3 John, Part 5

This is a continuation of my notes on 3 John for the preaching class I’m taking. John wrote (3 John 1:11a ESV):

Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good (τὸ ἀγαθόν). Whoever does good1 is from God (ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν)…

I wondered, “How does Jesus relate to ἀγαθόν (good)?”2 He pointed to fruit trees as an analogy for recognizing false prophets, and I began to look at the prophet Balaam to understand “how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit.”3

Balak, king of Moab, hoping to have a chance to defeat and expel Israel, thought he could hire Balaam to curse them (Numbers 22:1-6). God said to Balaam, “…You shall not curse the people because they are blessed.”4 And Balaam promised and prophesied to Balak, “The word God puts into my mouth-that I will speak.”5

And in the morning Balak took Balaam and brought him up to Bamoth-baal, and from there he saw a fraction of the people.

And Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me here seven altars, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” Balak did as Balaam had said. And Balak and Balaam offered on each altar a bull and a ram. And Balaam said to Balak, “Stand beside your burnt offering, and I will go. Perhaps the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) will come to meet me, and whatever he shows me I will tell you.”6

The text doesn’t really say how the King of Moab responded to being told what to do by the prophet Balaam beyond his basic compliance. But God (‘ĕlōhîm, אֱלֹהִים, corroborated by Θεὸς in the Septuagint) met Balaam (Numbers 23:4, 5 ESV).

And Balaam said to him, “I have arranged the seven altars and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” And the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) put a word in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.”

A table contrasting the NET translation of Numbers 23:5 with that of the Tanakh and Septuagint follows.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:5 (NET)

Numbers 23:5 (NETS)

Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

And HaShem put (וַיָּ֧שֶׂם) a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said: ‘Return unto Balak, and thus (וְכֹ֥ה) thou shalt speak (תְדַבֵּֽר).’ Then the Lord put (śûm, וישׁם) a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak (dāḇar, תדבר) what I tell (, וכה) you.” And God put (ἐνέβαλεν) a word into Balaam’s mouth and said, “When you return to Balak, thus (οὕτως) you shall speak (λαλήσεις).” And God put (ἐνέβαλεν) a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said, thou shalt return to Balac, and thus (οὕτω) shalt thou speak (λαλήσεις).

The Lord (Septuagint: God) put (śûm, וַיָּ֧שֶׂם; Septuagint: ἐνέβαλεν) a word in Balaam’s mouth (Tanakh) and promised, thus (, וְכֹ֥ה) thou shalt speak (dāḇar, תְדַבֵּֽר; Septuagint: λαλήσεις). A healthy (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) tree cannot bear bad fruit.7 Though תְדַבֵּֽר (dāḇar) was translated more like an imperative8 in the NET—speak (dāḇar, תדבר) what I tell (, וכה) you—a note (9) acknowledged: Heb “and thus you shall speak.” The word put in Balaam’s mouth ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν (“from God exists”).9

The narrative continued (Numbers 23:6, 7a ESV).

And [Balaam] returned to [Balak], and behold, he and all the princes of Moab were standing beside his burnt offering. And Balaam took up his discourse and said…

Here the Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:6 (Tanakh/KJV)

Numbers 23:6 (NET)

Numbers 23:6 7a (NETS)

Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt-offering, he, and all the princes of Moab. So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. And he returned to him, and the latter stood over his whole burnt offering, and all the rulers of Moab with him. (7) And a divine spirit was upon him. And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him.

The words καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ (NETS: And a divine spirit was upon him; English Elpenor: and the Spirit of God came upon him) are such a perfect answer to, “how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit,10 it almost overwhelms me with conflicting emotions. Is it gilding the lily? Is it just too good to be true? It sounds like Paul (Galatians 5:16 ESV).

But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.

I used the search feature on the BLB Septuagint online to reverse engineer a possible Hebrew source for καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ. A search of the word ἐγενήθη yielded 11 occurrences of forms of הָיָה (hāyâ) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated καὶ ἐγενήθη in the Septuagint (see table below). A search of πνεῦμα yielded 2 occurrences of a form of רוּחַ (rûaḥ) followed by a form of אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ in the Septuagint (see table below). And a search of αὐτῷ yielded 14 occurrences of forms of עַל (ʿal) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ in the Septuagint plus 1 occurrence translated ἐστιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ (see table below).

This exercise was little more than a demonstration of the possibility of translating the Greek word string καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ back into Hebrew in a manner consistent with other Greek translations from Hebrew in the Septuagint. The time it took, however, allowed my emotions the opportunity to cool and subside. Then I was able to hear this word string as a Greek translation of a Hebrew text predating the Masoretic text of Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor).

And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him. And he took up his parable, and said…

So, God promised Balaam: “If these people are here to call you, rise up, and follow them, but the word that I speak to you—this you shall do.”11 The angel of the Lord reiterated that promise: Go with the men: nevertheless the word which I shall speak to thee, that thou shalt take heed to speak.12 Then God began to fulfill his promise: And God put a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said (e.g., promised), thou shalt return to Balac, and thus shalt thou speak.13 Then God empowered Balaam to obey his word—and the Spirit of God came upon him—and the promise was fulfilled (Numbers 23:7b-10 ESV).

“From Aram Balak has brought me, the king of Moab from the eastern mountains: ‘Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, denounce Israel!’ How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce whom the Lord has not denounced? For from the top of the crags I see him, from the hills I behold him; behold, a people dwelling alone, and not counting itself among the nations! Who can count the dust of Jacob or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!”

Before considering the content of God’s word to Balak, I want to ask some questions: How would this play out among the Masoretes (“whose name derives from the Hebrew word mesorah, meaning tradition”14)? Would those “scholars and scribes” tasked “to decipher the authentic word of God” from “many disparities of the Torah [which had] emerged as countless scribes wrote numerous scrolls,” with an “ultimate goal…to uphold the traditions of the Jewish people,” fail to recognize how similar and the Spirit of God came upon the Gentile prophet Balaam was to the teachings of that traitor to “the traditions of the Jewish people” (Acts 9:1-31)15 Saul (aka Paul, an Apostle16 of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles17)? Was there any way possible (apart from the direct intervention of the Spirit of God) that these men could recognize and the Spirit of God came upon a Gentile prophet as “the authentic word of God”?

Though these specific questions weren’t addressed, an article, titled “What Are the Different Manuscripts of the Old Testament, and How Do They Compare?” on the Updated American Standard Version (USAV) Bible website, made some compelling observations about the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered near the Dead Sea in the 1940s. The Dead Sea Scrolls are considered one of the most important discoveries in biblical archaeology and have significantly contributed to the study of the Hebrew Scriptures…

One of the most significant aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls is the preservation of the Hebrew text in its earliest form, which predates the Masoretic text [“the standard text of the Hebrew Scriptures that was codified by the Masoretes in the early Middle Ages”], the standard version of the Hebrew Bible used today, by hundreds of years. This has provided scholars with a unique opportunity to compare and analyze the differences between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic text.

The Dead Sea Scrolls also demonstrate the fluidity of the text of the Hebrew Bible in the Second Temple period [516 BC – 70 AD], showing that textual variations were not considered significant and that multiple versions of the same texts were accepted and used…

For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls often contain longer and more varied forms of biblical passages than the Masoretic Text. They also sometimes have alternative readings for certain passages, which can shed light on the development of the text over time. In some cases, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been found to have readings that are closer to the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, than to the Masoretic Text.

Despite these differences, the overall agreement between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic Text is remarkable, especially considering the significant time gap between the two. This agreement supports the general accuracy and reliability of the transmission of the biblical text over the centuries.

The “overall agreement between” the Masoretic text and the Septuagint in the Old Testament, and the critical text and received texts in the New, also “supports the general accuracy and reliability of the transmission of the biblical text over the centuries.” For those of us who have no access to manuscripts (and would go blind trying to read them online) the Septuagint and the received texts offer the opportunity to consider (along with God the Father, God the Son through God the indwelling Holy Spirit) some of those differences. We don’t know which of the “multiple versions” of the Torah, the Prophets and the Writings Jesus preferred, but He does.

