NET)

Hosea 1:9b (NETS)

Hosea 1:9b (English Elpenor)

not a people Not My People Not my people

1 Peter 2:10 (NET Parallel Greek)

Hosea 2:23b (Septuagint BLB) Table

Hosea 2:23b (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐ λαὸς νῦν δὲ λαὸς θεοῦ…οὐκ ἠλεημένοι νῦν δὲ ἐλεηθέντες καὶ ἐλεήσω τὴν Οὐκ-ἠλεημένην καὶ ἐρῶ τῷ Οὐ-λαῷμου λαός μου εἶ σύ καὶ ἐλεήσω τὴν Οὐκ-ἠλεημένην καὶ ἐρῶ τῷ Οὐ-λαῷμου λαός μου εἰ σύ

1 Peter 2:10 (NET)

Hosea 2:23b (NETS)

Hosea 2:23b (English Elpenor)

not a people, but now you are God’s people… shown no mercy, but now you have received mercy And I will have pity on Not Pitied, and I will say to Not My People, “You are my people,” and will love her that was not loved, and will say to that which was not my people, Thou art my people;

Tables comparing Hosea 1:6; 1:9; Deuteronomy 10:8; 10:9; Proverbs 8:36 and 8:1 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Hosea 1:6; 1:9; Deuteronomy 10:8; 10:9; Proverbs 8:36 and 8:1 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Mark 5:19; Ephesians 1:14 and 1 Peter 1:4 in the KJV and NET follow.

Hosea 1:6 (Tanakh)

Hosea 1:6 (KJV)

Hosea 1:6 (NET)

And she conceived again, and bare a daughter. And God said unto him, Call her name Loruhamah: for I will no more have mercy upon the house of Israel; but I will utterly take them away. And she conceived again, and bare a daughter. And God said unto him, Call her name Loruhamah: for I will no more have mercy upon the house of Israel; but I will utterly take them away. She conceived again and gave birth to a daughter. Then the Lord said to him, “Name her ‘No Pity’ (Lo-Ruhamah) because I will no longer have pity on the nation of Israel. For I will certainly not forgive their guilt.

Hosea 1:6 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 1:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ συνέλαβεν ἔτι καὶ ἔτεκεν θυγατέρα καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῆς Οὐκ-ἠλεημένη διότι οὐ μὴ προσθήσω ἔτι ἐλεῆσαι τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Ισραηλ ἀλλ᾽ ἢ ἀντιτασσόμενος ἀντιτάξομαι αὐτοῖς καὶ συνέλαβεν ἔτι καὶ ἔτεκε θυγατέρα, καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτῆς, Οὐκ-ἠλεημένη, διότι οὐ μὴ προσθήσω ἔτι ἐλεῆσαι τὸν οἶκον ᾿Ισραήλ, ἀλλ᾿ ἢ ἀντιτασσόμενος ἀντιτάξομαι αὐτοῖς

Hosea 1:6 (NETS)

Hosea 1:6 (English Elpenor)

And she conceived again and bore a daughter. And he said to him, “Call her name Not Pitied, for I will no longer have pity on the house of Israel, but setting myself in opposition, I will oppose them. And she conceived again, and bore a daughter. And he said to him, Call her name, Unpitied: for I will no more have mercy on the house of Israel, but will surely set myself in array against them.

Hosea 1:9 (Tanakh)

Hosea 1:9 (KJV)

Hosea 1:9 (NET)

Then said God, Call his name Loammi: for ye are not my people, and I will not be your God. Then said God, Call his name Loammi: for ye are not my people, and I will not be your God. Then the Lord said: “Name him ‘Not My People’ (Lo-Ammi) because you are not my people, and I am not your God.

Hosea 1:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 1:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Οὐ-λαόσ-μου διότι ὑμεῖς οὐ λαός μου καὶ ἐγὼ οὔκ εἰμι ὑμῶν καὶ εἶπε· κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Οὐ-λαός-μου, διότι ὑμεῖς οὐ λαός μου, καὶ ἐγώ οὐκ εἰμὶ ὑμῶν

Hosea 1:9 (NETS)

Hosea 1:9 (English Elpenor)

And he said, “Call his name Not My People, for you are not my people and I am not your ‘I am.’” And he said, Call his name, Not my people: for ye are not my people, and I am not your [God].

Deuteronomy 10:8 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 10:8 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 10:8 (NET)

At that time HaShem separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of HaShem, to stand before HaShem to minister unto Him, and to bless in His name, unto this day. At that time the LORD separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, unto this day. At that time the Lord set apart the tribe of Levi to carry the ark of the Lord’s covenant, to stand before the Lord to serve him, and to formulate blessings in his name, as they do to this very day.

Deuteronomy 10:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 10:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ διέστειλεν κύριος τὴν φυλὴν τὴν Λευι αἴρειν τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης κυρίου παρεστάναι ἔναντι κυρίου λειτουργεῖν καὶ ἐπεύχεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ διέστειλε Κύριος τὴν φυλὴν τὴν Λευὶ αἴρειν τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης Κυρίου, παρεστάναι ἔναντι Κυρίου, λειτουργεῖν καὶ ἐπεύχεσθαι ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ ἕως τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης

Deuteronomy 10:8 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 10:8 (English Elpenor)

At that time the Lord set apart the tribe of Leui to carry the ark of the covenant of the Lord, to stand before the Lord to minister and to pray in his name, to this day. At that time the Lord separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the covenant of the Lord, to stand near before the Lord, to minister and bless in his name to this day.

Deuteronomy 10:9 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 10:9 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 10:9 (NET)

Wherefore Levi hath no portion nor inheritance with his brethren; HaShem is his inheritance, according as HaShem thy G-d spoke unto him.– Wherefore Levi hath no part nor inheritance with his brethren; the LORD is his inheritance, according as the LORD thy God promised him. Therefore Levi has no allotment or inheritance among his brothers; the Lord is his inheritance just as the Lord your God told him.

Deuteronomy 10:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 10:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστιν τοῖς Λευίταις μερὶς καὶ κλῆρος ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτῶν κύριος αὐτὸς κλῆρος αὐτοῦ καθὰ εἶπεν αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι τοῖς Λευίταις μερὶς καὶ κλῆρος ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς αὐτῶν· Κύριος αὐτὸς κλῆρος αὐτοῦ, καθότι εἶπεν αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 10:9 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 10:9 (English Elpenor)

Therefore, for the Leuites there is not a part or allotment among their brothers; the Lord himself is his allotment, as he said to him.) Therefore the Levites have no part nor inheritance among their brethren; the Lord himself [is] their inheritance, as he said to them.

Proverbs 8:36 (Tanakh)

Proverbs 8:36 (KJV)

Proverbs 8:36 (NET)

But he that sinneth against me wrongeth his own soul: all they that hate me love death. But he that sinneth against me wrongeth his own soul: all they that hate me love death. But the one who misses me brings harm to himself; all who hate me love death.”

Proverbs 8:36 (Septuagint BLB)

Proverbs 8:36 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οἱ δὲ εἰς ἐμὲ ἁμαρτάνοντες ἀσεβοῦσιν τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς καὶ οἱ μισοῦντές με ἀγαπῶσιν θάνατον οἱ δὲ ἁμαρτάνοντες εἰς ἐμὲ ἀσεβοῦσιν εἰς τὰ ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς, καὶ οἱ μισοῦντές με ἀγαπῶσι θάνατον

Proverbs 8:36 (NETS)

Proverbs 8:36 (English Elpenor)

But those who sin against me treat their own souls with impiety, and those who hate me love death. But they that sin against me act wickedly against their own souls: and they that hate me love death.

Proverbs 8:1 (Tanakh)

Proverbs 8:1 (KJV)

Proverbs 8:1 (NET)

Doth not wisdom cry? and understanding put forth her voice? Doth not wisdom cry? and understanding put forth her voice? Does not wisdom call out? Does not understanding raise her voice?

Proverbs 8:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Proverbs 8:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

σὺ τὴν σοφίαν κηρύξεις ἵνα φρόνησίς σοι ὑπακούσῃ ΣΥ τὴν σοφίαν κηρύξεις, ἵνα φρόνησίς σοι ὑπακούσῃ

Proverbs 8:1 (NETS)

Proverbs 8:1 (English Elpenor)

You will proclaim wisdom in order that prudence may be obedient to you; Thou shalt proclaim wisdom, that understanding may be obedient to thee.