The goal of Bible study is eternal life, that [we] know (γινώσκωσιν) [Him], the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom [He has] sent.18 All righteousness flows from that relationship through his indwelling Spirit; γινώσκωσιν is a form of γινώσκω: “to know; to come to know, find out by observation, find out by inquiry; to arrive at a solution of (a puzzle, riddle, etc.); to have in the mind, have learned; to become closely acquainted with, have personal knowledge of; to recognize, admit to acquaintance with; to experience (e.g., to know disappointment); to be aware, become aware; to recognize as one’s own; to understand, comprehend; to perceive, notice, realize; to acknowledge, recognize (someone’s authority or relationship); to identify; to acknowledge as true, admit as important; to take note of, not neglect someone needy; to take an interest in, concern oneself with; to admit to the veracity of (a proposition); to have sexual intercourse.”

God, demonstrating his knowledge, addressed Balak with a verbal reprise of events (Numbers 23:7 ESV).

From Aram Balak has brought me, the king of Moab from the eastern mountains: ‘Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, denounce Israel!’

Balak believed that Balaam’s word was powerful; he had said, “for I know that he whom you bless is blessed, and he whom you curse is cursed,”19 and demonstrated his faith by reaching out to Balaam for assistance. But did he believe Balaam spoke the word of God? That depends on whether he believed Balaam when he said: “Perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he shows me I will tell you.”20

God’s word to Balak continued (Numbers 23:8 ESV):

How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce whom the Lord has not denounced?

Granted, this sounds as if Balaam is speaking for himself on his own behalf. Only the reader of the Masoretic text knows that the Lord put a word in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.”21 And only the reader of the Septuagint knows that the Spirit of God came upon him,22 ensuring that Balaam spoke the word the Lord put in his mouth. To one who knows the Lord, however, this line of questioning, inviting one to reconsider one’s own way, is very familiar.23

Balaam continued (Numbers 23:9, 10a ESV).

For from the top of the crags I see him, from the hills I behold him; behold, a people dwelling alone, and not counting itself among the nations! Who can count the dust of Jacob or number the fourth part of Israel?

This definitely sounds like Balaam speaking, even describing what he and Balak can see with their own eyes, except for the saying: not counting itself among the nations! How did this Gentile prophet know that the Lord had promised Israel, You shall be holy to me, for I the Lord am holy and have separated you from the peoples, that you should be mine,24 if not from the word the Lord put in his mouth? Likewise, one wonders how this Gentile prophet referenced the then current progress of fulfillment of the Lord’s promise to Abraham: And he brought [Abraham] outside and said, “Look toward heaven, and number the stars, if you are able to number them.” Then he said to him, “So shall your offspring be.”25

But the conclusion of Balaam’s prophecy confounds the imagination (Numbers 23:10b ESV):

Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!”

The Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge here as well:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:10b (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:10b (NET)

Numbers 23:10b (NETS)

Numbers 23:10b (English Elpenor)

Let me (נַפְשִׁי֙) die (תָּמֹ֤ת) the death (מ֣וֹת) of the righteous (יְשָׁרִ֔ים), and let mine end (אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י) be (וּתְהִ֥י) like his (כָּמֹֽהוּ)! Let me (nep̄eš, נפשי) die (mûṯ, תמת) the death (māveṯ, מות) of the upright (yāšār, ישרים), and let the end of my life (‘aḥărîṯ, אחריתי) be (hāyâ, ותהי) like theirs (kᵊmô, כמהו).” May my soul ( ψυχή μου) die (ἀποθάνοι) among souls (ἐν ψυχαῖς) of righteous ones (δικαίων), and (καὶ) may my offspring (τὸ σπέρμα μου) be (γένοιτο) as their offspring (ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων)!” let my soul ( ψυχή μου) die (ἀποθάνοι) with the souls (ἐν ψυχαῖς) of the righteous (δικαίων), and let (καὶ) my seed (τὸ σπέρμα μου) be (γένοιτο) as their seed (ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων).

The Hebrew verb תָּמֹ֤ת (mûṯ) in the Masoretic text was translated Letdie in the Tanakh, KJV and NET. It was translated ἀποθάνοι in the Septuagint: Maydie (NETS), letdie (English Elpenor). Though ἀποθάνοι might be understood as an infinitive form of ἀποθνήσκω (“to die”), the optative mood seems more likely here.

The optative is the mood of possibility, removed even further than the subjunctive mood from something conceived of as actual. Often it is used to convey a wish or hope for a certain action to occur.26

The next Hebrew noun in the Masoretic text—נַפְשִׁי֙ (nep̄eš), translated me (Tanakh, KJV, NET)—was arguably translated better in the Septuagint— ψυχή μου, my soul (NETS, English Elpenor). Consider Genesis 12:13:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:13 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 12:13 (NET)

Genesis 12:13 (NETS) Table

Genesis 12:13 (English Elpenor)

Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister; that it may be well with me (לִ֣י) for thy sake, and that my soul (נַפְשִׁ֖י) may live (וְחָֽיְתָ֥ה) because of thee.’ So tell them you are my sister so that it may go well for me (‘ănî, לי) because of you and my life (nep̄eš, נפשי) will be spared [note 39: Heb “and my life will live (ḥāyâ, וחיתה).”] on account of you.” Say, therefore, ‘I am his sister’, so that it may go well with me (μοι) because of you, and my soul ( ψυχή μου) will live (καὶ ζήσεται) on your account.” Say, therefore, I am his sister, that it may be well with me (μοι) on account of thee, and my soul ( ψυχή μου) shall live (καὶ ζήσεται) because of thee.

Here with me (Tanakh, KJV) or for me (NET) was an entirely different word in the Masoretic text, לִ֣י (‘ănî), and in the Septuagint with me (NETS, English Elpenor) was μοι. But the major difference in the first clause in Numbers 23:10b was translating the death (Tanakh, KJV, NET)—מ֣וֹת (māveṯ)—ἐν ψυχαῖς, among souls (NETS), with the souls (English Elpenor). I’ll return to this difference after considering the major differences in the next clause.

The next clause begins with וּתְהִ֥י (hāyâ), and letbe (Tanakh, KJV, NET) in the Masoretic text, which was translated καὶ γένοιτο, and maybe (NETS), and letbe (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. But אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י (‘aḥărîṯ), mine end (Tanakh), my last end (KJV), the end of my life (NET), was translated τὸ σπέρμα μου, my offspring (NETS), my seed (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. This is not as strange as it may seem at first after considering 8 other occurrences27 of forms of אַחֲרִית (‘aḥărîṯ) in the Masoretic text of the Torah.

One:

Then Jacob called his sons and said, “Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in days to come.28

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 49:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 49:1 (NET)

Genesis 49:1 (NETS)

Genesis 49:1, 2a (English Elpenor)

And Jacob called unto his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִ֥ית) of days (הַיָּמִֽים). Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים). Then Iakob summoned his sons and said: “Gather together in order that I may tell you what will happen to you at the last (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων) of the days (τῶν ἡμερῶν). AND Jacob called his sons, and said to them, (2) Assemble yourselves, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in the last (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν).

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִ֥ית, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִֽים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), in the last days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. This phrase was translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν, at the last of the days (NETS) and in the last days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Two:

Then he looked on Amalek and took up his discourse and said, “Amalek was the first among the nations, but its end is utter destruction.”29

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 24:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:20 (NET)

Numbers 24:20 (NETS)

Numbers 24:20 (English Elpenor)

And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said: Amalek was the first of the nations; but his end (וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ) shall come (עֲדֵ֥י) to destruction (אֹבֵֽד). Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end (aḥărîṯ, ואחריתו) will be that (ʿaḏ, עדי) he will perish (‘ōḇēḏ, אבד).” And when he saw Amalek and took up his parable, he said: “Rule of nations is Amalek, but their offspring (καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν) will perish (ἀπολεῖται).” And having seen Amalec, he took up his parable and said, Amalec [is] the first of the nations; yet his seed (καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν) shall perish (ἀπολεῖται).

Here, וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by עֲדֵ֥י, a form of עַד (ʿaḏ), and אֹבֵֽד (‘ōḇēḏ) was translated but his end shall come to destruction (Tanakh), but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever (KJV) and but his end will be that he will perish (NET) from the Masoretic text. This phrase was translated καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται, but their offspring will perish (NETS) and yet his seed shall perish (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. In other words, to perish for ever was understood by the translators of the Septuagint as the death of the last of one’s family line. So, וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ) in the Masoretic text, was translated καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν in the Septuagint: but his end (NET) understood as but their offspring (NETS).

Three:

When you are in tribulation, and all these things come upon you in the latter days, you will return to the Lord your God and obey his voice. For the Lord your God is a merciful God. He will not leave you or destroy you or forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them.30

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (NET)

Deuteronomy 4:29b-31 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:29b-31 (English Elpenor)

In thy distress, when all these things are come upon thee, in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִית֙) of days (הַיָּמִ֔ים), thou wilt return to HaShem thy G-d, and hearken unto His voice; In your distress when all these things happen to you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים), if you return to the Lord your God and obey him in your distress. And all these words shall find you in the end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ) of days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), and you will return to the Lord your God and listen to his voice. in your affliction. (30) And all these things shall come upon thee in the last (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), and thou shalt turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt hearken to his voice.
for HaShem thy G-d is a merciful G-d; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them. (for he is a merciful God), he will not let you down or destroy you, for he cannot forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them. Because the Lord your God is a compassionate god, he will neither abandon you nor wipe you out; he will not forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them. Because the Lord thy God [is] a God of pity: he will not forsake thee, nor destroy thee; he will not forget the covenant of thy fathers, which the Lord sware to them.

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִית֙, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִ֔ים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), even in the latter days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. And this phrase was translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, in the end of days (NETS) and in the last days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Four:

who fed you in the wilderness with manna that your fathers did not know, that he might humble you and test you, to do you good in the end.31

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Tanakh/KJV)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NET)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (English Elpenor)

who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end (בְּאַֽחֲרִיתֶֽךָ); fed you in the wilderness with manna (which your ancestors had never before known) so that he might by humbling you test you and eventually (aḥărîṯ, באחריתך) bring good to you. who fed you with manna in the wilderness that your fathers did not know so that he might distress you and test you, that you might do well at your end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου). who fed thee with manna in the wilderness, which thou knewest not, and thy fathers knew not; that he might afflict thee, and thoroughly try thee, and do thee good in thy latter days (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου).

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִיתֶֽךָ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was not followed by any form of יוֹם (yôm). It was translated at thy latter end (Tanakh, KJV) and eventually (NET) from the Masoretic text. But in the Septuagint this one word was still translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου, at your end (NETS) and in thy latter days (English Elpenor).

Five:

a land that the Lord your God cares for. The eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.32

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NET)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (English Elpenor)

a land which HaShem thy G-d careth for; the eyes of HaShem thy G-d are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end (אַֽחֲרִ֥ית) of the year. a land the Lord your God looks after. He is constantly attentive to it from the beginning to the end (aḥărîṯ, אחרית) of the year. a land that the Lord your God regards it. The eyes of the Lord your God are always on it, from the beginning of the year even until the end (συντελείας) of the year. A land which the Lord thy God surveys continually, the eyes of the Lord thy God are upon it from the beginning of the year to the end (συντελείας) of the year.

Here, אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated the end (Tanakh, KJV, NET) from the Masoretic text, and συντελείας, the end (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Six:

For I know that after my death you will surely act corruptly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And in the days to come evil will befall you, because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, provoking him to anger through the work of your hands.”33

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NET)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (English Elpenor)

For I know that after (אַֽחֲרֵ֤י) my death (מוֹתִי֙) ye will in any wise deal corruptly, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִ֣ית) of days (הַיָּמִ֔ים); because ye will do that which is evil in the sight of HaShem, to provoke Him through the work of your hands.’ For I know that after (‘aḥar, אחרי) I die (māveṯ, מותי) you will totally corrupt yourselves and turn away from the path I have commanded you to walk. Disaster will confront you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים) because you will act wickedly before the Lord, inciting him to anger because of your actions.” For I know that, after (ἔσχατον) my demise (τῆς τελευτῆς μου), with lawlessness you will act lawlessly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And the evils will come upon you at the end (ἔσχατον) of days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him through the works of your hands.” For I know that after (ἔσχατον) my death (τῆς τελευτῆς μου) ye will utterly transgress, and turn aside out of the way which I have commanded you; and evils shall come upon you in the latter (ἔσχατον) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), because ye will do evil before the Lord, to provoke him to anger by the works of your hands.

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִ֣ית, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִ֔ים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), in the latter days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. The phrase was translated ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν, at the end of days (NETS) and in the latter days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. The adjective אַֽחֲרֵ֤י, a form of אַחַר (‘aḥar), after (Tanakh, KJV, NET) from the Masoretic text was also translated ἔσχατον, after (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. This was followed by מוֹתִי֙, a form of מָוֶת (māveṯ), my death (Tanakh, KJV) and I die (NET) in the Masoretic text, which was translated τῆς τελευτῆς μου, my demise (NETS) and my death (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint (see table below for a listing of all the occurrences of forms of מָוֶת [māveṯ] in the Masoretic text of the Torah and their translations in the Elpenor version of the Septuagint).

Seven:

And he said, ‘I will hide my face from them; I will see what their end will be, for they are a perverse generation, children in whom is no faithfulness.34

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NET)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (English Elpenor)

And He said: ‘I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be (אַֽחֲרִיתָ֑ם); for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faithfulness. He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them (aḥărîṯ, אחריתם); for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty. And he said: I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will happen to them (ἔσται αὐτοῖς) at the end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων), for it is a perverse generation, sons who have no faithfulness in them. and said, I will turn away my face from them, and will show what shall happen to them (ἔσται αὐτοῖς) in the last days (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν); for it is a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.

Here, אַֽחֲרִיתָ֑ם, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated their end shall be (Tanakh, KJV) and will happen to them (NET) from the Masoretic text. In the Septuagint this noun was translated ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων (BLB Septuagint), will happen to them at the end (NETS) and ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν (Elpenor Septuagint), shall happen to them in the last days (English Elpenor).

Eight:

If they were wise, they would understand this; they would discern their latter end!35

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NET)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (English Elpenor)

If they were wise, they would understand this, they would discern their latter end (לְאַֽחֲרִיתָֽם). I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them (aḥărîṯ, לאחריתם).” They had no sense to understand these things. Let them accept them for the time to come (τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον). They had not sense to understand: let them reserve these things against the time to come (τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον).

Here, לְאַֽחֲרִיתָֽם, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated their latter end (Tanakh, KJV) and what will happen to them (NET) from the Masoretic text. It was translated τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον, the time to come (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Conclusion:

Though this brief survey is insufficient to give me a comprehensive understanding of the theological presuppositions and biases that prompted and governed the translators’ word choices, it does offer me a fairly high degree of confidence that they were translating the same Hebrew words found today in the Masoretic text of Numbers 23:10b. Even ἐν ψυχαῖς, among souls (NETS), with the souls (English Elpenor), as a translation of a form of מָוֶת (māveṯ) seems unremarkable and in general accordance with what can be gleaned of these theological presuppositions when coupled with אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י (‘aḥărîṯ), mine end (Tanakh), my last end (KJV), the end of my life (NET).