Mark 5:19 (NET)

Mark 5:19 (KJV)

But Jesus did not permit him to do so. Instead, he said to him, “Go to your home and to your people and tell them what the Lord has done for you, that he had mercy on you.” Howbeit Jesus suffered him not, but saith unto him, Go home to thy friends, and tell them how great things the Lord hath done for thee, and hath had compassion on thee.

Mark 5:19 (NET Parallel Greek)

Mark 5:19 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Mark 5:19 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ οὐκ ἀφῆκεν αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ λέγει αὐτῷ· ὕπαγε εἰς τὸν οἶκον σου πρὸς τοὺς σοὺς καὶ ἀπάγγειλον αὐτοῖς ὅσα ὁ κύριος σοι πεποίηκεν καὶ ἠλέησεν σε ο δε ιησους ουκ αφηκεν αυτον αλλα λεγει αυτω υπαγε εις τον οικον σου προς τους σους και αναγγειλον αυτοις οσα σοι ο κυριος εποιησεν και ηλεησεν σε ο δε ιησους ουκ αφηκεν αυτον αλλα λεγει αυτω υπαγε εις τον οικον σου προς τους σους και αναγγειλον αυτοις οσα σοι ο κυριος πεποιηκεν και ηλεησεν σε

Ephesians 1:14 (NET)

Ephesians 1:14 (KJV)

who is the down payment of our inheritance, until the redemption of God’s own possession, to the praise of his glory. Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory.

Ephesians 1:14 (NET Parallel Greek)

Ephesians 1:14 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Ephesians 1:14 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ἐστιν ἀρραβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν, εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν τῆς περιποιήσεως, εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ος εστιν αρραβων της κληρονομιας ημων εις απολυτρωσιν της περιποιησεως εις επαινον της δοξης αυτου ος εστιν αρραβων της κληρονομιας ημων εις απολυτρωσιν της περιποιησεως εις επαινον της δοξης αυτου

1 Peter 1:4 (NET)

1 Peter 1:4 (KJV)

that is, into an inheritance imperishable, undefiled, and unfading. It is reserved in heaven for you, To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you,

1 Peter 1:4 (NET Parallel Greek)

1 Peter 1:4 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

1 Peter 1:4 (Byzantine Majority Text)

εἰς κληρονομίαν ἄφθαρτον καὶ ἀμίαντον καὶ ἀμάραντον, τετηρημένην ἐν οὐρανοῖς εἰς ὑμᾶς εις κληρονομιαν αφθαρτον και αμιαντον και αμαραντον τετηρημενην εν ουρανοις εις ημας εις κληρονομιαν αφθαρτον και αμιαντον και αμαραντον τετηρημενην εν ουρανοις εις υμας

1 Galatians 3:3b (ESV)

2 Galatians 3:2c (ESV)

3 Galatians 3:3c (ESV)

5 Galatians 6:14 (ESV)

7 Mark 5:19 (ESV)

8 Luke 17:10b (ESV)

9 Ephesians 1:1-6 (ESV)

11 Ephesians 1:5, 6a (ESV) Table

12 Galatians 6:5b (ESV)

13 Galatians 6:5c (ESV)

14 Ephesians 1:1b (ESV)

15 Galatians 5:4-6 (ESV) This faith, πίστις, is another result, translated faithfulness, of the indwelling Holy Spirit.

16 Galatians 3:3c (ESV)

17 Ephesians 1:7-10 (ESV)

18 John 12:32 (ESV)

19 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had here, probably a form of the relative pronoun ὅς (rather than the article ), where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ὅς (KJV: which).

20 Ephesians 1:11-14 (ESV)

21 1 Corinthians 6:19, 20a (ESV)

23 1 Peter 1:4, 5 (ESV)

24 Proverbs 8:36b (ESV)

25 Matthew 28:18b (ESV) Table

26 John 14:6b (ESV)

Paul’s OT Quotes – Romans 9:25-33

I will call those who were not my people, ‘My people,’ and I will call her who was unloved, ‘My beloved.1  I don’t consider this a quotation of Hosea 2:23 so much as a conclusion.  Bill Braun analyzed it as a quotation for any who are interested [Addendum 5/27/2025: This site is no longer available].  The translation of Hosea 2:23 is as follows in the NET: “Then I will plant her as my own in the land.  I will have pity on ‘No Pity’ (Lo-Ruhamah).  I will say to ‘Not My People’ (Lo-Ammi), ‘You are my people!’  And he will say, ‘You are my God!’”2  None of this makes much sense without the context (Hosea 1:2 NET).