Given that, however, I am much more inclined to understand the word the Lord put in Balaam’s mouth in the light of my own theological presuppositions and biases:

Let me die the death of the upright…36

Then Jesus told his disciples, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For37 whoever would save his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) will lose it, but whoever loses his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) for my sake will find it. For what will it profit38 a man if he gains the whole world and forfeits his soul (την δε ψυχην αυτου)? Or what shall a man give in return for his soul (της ψυχης αυτου)?39

What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin that grace may abound? [Table] By no means! How can we who died to sin still live in it? Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that (ἵνα; e.g., “indicating purpose”), just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk (περιπατήσωμεν a form of the verb περιπατέω in the subjunctive mood; e.g. a definite outcome when in a purpose clause) in newness of life.

For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his. We know that our old self ( παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος; “our old human”) was crucified with him in order that the body of sin might be brought to nothing, so that we would no longer be enslaved to sin. For one who has died has been set free from sin.40

and let my end be like his!41

Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him. We know that Christ, being raised from the dead, will never die again; death no longer has dominion over him. For the death he died he died to sin, once for all, but the life he lives he lives to God. So you also must consider (λογίζεσθε, a form of λογίζομαι; another “multiplexed” verb) yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus [Table].

Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, to make you obey its passions [Table]. Do not present your members to sin as instruments for unrighteousness, but present yourselves to God as those who have been brought from death to life, and your members to God as instruments for righteousness [Table]. For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law but under grace [Table].42

Now I wonder how Let me die the death of the upright survived the Masoretes’ editorial process: May my soul die the death of the upright and let my end be like his.43 But an answer is as near as the understanding revealed in the Septuagint: May my soul die among souls of righteous ones.44 A Gentile prophet’s desire to die among the upright (e.g., those who held to Jewish tradition as the Masoretes understood it) only served to confirm the Masoretes’ faith. Even Rashi’s (1040-1105) commentary from the Middle Ages falls in line with the interpretation of those who translated the Septuagint:

May my soul die the death of the upright. Among them.45

Did Balak realize that he was hearing from God as Balaam prophesied to him? I’ll continue with that in another essay. The tables mentioned above follow.

Forms of הָיָה (hāyâ) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated καὶ ἐγενήθη in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Genesis 39:5

וַיְהִ֞י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Genesis 49:15

וַיְהִ֖י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Exodus 2:10

וַֽיְהִי

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Exodus 38:27 (39:4)

וַיְהִ֗י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Leviticus 9:1

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 4:44

וַיִּהְי֥וּ

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 22:41

וַיְהִ֣י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 31:32

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 31:36

וַתְּהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Deuteronomy 1:3

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Deuteronomy 2:16

וַיְהִ֨י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Forms of רוּחַ (rûaḥ) and אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Genesis 1:2

וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים

καὶ πνεῦμα θεοῦ

Genesis 41:38

ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים

πνεῦμα θεοῦ

Forms of עַל (ʿal) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Exodus 22:3 (22:2)

עָלָ֖יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Exodus 28:8

עָלָ֔יו

ἐστιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Exodus 29:36

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 15:24

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 21:12

עָלָ֖יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 22:3

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Numbers 6:7

עַל

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 6:9

עָלָיו֙

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 11:25

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 19:15

עליו

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 13:8

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

עָלָֽיו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 19:13

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 24:15

עָלָ֣יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 33:12

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Forms of מָוֶת (māveṯ) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah and their translations in the Elpenor Septuagint

Reference Hebrew / KJV Elpenor Greek / English

Genesis 21:16

בְּמוֹת / the death

τὸν θάνατον / the death

Genesis 25:11

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / was dead

Genesis 26:18

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / the death

Genesis 27:2

מוֹתִי / of my death

τῆς τελευτῆς μου / of my death

Genesis 27:7

מוֹתִי / my death

τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν με / I die

Genesis 27:10

מוֹתוֹ / his death

τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν αὐτόν / he dies

Genesis 50:16

מוֹתוֹ / he died

τοῦ τελευτῆσαι αὐτὸν / his death

Exodus 10:17

הַמָּוֶת / death

τὸν θάνατον / death

Leviticus 11:31

בְּמֹתָם / when they be dead

τεθνηκότων / carcases

Leviticus 11:32

בְּמֹתָם / when they are dead

τεθνηκότων / dead bodies

Leviticus 16:1

מוֹת / the death

τὸ τελευτῆσαι / died

Numbers 6:7

בְּמֹתָם / when they die

ἀποθανόντων αὐτῶν / when they have died

Numbers 16:29

כְּמוֹת / common death

θάνατον / the death

Numbers 23:10

מוֹת / the death

ἐν ψυχαῖς / with the souls

Numbers 26:10

בְּמוֹת / when…died

τῷ θανάτῳ / perished

Numbers 33:39

בְּמֹתוֹ / when he died

ὅτε ἀπέθνησκεν / when he died

Numbers 35:25

מוֹת / the death

ἀποθάνῃ / the death

Numbers 35:28

מוֹת /the death

ἀποθάνῃ / died

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / the death

Numbers 35:32

מוֹת / the death

ἀποθάνῃ / the death

Deuteronomy 19:6

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 21:22

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 22:26

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 30:15

הַמָּוֶת / death

τὸν θάνατον / death

Deuteronomy 30:19

וְהַמָּוֶת / and death

καὶ τὸν θάνατον / and death

Deuteronomy 31:27

מוֹתִי / my death

τοῦ θανάτου μου / my death

Deuteronomy 31:29

מוֹתִי / my death

τῆς τελευτῆς μου / my death

Deuteronomy 33:1

מוֹתוֹ / his death

τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτοῦ / his death

Deuteronomy 34:7

בְּמֹתוֹ / when he died

ἐν τῷ τελευτᾶν αὐτόν / at his death

Tables comparing Numbers 22:41; 23:1; 23:2; 23:3; 23:4; 23:5; 23:6; 23:7; 23:8; 23:9; 23:10; Leviticus 20:26; Genesis 49:1; Numbers 24:20; Deuteronomy 4:30; 4:31; 8:16; 11:12; 31:29; 32:20 and 32:29 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Numbers 22:41; 23:1; 23:2; 23:3; 23:4; 23:5; 23:6; 23:7; 23:8; 23:9; 23:10; Leviticus 20:26; Genesis 49:1; Numbers 24:20; Deuteronomy 4:30; 4:31; 8:16; 11:12; 31:29; 32:20 and 32:29 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 16:25, 26 in the KJV and NET follow.

Numbers 22:41 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:41 (KJV)

Numbers 22:41 (NET)

And it came to pass in the morning that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into Bamoth-baal, and he saw from thence the utmost part of the people. And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people. Then on the next morning Balak took Balaam, and brought him up to Bamoth Baal. From there he saw the extent of the nation.

Numbers 22:41 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:41 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγενήθη πρωὶ καὶ παραλαβὼν Βαλακ τὸν Βαλααμ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν στήλην τοῦ Βααλ καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ ἐκεῖθεν μέρος τι τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἐγενήθη πρωΐ καὶ παραλαβὼν Βαλὰκ τὸν Βαλαὰμ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν στήλην τοῦ Βαὰλ καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ ἐκεῖθεν μέρος τι τοῦ λαοῦ

Numbers 22:41 (NETS)

Numbers 22:41 (English Elpenor)

And it became morning, and Balak took along Balaam and brought him up to the stele of Baal, and he showed him from there a part of the people. And it was morning; and Balac took Balaam, and brought him up to the pillar of Baal, and shewed him thence a part of the people.

Numbers 23:1 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:1 (KJV)

Numbers 23:1 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams.’ And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams. Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.”

Numbers 23:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ τῷ Βαλακ οἰκοδόμησόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς καὶ ἑτοίμασόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ μόσχους καὶ ἑπτὰ κριούς ΚΑΙ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ τῷ Βαλάκ· οἰκοδόμησόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς καὶ ἑτοίμασόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ μόσχους καὶ ἑπτὰ κριούς

Numbers 23:1 (NETS)

Numbers 23:1 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me here seven altars, and prepare for me here seven calves and seven rams.” And Balaam said to Balac, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven calves, and seven rams.

Numbers 23:2 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:2 (KJV)

Numbers 23:2 (NET)

And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram.

Numbers 23:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐποίησεν Βαλακ ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βαλααμ καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν καὶ ἐποίησε Βαλὰκ ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βαλαάμ, καὶ ἀνήνεγκε μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν

Numbers 23:2 (NETS)

Numbers 23:2 (English Elpenor)

And Balak did in the manner Balaam told him, and Balak and Balaam offered up a calf and a ram on the altar. And Balac did as Balaam told him; and he offered up a calf and a ram on [every] altar.

Numbers 23:3 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:3 (KJV)

Numbers 23:3 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Stand by thy burnt-offering, and I will go; peradventure HaShem will come to meet me; and whatsoever He showeth me I will tell thee.’ And he went to a bare height. And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place. Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.

Numbers 23:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ πρὸς Βαλακ παράστηθι ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας σου καὶ πορεύσομαι εἴ μοι φανεῖται ὁ θεὸς ἐν συναντήσει καὶ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐάν μοι δείξῃ ἀναγγελῶ σοι καὶ παρέστη Βαλακ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ καὶ Βαλααμ ἐπορεύθη ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπορεύθη εὐθεῖαν καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ πρὸς Βαλάκ· παράστηθι ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας σου, καὶ πορεύσομαι εἴ μοι φανεῖται ὁ Θεὸς ἐν συναντήσει, καὶ ῥῆμα, ὃ ἐάν μοι δείξῃ, ἀναγγελῶ σοι. καὶ παρέστη Βαλὰκ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ, καὶ Βαλαὰμ ἐπορεύθη ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἐπορεύθη εὐθεῖαν

Numbers 23:3 (NETS)

Numbers 23:3, 4a (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Stand beside your sacrifice, but as for me I will go, If God will appear to me in a meeting. And whatever word he shows me I will report to you.” And Balak stood beside his sacrifice, and Balaam went to inquire of God, and he went straight ahead. And Balaam said to Balac, Stand by thy sacrifice, and I will go and see if God will appear to me and meet me, and the word which he shall shew me, I will report to thee. And Balac stood by his sacrifice. (4) And Balaam went to enquire of God; and he went straight forward,

Numbers 23:4 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:4 (KJV)

Numbers 23:4 (NET)

And G-d met Balaam; and he said unto Him: ‘I have prepared the seven altars, and I have offered up a bullock and a ram on every altar.’ And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram. Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.”

Numbers 23:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐφάνη ὁ θεὸς τῷ Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν Βαλααμ τοὺς ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς ἡτοίμασα καὶ ἀνεβίβασα μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν καὶ ἐφάνη ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Βαλαάμ, καὶ εἶπε πρὸς αὐτὸν Βαλαάμ· τοὺς ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς ἡτοίμασα καὶ ἀνεβίβασα μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν

Numbers 23:4 (NETS)

Numbers 23:4b (English Elpenor)

And God appeared to Balaam, and Balaam said to him, “I prepared the seven altars, and I brought up a calf and a ram on the altar.” and God appeared to Balaam; and Balaam said to him, I have prepared the seven altars, and have offered a calf and a ram on [every] altar.

Numbers 23:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:5 (KJV)

Numbers 23:5 (NET)

And HaShem put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said: ‘Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak.’ And the LORD put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak. Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.”

Numbers 23:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐνέβαλεν ὁ θεὸς ῥῆμα εἰς τὸ στόμα Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς Βαλακ οὕτως λαλήσεις καὶ ἐνέβαλεν ὁ Θεὸς ρῆμα εἰς τὸ στόμα Βαλαὰμ καὶ εἶπεν· ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς Βαλὰκ οὕτω λαλήσεις

Numbers 23:5 (NETS)

Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

And God put a word into Balaam’s mouth and said, “When you return to Balak, thus you shall speak.” And God put a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said, thou shalt return to Balac, and thus shalt thou speak.

Numbers 23:6 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:6 (KJV)

Numbers 23:6 (NET)

And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt-offering, he, and all the princes of Moab. And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab. So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab.

Numbers 23:6, 7a (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ ὅδε ἐφειστήκει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωαβ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ (7) καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτόν, καὶ ὅδε ἐφειστήκει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωὰβ μετ’ αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 23:6 7a (NETS)

Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

And he returned to him, and the latter stood over his whole burnt offering, and all the rulers of Moab with him. (7) And a divine spirit was upon him. And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him.

Numbers 23:7 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:7 (KJV)

Numbers 23:7 (NET)

And he took up his parable, and said: From Aram Balak bringeth me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East: ‘Come, curse me Jacob, and come, execrate Israel.’ And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel. Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’

Numbers 23:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:6b, 7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας μετεπέμψατό με Βαλακ βασιλεὺς Μωαβ ἐξ ὀρέων ἀπ᾽ ἀνατολῶν λέγων δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν Ιακωβ καὶ δεῦρο ἐπικατάρασαί μοι τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ (7) καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας μετεπέμψατό με Βαλάκ, βασιλεὺς Μωάβ, ἐξ ὀρέων ἀπ’ ἀνατολῶν λέγων· δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν ᾿Ιακὼβ καὶ δεῦρο ἐπικατάρασαί μοι τὸν ᾿Ισραήλ

Numbers 23:7 (NETS)

Numbers 23:6b, 7 (English Elpenor)

And a divine spirit was upon him. And he took up his parable and said: “Out of Mesopotamia Balak sent for me, Moab’s king from mountains on the east, saying: ‘Come, curse Iakob for me, and come, call down curses upon Israel for me!’ and the Spirit of God came upon him. (7) And he took up his parable, and said, Balac king of Moab sent for me out of Mesopotamia, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and Come, call for a curse for me upon Israel.

Numbers 23:8 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:8 (KJV)

Numbers 23:8 (NET)

How shall I curse, whom G-d hath not cursed? And how shall I execrate, whom HaShem hath not execrated? How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied? How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced?

Numbers 23:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τί ἀράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται κύριος ἢ τί καταράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται ὁ θεός τί ἀράσωμαι ὃν μὴ ἀρᾶται Κύριος, ἢ τί καταράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται ὁ Θεός

Numbers 23:8 (NETS)

Numbers 23:8 (English Elpenor)

How shall I curse whom the Lord does not curse? Or how shall I call down curses on whom God does not call down curses? How can I curse whom the Lord curses not? or how can I devote whom God devotes not?

Numbers 23:9 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:9 (KJV)

Numbers 23:9 (NET)

For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, it is a people that shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.

Numbers 23:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων ὄψομαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπὸ βουνῶν προσνοήσω αὐτόν ἰδοὺ λαὸς μόνος κατοικήσει καὶ ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐ συλλογισθήσεται ὅτι ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων ὄψομαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπὸ βουνῶν προσνοήσω αὐτόν. ἰδοὺ λαὸς μόνος κατοικήσει καὶ ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐ συλλογισθήσεται

Numbers 23:9 (NETS)

Numbers 23:9 (English Elpenor)

For from a top of mountains I shall see him, and from hills I shall observe him. Behold, a people shall dwell alone and shall not be reckoned among the nations! For from the top of the mountains I shall see him, and from the hills I shall observe him: behold, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.

Numbers 23:10 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:10 (KJV)

Numbers 23:10 (NET)

Who hath counted the dust of Jacob, or numbered the stock of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let mine end be like his! Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his! Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”

Numbers 23:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τίς ἐξηκριβάσατο τὸ σπέρμα Ιακωβ καὶ τίς ἐξαριθμήσεται δήμους Ισραηλ ἀποθάνοι ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν ψυχαῖς δικαίων καὶ γένοιτο τὸ σπέρμα μου ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων τίς ἐξηκριβάσατο τὸ σπέρμα ᾿Ιακώβ, καὶ τίς ἐξαριθμήσεται δήμους ᾿Ισραήλ; ἀποθάνοι ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν ψυχαῖς δικαίων, καὶ γένοιτο τὸ σπέρμα μου ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων

Numbers 23:10 (NETS)

Numbers 23:10 (English Elpenor)

Who has accurately counted the offspring of Iakob, and who shall number Israel’s divisions? May my soul die among souls of righteous ones, and may my offspring be as their offspring!” Who has exactly calculated the seed of Jacob, and who shall number the families of Israel? let my soul die with the souls of the righteous, and let my seed be as their seed.