When the Lord first spoke through Hosea, he said to him, “Go marry [literally, take for yourself] a prostitute [literally, a wife of harlotries; Septuagint: γυναῖκα πορνείας] who will bear illegitimate children conceived through prostitution [literally, children of harlotries; Septuagint: τέκνα3 πορνείας], because the nation continually commits [Septuagint: ἐκπορνεύουσα] spiritual4 prostitution [Septuagint: ἐκπορνεύσει] by turning away from the Lord” [Table].

Israel’s northern kingdom’s spiritual prostitution was described in the next chapter (Hosea 2:2, 5, 8 NET).

Plead earnestly with your mother (for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband), so that she might put an end to her adulterous lifestyle [Septuagint: μοιχείαν], and turn away from her sexually immoral behavior [Septuagint: πορνείαν5]…. For their mother has committed adultery [Septuagint: ἐξεπόρνευσεν]; she who conceived them has acted shamefully.  For she said, “I will seek out my lovers; they are the ones who give me my bread and my water, my wool, my flax, my olive oil, and my wine….Yet until now she has refused to acknowledge that I was the one who gave her the grain, the new wine, and the olive oil; and that it was I who lavished on her the silver and gold – which they used in worshiping Baal!

The note in the NET after the phrase I will seek out my lovers reads: “This statement alludes to the practice of sexual rites in the Canaanite fertility cult which attempted to secure agricultural fertility from the Canaanite gods…”  So Hosea married (literally so he went and took) Gomer, the daughter of Diblaim.  Then she conceived and gave birth to a son for him.6  God told Hosea to name his first son Jezreel, because in a little while I will punish the dynasty of Jehu on account of the bloodshed in the valley of Jezreel.7  Then Gomer gave birth to a daughter and the Lord told Hosea, Name her “No Pity” (Lo-Ruhamah) because I will no longer have pity on the nation of Israel.8  Then God told Hosea to name his next son “Not My People” (Lo-Ammi), because you are not my people and I am not your God.9

However, the Lord continued, in the future the number of the people of Israel will be like the sand of the sea which can be neither measured nor numbered.  Although it was said to them, “You are not my people,” it will be said to them, “You are children of the living God!”10  Paul’s quotation of this verse was identical with that found in the Septuagint.

#

Paul (NET)

Blue Letter Bible (Septuagint)

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

And in the very place where it was said to them, You are not my people, there they will be called sons of the living God.

Romans 9:26 (NET)

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη αὐτοῖς οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ ζῶντος

Hosea 1:10

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη |αὐτοῖς| οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς, ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ ζῶντος

Romans 9:26

I looked to the Jewish Virtual Library out of curiosity how this story would be interpreted there.  Essentially chapter 3 was viewed not as a continuation of the story begun in chapters 1 and 2, but as a restatement of that same story, the “real” story, in fact.  In that “real” story Hosea did not “love” a promiscuous woman but “befriended” her.

Hosea 3:1 NET

Hosea 3:1 Jewish Virtual Library

The Lord said to me, “Go, show love to your wife again, even though she loves another man and continually commits adultery.  Likewise, the Lord loves the Israelites although they turn to other gods and love to offer raisin cakes to idols” [Table]. “YHWH said to me further, ‘Go, befriend a woman who, while befriended by a companion, sleeps with others, even as I befriend the children of Israel but they turn to other gods.’ So I befriended a woman of lust.” [Addendum 5/27/2025: This file is no longer available online.]

To marry such a woman in the first place would be contrary to a law of righteousness.  To receive her back again as a wife after having divorced her for unfaithfulness would be unthinkable.11  Obviously, God would never command such a thing, therefore He didn’t, no matter what the text says.  Despite all this fussiness the author(s) of this particular article in the Jewish Virtual Library got the point of Hosea 2:19 and 20 better than I could ever hope to tease out of an English translation:  I will commit myself to you forever; I will commit myself to you in righteousness and justice, in steadfast love and tender compassion.  I will commit myself to you in faithfulness; then you will acknowledge the Lord”12 it reads in the NET.  What it means according to the Jewish Virtual Library is as follows:

“YHWH will, moreover, espouse her a second time, and in such a way as to insure the permanence of the new marriage for…he will bestow upon her as bride-price the three pairs of qualities, righteousness – justice, goodness – graciousness, and loyalty – devotion to YHWH. In non-allegorical language, of course, that means that YHWH will make a new God-and-people covenant with Israel and will obviate any occasion for dissolving it like the first by making Israel constitutionally incapable of breaking it.” [Addendum 5/27/2025: This file is no longer available online.]