Leviticus 20:26 (Tanakh)

Leviticus 20:26 (KJV)

Leviticus 20:26 (NET)

And ye shall be holy unto Me; for I HaShem am holy, and have set you apart from the peoples, that ye should be Mine. And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be mine. You must be holy to me because I, the Lord, am holy, and I have set you apart from the other peoples to be mine.

Leviticus 20:26 (Septuagint BLB)

Leviticus 20:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι ἅγιοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ ἀφορίσας ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν εἶναι ἐμοί καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι ἅγιοι, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιός εἰμι Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφορίσας ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν, εἶναι ἐμοί

Leviticus 20:26 (NETS)

Leviticus 20:26 (English Elpenor)

And you shall be holy to me, for I the Lord your God am holy, who has separated you from all the nations to be mine. And ye shall be holy to me; because I the Lord your God [am] holy, who separated you from all nations, to be mine.

Genesis 49:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 49:1 (KJV)

Genesis 49:1 (NET)

And Jacob called unto his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the end of days. And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days. Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.

Genesis 49:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 49:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐκάλεσεν δὲ Ιακωβ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν συνάχθητε ἵνα ἀναγγείλω ὑμῖν τί ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν ΕΚΑΛΕΣΕ δὲ ᾿Ιακὼβ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· συνάχθητε, ἵνα ἀναγγείλω ὑμῖν, τί ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν

Genesis 49:1 (NETS)

Genesis 49:1, 2a (English Elpenor)

Then Iakob summoned his sons and said: “Gather together in order that I may tell you what will happen to you at the last of the days. AND Jacob called his sons, and said to them, (2) Assemble yourselves, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in the last days.

Numbers 24:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:20 (KJV)

Numbers 24:20 (NET)

And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said: Amalek was the first of the nations; but his end shall come to destruction. And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever. Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.”

Numbers 24:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Αμαληκ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἀρχὴ ἐθνῶν Αμαληκ καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν ᾿Αμαλὴκ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἀρχὴ ἐθνῶν ᾿Αμαλήκ, καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται

Numbers 24:20 (NETS)

Numbers 24:20 (English Elpenor)

And when he saw Amalek and took up his parable, he said: “Rule of nations is Amalek, but their offspring will perish.” And having seen Amalec, he took up his parable and said, Amalec [is] the first of the nations; yet his seed shall perish.

Deuteronomy 4:30 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:30 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 4:30 (NET)

In thy distress, when all these things are come upon thee, in the end of days, thou wilt return to HaShem thy G-d, and hearken unto His voice; When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice; In your distress when all these things happen to you in future days, if you return to the Lord your God and obey him

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν τῇ θλίψει σου (30) καὶ εὑρήσουσίν σε πάντες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ ἐπιστραφήσῃ πρὸς κύριον τὸν θεόν σου καὶ εἰσακούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ θλίψει σου· (30) καὶ εὑρήσουσί σε πάντες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, καὶ ἐπιστραφήσῃ πρὸς Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου καὶ εἰσακούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ

Deuteronomy 4:30 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (English Elpenor)

in your distress. And all these words shall find you in the end of days, and you will return to the Lord your God and listen to his voice. in your affliction. (30) And all these things shall come upon thee in the last days, and thou shalt turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt hearken to his voice.

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (NET)

for HaShem thy G-d is a merciful G-d; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them. (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them. (for he is a merciful God), he will not let you down or destroy you, for he cannot forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them.

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι θεὸς οἰκτίρμων κύριος ὁ θεός σου οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐκτρίψει σε οὐκ ἐπιλήσεται τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων σου ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς ὅτι Θεὸς οἰκτίρμων Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου, οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐκτρίψῃ σε, οὐκ ἐπιλήσεται τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων σου, ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς Κύριος

Deuteronomy 4:31 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (English Elpenor)

Because the Lord your God is a compassionate god, he will neither abandon you nor wipe you out; he will not forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them. Because the Lord thy God [is] a God of pity: he will not forsake thee, nor destroy thee; he will not forget the covenant of thy fathers, which the Lord sware to them.

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NET)

who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; fed you in the wilderness with manna (which your ancestors had never before known) so that he might by humbling you test you and eventually bring good to you.

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τοῦ ψωμίσαντός σε τὸ μαννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ὃ οὐκ εἴδησαν οἱ πατέρες σου ἵνα κακώσῃ σε καὶ ἐκπειράσῃ σε καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσῃ ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου τοῦ ψωμίσαντός σε τὸ μάννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, ὃ οὐκ ᾔδεις σὺ καὶ οὐκ ᾔδεισαν οἱ πατέρες σου, ἵνα κακώσῃ σε καὶ ἐκπειράσῃ σε καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσῃ ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (English Elpenor)

who fed you with manna in the wilderness that your fathers did not know so that he might distress you and test you, that you might do well at your end. who fed thee with manna in the wilderness, which thou knewest not, and thy fathers knew not; that he might afflict thee, and thoroughly try thee, and do thee good in thy latter days.

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NET)

a land which HaShem thy G-d careth for; the eyes of HaShem thy G-d are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. a land the Lord your God looks after. He is constantly attentive to it from the beginning to the end of the year.

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

γῆ ἣν κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἐπισκοπεῖται αὐτήν διὰ παντὸς οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἕως συντελείας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ γῆ, ἣν Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου ἐπισκοπεῖται αὐτὴν διαπαντός, οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ σου ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἕως συντελείας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (English Elpenor)

a land that the Lord your God regards it. The eyes of the Lord your God are always on it, from the beginning of the year even until the end of the year. A land which the Lord thy God surveys continually, the eyes of the Lord thy God are upon it from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NET)

For I know that after my death ye will in any wise deal corruptly, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the end of days; because ye will do that which is evil in the sight of HaShem, to provoke Him through the work of your hands.’ For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands. For I know that after I die you will totally corrupt yourselves and turn away from the path I have commanded you to walk. Disaster will confront you in future days because you will act wickedly before the Lord, inciting him to anger because of your actions.”

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ὅτι ποιήσετε τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ, ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν, καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν, ὅτι ποιήσετε τὰ πονηρὰ ἐναντίον Κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (English Elpenor)

For I know that, after my demise, with lawlessness you will act lawlessly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And the evils will come upon you at the end of days, because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him through the works of your hands.” For I know that after my death ye will utterly transgress, and turn aside out of the way which I have commanded you; and evils shall come upon you in the latter days, because ye will do evil before the Lord, to provoke him to anger by the works of your hands.

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NET)

And He said: ‘I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be; for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faithfulness. And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith. He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them; for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty.

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν υἱοί οἷς οὐκ ἔστιν πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶπεν· ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν· ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν, υἱοί, οἷς οὐκ ἔστι πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (English Elpenor)

And he said: I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will happen to them at the end, for it is a perverse generation, sons who have no faithfulness in them. and said, I will turn away my face from them, and will show what shall happen to them in the last days; for it is a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NET)

If they were wise, they would understand this, they would discern their latter end. O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end! I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them.”

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα· καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (English Elpenor)

They had no sense to understand these things. Let them accept them for the time to come. They had not sense to understand: let them reserve these things against the time to come.

Matthew 16:25, 26 (NET)

Matthew 16:25, 26 (KJV)

For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life because of me will find it. For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.

Matthew 16:25 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 16:25 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 16:25 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὃς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι ἀπολέσει αὐτήν· ὃς δ᾿ ἂν ἀπολέσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εὑρήσει αὐτήν ος γαρ αν θελη την ψυχην αυτου σωσαι απολεσει αυτην ος δ αν απολεση την ψυχην αυτου ενεκεν εμου ευρησει αυτην ος γαρ αν θελη την ψυχην αυτου σωσαι απολεσει αυτην ος δ αν απολεση την ψυχην αυτου ενεκεν εμου ευρησει αυτην
For what does it benefit a person if he gains the whole world but forfeits his life? Or what can a person give in exchange for his life? For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?

Matthew 16:26 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 16:26 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 16:26 (Byzantine Majority Text)

τί γὰρ ὠφεληθήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐὰν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον κερδήσῃ τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ζημιωθῇ; ἢ τί δώσει ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ τι γαρ ωφελειται ανθρωπος εαν τον κοσμον ολον κερδηση την δε ψυχην αυτου ζημιωθη η τι δωσει ανθρωπος ανταλλαγμα της ψυχης αυτου τι γαρ ωφελειται ανθρωπος εαν τον κοσμον ολον κερδηση την δε ψυχην αυτου ζημιωθη η τι δωσει ανθρωπος ανταλλαγμα της ψυχης αυτου

3 Matthew 7:18 (ESV) 3 John, Part 4

4 Numbers 22:12 (The Complete Jewish Bible)

5 Numbers 22:38b (The Complete Jewish Bible)

6 Numbers 22:41-23:3a (ESV)

7 Matthew 7:18 (ESV)

8 3 John, Part 4 In The Complete Jewish Bible online the translation say also indicates the imperative mood: The Lord placed something into Balaam’s mouth, and He said, “Return to Balak and say as follows.” Apparently only λαλήσεις in the Septuagint, a 2nd person singular form of λαλέω, is clearly in the future tense and indicative mood.

10 Matthew 7:18 (ESV) 3 John, Part 4

11 Numbers 22:20 (NETS) Table

12 Numbers 22:35 (English Elpenor) Table

13 Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

18 John 17:3 (ESV)

19 Numbers 22:6b (ESV) Table

20 Numbers 23:3b (ESV)

21 Numbers 23:5 (ESV)

22 Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

24 Leviticus 20:26 (ESV)

25 Genesis 15:5 (ESV) Table

27 One other occurrence, Numbers 24:14, will be considered as it occurs in these essays.

28 Genesis 49:1 (ESV)

29 Numbers 24:20 (ESV)

30 Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (ESV)

31 Deuteronomy 8:16 (ESV)

32 Deuteronomy 11:12 (ESV)

33 Deuteronomy 31:29 (ESV)

34 Deuteronomy 32:20 (ESV)

35 Deuteronomy 32:29 (ESV)

36 Numbers 23:10b (ESV)

37 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐὰν (if?) following for, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αν (then?). Neither appears to have been translated into English.

38 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὠφεληθήσεται here, a form of ὠφελέω in the future tense, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ωφελειται (KJV: profited) in the present tense.

39 Matthew 16:24-26 (ESV)

40 Romans 6:1-7 (ESV)

41 Numbers 23:10b (ESV)

42 Romans 6:8-14 (ESV)

43 Numbers 23:10b (The Complete Jewish Bible)

44 Numbers 23:10b (NETS)

Romans, Part 66

I am still considering, by a very long way around, Rejoice in hope, endure in suffering, persist in prayer[1] as a description of love rather than as rules to obey.  In this particular essay I’m attempting to add some detail if not some clarity to the questions asked at the end of the previous essay: Were the Benjaminites wholehearted supporters of the children of Belial’s right to know any strange man who wandered into town or to gang-rape young women?  Or did they decide that it was better to die fighting than to acknowledge the children of Belial among them and give their brothers legal cause to slaughter the inhabitants of that city with the sword; annihilate with the sword everyone in it[2]?

I assumed since the story of the Levite and his concubine came late in the book of Judges that it happened late in the time period that the Judges led Israel.  But the high priest at the time was none other than Phinehas son of Eleazar, son of Aaron.[3]

The Priest Lists

1 Chronicles 6:3b-15 (NET) 1 Chronicles 6:50-53 (NET) Ezra 7:1-5 (NET)
Aaron Aaron Aaron
Eleazar Eleazar Eleazar
Phinehas Phinehas Phinehas
Abishua Abishua Abishua
Bukki Bukki Bukki
Uzzi Uzzi Uzzi
Zerahiah Zerahiah Zerahiah
Meraioth Meraioth Meraioth
Amariah Amariah
Ahitub Ahitub
Zadok Zadok
Ahimaaz Ahimaaz
Azariah
Johanan
Azariah[4] Azariah
Amariah Amariah
Ahitub Ahitub
Zadok Zadok
Shallum Shallum
Hilkiah Hilkiah
Azariah Azariah
Seraiah[5] Seraiah
Jehozadak[6] Ezra

Phinehas was introduced apparently as a boy who took a javelin in his hand.[7]  And now I see what I never saw before in these events (Numbers 25:1-5 NET).

When Israel lived in Shittim, the people began to commit sexual immorality (zânâh, לזנות; Septuagint: ἐκπορνεῦσαι, a form of ἐκπορνεύω) with the daughters of Moab.  These women invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהיהן); then the people ate and bowed down to their gods (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, לאלהיהן).  When Israel joined themselves to Baal-peor (baʽal peʽôr, פעור), the anger of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) flared up against Israel.  The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) said to Moses, “Arrest all the leaders (rôʼsh, ראשי) of the people, and hang them up before the Lord (yehôvâh, ליהוה) in broad daylight, so that the fierce anger of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) may be turned away from Israel.”  So Moses said to the judges (shâphaṭ, שפטי) of Israel, “Each of you must execute (hârag, הרגו) those of his men who were joined to Baal-peor (baʽal peʽôr, פעור).”

Moses and the whole community of the Israelites, were weeping at the entrance of the tent of meeting.[8]  I don’t know if they wept because of the sorrow believers feel when those who profess faith are found in sin or because their leaders[9] were about to be executed or because of an unspecified[10] plague that ravaged them.   But as the people wept Zimri,[11] a man of Israel, paraded Cozbi,[12] a Midianite woman, before them.

When Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he got up from among the assembly, took a javelin in his hand, and went after the Israelite man into the tent and thrust through the Israelite man and into the woman’s abdomen.[13]  Every other time I’ve read this I assumed that Phinehas was also a priest, acting with yehôvâh’s authority, prompted by his Holy Spirit.  But suspecting now that he was an upstart boy as liable to judgment and condemnation for his action as not, I hear yehôvâh’s words differently (Numbers 25:10-13 NET): 

The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) spoke to Moses: “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites, when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal.  Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace.  So it will be to him and his descendants after him a covenant of a permanent priesthood, because he has been zealous for his God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, לאלהיו), and has made atonement for the Israelites.’”

So the plague was stopped from the Israelites.  Those that died in the plague were 24,000.[14]  And Phinehas lived to become the high priest advising the brotherhood assembled  at Gibeah demanding the lives of the children of Belial.  Unless he lived three hundred[15] or more years (and that remarkable feat wasn’t mentioned) this was not at the end of the rule of the Judges.  So I consider again the preamble of the book of Judges (Judges 2:18, 19 NET):

When the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) raised up leaders (shâphaṭ, שפטים) for them, the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) was with each leader (shâphaṭ, השפט) and delivered the people from their enemies while the leader (shâphaṭ, השופט) remained alive.  The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) felt sorry for them when they cried out in agony because of what their harsh oppressors did to them.  When a leader (shâphaṭ, השופט) died, the next generation would again act more wickedly than the previous one.  They would follow after other gods, worshiping them and bowing down to them.  They did not give up their practices or their stubborn ways [Table].

It is disheartening and a bit disconcerting (though not entirely implausible) to place the events at Gibeah at or near the top of this downward spiral rather than at its bottom.  But dating it nearer Israel’s conquest of annihilation against the prior inhabitants of Canaan may go a long way toward explaining the vindictiveness of the brotherhood toward their brothers.  Consider Phinehas’ formative education (Numbers 31:1-3 NET).