I would regard this as an excellent synopsis of Paul’s understanding of the Gospel in his letter to the Romans—if that had been its source.  By the way, the note in the NET reads: “The preposition בְּ (bet), which is repeated throughout 2:19-20 [21-22], denotes price paid (BDB 90 s.v. בְּ III.3; e.g., Ezek 3:14). The text contains an allusion to the payment of bridal gifts. The Lord will impute the moral character to Israel that will be necessary for a successful covenant relationship (contra 4:1).”

I’ve already covered what I think about the paraphrase/quotation in Romans 9:33 elsewhere.  Bill Braun’s analysis is available at [Addendum 5/27/2025: This site is no longer available.]

 

Addendum (6/21/2015): Jim Searcy has published that the Septuagint is a hoax written by Origen and Eusebius 200 hundred years after Christ.  “In fact, the Septuagint ‘quotes’ from the New Testament and not vice versa…”  His contention is that the “King James Version is the infallible Word of God.”  So, I’ll re-examine the quotations above with the KJV.

#

Paul (KJV)

KJV

NET Bible (Greek parallel text)

1

…in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people; there shall they be called the children of the living God.

Romans 9:26 (KJV)

…in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living God.

Hosea 1:10

καὶ ἔσται ἐν τῷ τόπῳ οὗ ἐρρέθη |αὐτοῖς| οὐ λαός μου ὑμεῖς, ἐκεῖ κληθήσονται υἱοὶ θεοῦ ζῶντος

Romans 9:26

I don’t see anything here to question (or confirm) the dating and authorship of the Septuagint. The Old Testament verse and the New Testament quotation match as well in the KJV as they do in the NET.

 

Addendum: May 27, 2025

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Hosea 2:2 (Tanakh/KJV)

Hosea 2:2 (NET)

Hosea 2:2 (NETS)

Hosea 2:4 (English Elpenor)

Plead (רִ֚יבוּ) with your mother, plead (רִ֔יבוּ): for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; “Plead (rîḇ, ריבו) earnestly (rîḇ, ריבו) with your mother (for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband), so that she might put an end to her adulterous lifestyle and turn away from her sexually immoral behavior. Contend (κρίθητε) against your mother, contend (κρίθητε)—for she is not my wife—and I will put away her whoring from before me and her adultery from between her breasts, Plead (Κρίθητε) with your mother, plead (κρίθητε): for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband: and I will remove her fornication out of my presence, and her adultery from between her breasts:

The Masoretic text and Septuagint differ as to who will put away, put an end to or remove her whoredoms, adulterous lifestyle, adultery or fornication.

Tables comparing Hosea 2:2; 2:5; 2:8; 1:4; 2:19 and 2:20 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Hosea 2:2 (2:4); 2:5 (2:7); 2:8 (2:10); 1:4; 2:19 (2:21) and 2:20 (2:22) in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor) follow.

Hosea 2:2 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:2 (KJV)

Hosea 2:2 (NET)

Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, neither am I her husband: let her therefore put away her whoredoms out of her sight, and her adulteries from between her breasts; “Plead earnestly with your mother (for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband), so that she might put an end to her adulterous lifestyle and turn away from her sexually immoral behavior.

Hosea 2:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

κρίθητε πρὸς τὴν μητέρα ὑμῶν κρίθητε ὅτι αὐτὴ οὐ γυνή μου καὶ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς καὶ ἐξαρῶ τὴν πορνείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ προσώπου μου καὶ τὴν μοιχείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ μέσου μαστῶν αὐτῆς Κρίθητε πρὸς τὴν μητέρα ὑμῶν, κρίθητε, ὅτι αὕτη οὐ γυνή μου, καὶ ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀνὴρ αὐτῆς. καὶ ἐξαρῶ τὴν πορνείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ προσώπου μου καὶ τὴν μοιχείαν αὐτῆς ἐκ μέσου μαστῶν αὐτῆς

Hosea 2:2 (NETS)

Hosea 2:4 (English Elpenor)

Contend against your mother, contend—for she is not my wife—and I will put away her whoring from before me and her adultery from between her breasts, Plead with your mother, plead: for she is not my wife, and I am not her husband: and I will remove her fornication out of my presence, and her adultery from between her breasts:

Hosea 2:5 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:5 (KJV)

Hosea 2:5 (NET)

For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my drink. For their mother hath played the harlot: she that conceived them hath done shamefully: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, my wool and my flax, mine oil and my drink. For their mother has committed adultery; she who conceived them has acted shamefully. For she said, ‘I will seek out my lovers; they are the ones who give me my bread and my water, my wool, my flax, my olive oil, and my wine.’

Hosea 2:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι ἐξεπόρνευσεν ἡ μήτηρ αὐτῶν κατῄσχυνεν ἡ τεκοῦσα αὐτά εἶπεν γάρ ἀκολουθήσω ὀπίσω τῶν ἐραστῶν μου τῶν διδόντων μοι τοὺς ἄρτους μου καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ μου καὶ τὰ ἱμάτιά μου καὶ τὰ ὀθόνιά μου καὶ τὸ ἔλαιόν μου καὶ πάντα ὅσα μοι καθήκει ὅτι ἐξεπόρνευσεν ἡ μήτηρ αὐτῶν, κατῄσχυνεν ἡ τεκοῦσα αὐτά, ὅτι εἶπε πορεύσομαι ὀπίσω τῶν ἐραστῶν μου τῶν διδόντων μοι τοὺς ἄρτους μου καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ μου καὶ τὰ ἱμάτιά μου καὶ τὰ ὀθόνιά μου, τὸ ἔλαιόν μου καὶ πάντα ὅσα μοι καθήκει

Hosea 2:5 (NETS)

Hosea 2:7 (English Elpenor)

For their mother played the whore; she who bore them acted shamefully. For she said, “I will go after my lovers, who give me my bread and my water and my clothes and my linen cloth and my oil and all things proper for me.” And their mother went a-whoring: she that bore them disgraced [them]: for she said, I will go after my lovers, that give me my bread and my water, and my garments, and my linen clothes, my oil and my necessaries.

Hosea 2:8 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:8 (KJV)

Hosea 2:8 (NET)

For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal. For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold, which they prepared for Baal. “Yet until now she has refused to acknowledge that I was the one who gave her the grain, the new wine, and the olive oil; and that it was I who lavished on her the silver and gold—that they used in worshiping Baal!

Hosea 2:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ αὐτὴ οὐκ ἔγνω ὅτι ἐγὼ δέδωκα αὐτῇ τὸν σῖτον καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ ἀργύριον ἐπλήθυνα αὐτῇ αὐτὴ δὲ ἀργυρᾶ καὶ χρυσᾶ ἐποίησεν τῇ Βααλ καὶ αὐτὴ οὐκ ἔγων ὅτι ἐγὼ ἔδωκα αὐτῇ τὸν σῖτον καὶ τὸν οἶνον καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον, καὶ ἀργύριον ἐπλήθυνα αὐτῇ· αὐτὴ δὲ ἀργυρᾶ καὶ χρυσᾶ ἐποίησε τῇ Βάαλ

Hosea 2:8 (NETS)

Hosea 2:10 (English Elpenor)

And she did not know that I had given her the grain and the wine and the oil and had multiplied silver to her. But she made the silver and the gold for the goddess Baal. And she knew not that I gave her her corn, and wine, and oil, and multiplied silver to her: but she made silver and gold [images] for Baal.

Hosea 1:4 (Tanakh)

Hosea 1:4 (KJV)

Hosea 1:4 (NET)

And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel. Then the Lord said to Hosea, “Name him ‘Jezreel,’ because in a little while I will punish the dynasty of Jehu on account of the bloodshed in the valley of Jezreel, and I will put an end to the kingdom of Israel.

Hosea 1:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 1:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν κύριος πρὸς αὐτόν κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Ιεζραελ διότι ἔτι μικρὸν καὶ ἐκδικήσω τὸ αἷμα τοῦ Ιεζραελ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον Ιου καὶ καταπαύσω βασιλείαν οἴκου Ισραηλ καὶ εἶπε Κύριος πρὸς αὐτόν· κάλεσον τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ᾿Ιεζραέλ, διότι ἔτι μικρὸν καὶ ἐκδικήσω τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ᾿Ιεζραὲλ ἐπὶ τὸν οἶκον ᾿Ιούδα καὶ καταπαύσω βασιλείαν οἴκου ᾿Ισραήλ

Hosea 1:4 (NETS)

Hosea 1:4 (English Elpenor)

And the Lord said to him, “Call his name Jezrael, for in yet a little while I will also avenge the blood of Jezrael on the house of Ieou, and I will turn away the kingdom of the house of Israel. And the Lord said to him, Call his name Jezrael; for yet a little [while], and I will avenge the blood of Jezrael on the house of Juda, and will make to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel.

Hosea 2:19 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:19 (KJV)

Hosea 2:19 (NET)

And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. And I will betroth thee unto me for ever; yea, I will betroth thee unto me in righteousness, and in judgment, and in lovingkindness, and in mercies. I will commit myself to you forever; I will commit myself to you in righteousness and justice, in steadfast love and tender compassion.

Hosea 2:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἐν κρίματι καὶ ἐν ἐλέει καὶ ἐν οἰκτιρμοῖς καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ἐν κρίματι καὶ ἐν ἐλέει καὶ ἐν οἰκτιρμοῖς

Hosea 2:19 (NETS)

Hosea 2:21 (English Elpenor)

And I will betroth you to myself forever, and I will betroth you to myself in justice and in judgment and in mercy and in compassion. And I will betroth thee to myself for ever; yea, I will betroth thee to myself in righteousness, and in judgment, and in mercy, and in tender compassions;

Hosea 2:20 (Tanakh)

Hosea 2:20 (KJV)

Hosea 2:20 (NET)

I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD. I will even betroth thee unto me in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the LORD. I will commit myself to you in faithfulness; then you will acknowledge the Lord.

Hosea 2:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Hosea 2:22 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ ἐν πίστει καὶ ἐπιγνώσῃ τὸν κύριον καὶ μνηστεύσομαί σε ἐμαυτῷ ἐν πίστει, καὶ ἐπιγνώσῃ τὸν Κύριον

Hosea 2:20 (NETS)

Hosea 2:22 (English Elpenor)

And I will betroth you to myself in faithfulness, and you shall know the Lord. and I will betroth thee to myself in faithfulness: and thou shalt know the Lord.

1 Romans 9:25 (NET)

2 Hosea 2:23 (NET) Table

3 A voice was heard in Ramah, weeping and loud wailing, Rachel weeping for her children (τέκνα, a form of τέκνον), and she did not want to be comforted, because they weregone. (Matthew 2:18 NET)

4 NET Note: The adjective “spiritual” is supplied in the translation to clarify that apostasy is meant here. The construction זָנֹה תִזְנֶה (zanoh tizneh, infinitive absolute + imperfect of the same root) repeats the root זָנַה (zanah, “harlotry”) for rhetorical emphasis. Israel was guilty of gross spiritual prostitution by apostatizing from Yahweh. The verb זָנַה is used in a concrete sense to refer to a spouse being unfaithful in a marriage relationship (HALOT 275 s.v. זנה 1), and figuratively meaning “to be unfaithful” in a relationship with God by prostituting oneself with other gods and worshiping idols (Exod 34:15; Lev 17:7; 20:5, 6; Deut 31:16; Judg 8:27, 33; 21:17; 1 Chr 5:25; Ezek 6:9; 20:30; 23:30; Hos 4:15; Ps 106:39; see HALOT 275 s.v. 2).

5 But regarding the Gentiles who have believed, we have written a letter, having decided that they should avoid meat that has been sacrificed to idols and blood and what has been strangled and sexual immorality (πορνείαν). (Acts 21:25 NET)

6 Hosea 1:3 (NET) Table

7 Hosea 1:4 (NET)

8 Hosea 1:6 (NET) Table

9 Hosea 1:9 (NET) Table

10 Hosea 1:10 (NET) Table

12 Hosea 2:19, 20 (NET)