The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) spoke to Moses:  “Exact (nâqam, נקם; Septuagint: ἐκδίκει, a form of ἐκδικέω) vengeance (neqâmâh, נקמת; Septuagint: ἐκδίκησιν, a form of ἐκδίκησις) for the Israelites on the Midianites – after that you will be gathered to your people.”

So Moses spoke to the people: “Arm men from among you for the war, to attack the Midianites and to execute the Lord’s (yehôvâh, יהוה) vengeance (neqâmâh, נקמת; Septuagint: ἐκδίκησιν, a form of ἐκδίκησις) on Midian.

So Moses sent them to the war, one thousand from every tribe, with Phinehas son of Eleazar the priest, who was in charge of the holy articles and the signal trumpets.[16]  They killed all the men, including Balaam son of Beor.[17]  But Moses was furious[18] (Numbers 31:15-18 NET):

Moses said to them, “Have you allowed all the women to live?  Look, these people through the counsel of Balaam caused the Israelites to act treacherously against the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה) in the matter of Peor – which resulted in the plague among the community of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה)!  Now therefore kill every boy, and kill every woman who has had sexual intercourse (mishkâb, למשכב) with a man.  But all the young women who have not had sexual intercourse (mishkâb, משכב) with a man will be yours.

I want to pause a moment to consider Balaam, to challenge and enlighten my own parochialism.  The Israelites killed Balaam son of Beor, the omen (qâsam, הקוסם) reader, along with the others.[19]  When you enter the land the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) your God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהיך) is giving you, Moses said to Israel, you must not learn the abhorrent practices of those nations.  There must never be found among you anyone who sacrifices his son or daughter in the fire, anyone who practices divination (qesem, קסם), an omen (qâsam, קסמים) reader, a soothsayer (nâchash, ומנחש), a sorcerer, one who casts spells, one who conjures up spirits, a practitioner of the occult, or a necromancer.  Whoever does these things is abhorrent to the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) and because of these detestable things the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) your God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהיך) is about to drive them out from before you.[20]  Balaam was not a son of Israel but was of Pethor in Aram Naharaim.[21]  He was certainly no follower of Jesus.

Yet while not denying the truth of any of this I must accept that yehôvâh used Balaam as his prophet to Balak.  But the angel of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) said to Balaam, “Go with the men, but you may only speak the word that I will speak to you.”  So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.[22]  Then the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.”[23] Then the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) met Balaam and put a message in his mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.”[24]

Balaam was affected by his association with yehôvâh.   He uttered his oracle[25] (mâshâl, משלו; also translated discourse and speech).  How can I curse one whom God (ʼêl, אל) has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) has not denounced?[26] Must I not be careful to speak what the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) has put in my mouth?[27]  Did I not tell you, ‘All that the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) speaks, I must do’?[28]  When Balaam saw that it pleased the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) to bless Israel, he did not go as at the other times to seek for omens (nachash, נחשים), but he set his face toward the wilderness.[29] 

This is not to say that Israel was wrong to kill Balaam when they found him in Midian.  If yehôvâh wanted to spare him, He could have warned Moses or Balaam himself.  If Balaam was warned but refused or was too fearful to flee, that is another story I won’t know for the time being.  And Balaam was not made perfect.  He still tried to accommodate his employers’ desire to destroy Israel by counseling them [in the name of Baal-peor(?)] how to use women to trip them up.  The Children of God called it “Flirty Fishing.”  Balaam was not fit to be a prophet of Israel (Deuteronomy 18:13-15 NET): 

You must be blameless before the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) your God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהיך), Moses continued.  Those nations that you are about to dispossess listen to omen (qâsam, קסמים) readers and diviners, but the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) your God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהיך) has not given you permission to do such things. The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) your God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהיך) will raise up for you a prophet like me from among you – from your fellow Israelites; you must listen to him [Table].

To pick up again with Phinehas’ formative education: The Israelites sent Phinehas, son of Eleazar, the priest, to the land of Gilead to the Reubenites, Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh[30] to investigate why they had built an impressive altar[31] near the west bank of the Jordan River.  Tensions were running high, as high if not higher, then when the descendants of Reuben and Gad petitioned[32] Moses, Eleazar the priest, and the leaders of the community[33] for possession of the conquered land east of the Jordan.  Moses, forbidden to enter the promised land and near death, assumed that the descendants of Reuben and Gad plotted to discourage Israel from entering that land.  He said (Numbers 32:14, 15 NET):

Now look, you are standing in your fathers’ place, a brood of sinners, to increase still further the fierce wrath of the Lord (yehôvih, יהוה) against the Israelites.  For if you turn away from following him, he will once again abandon them in the wilderness, and you will be the reason for their destruction.

This is the end of a fearful diatribe that twice mentions yehôvâh’s anger: So the anger of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) was kindled that day,[34] and, So the Lord’s (yehôvâh, יהוה) anger was kindled against the Israelites.[35]  Whatever the fear of the Lord meant to yehôvâh, to Moses at that moment it meant fearing what yehôvâh could do to the whole of Israel if any disobeyed Him.

The descendants of Reuben and Gad joined their brothers in the conquest of Canaan west of the Jordan, but after they were blessed by Joshua and released to return home they built a strange altar.  When the Israelites heard this, the entire Israelite community assembled at Shiloh to launch an attack against them.[36]  They sent Phinehas and ten leaders with this message instead: “The entire community of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) says, ‘Why have you disobeyed the God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, באלהי) of Israel by turning back today from following the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה)?  You built an altar for yourselves and have rebelled today against the Lord (yehôvâh).’”[37] The same fear, what yehôvâh might do to the whole community, is evident (Joshua 22:17, 18, 22a NET):

The sin we committed at Peor was bad enough.  To this very day we have not purified[38] ourselves; it even brought a plague on the community of the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה).  Now today you dare to turn back from following the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה)!  You are rebelling today against the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה); tomorrow he may break out in anger against the entire community of Israel….When Achan son of Zerah disobeyed the command about the city’s riches, the entire Israelite community was judged…

The descendants of Reuben and Gad replied (Joshua 22:24-27 NET):

We swear we have done this because we were worried that in the future your descendants would say to our descendants, ‘What relationship do you have with the Lord (yehôvâh, וליהוה) God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהי) of Israel?  The Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) made the Jordan a boundary between us and you Reubenites and Gadites.  You have no right to worship the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה).’  In this way your descendants might cause our descendants to stop obeying (yârêʼ, ירא) the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה).  So we decided to build this altar, not for burnt offerings and sacrifices, but as a reminder to us and you, and to our descendants who follow us, that we will honor the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) in his very presence with burnt offerings, sacrifices, and tokens of peace.  Then in the future your descendants will not be able to say to our descendants, ‘You have no right to worship the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה).’

It is remarkable that soldiers on their way home to wives and families would even consider such a thing.  But in such tense times the descendants of Reuben and Gad had faced heightened suspicion from Moses and apparently the rest of Israel ever since they expressed a desire for land east of the Jordan that was ideal for cattle: Now the Reubenites and the Gadites possessed a very large number of cattle.[39]  Phinehas had even insinuated that there might be something wrong with the land: But if your own land is impure, cross over to the Lord’s (yehôvâh, יהוה) own land, where the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) himself lives, and settle down among us.[40]  (Gibeah, by the way, was west of the Jordan in the Lord’s own land, where the Lord himself lives.)

I will sharpen my lightning-like sword, and my hand will grasp hold of the weapon of judgment (Septuagint: κρίματος, a form of κρίμα); yehôvâh said, I will execute vengeance (Septuagint: δίκην, a form of δίκη) on my foes, and repay those who hate me![41]  He chose the soldiers of Israel as his weapon against the inhabitants of Canaan.  But his work is perfect (Septuagint: ἀληθινὰ, a form of ἀληθινός), for all his ways are just (Septuagint: κρίσεις, a form of κρίσις).  He is a reliable (Septuagint: πιστός) God (ʼêl, אל) who is never unjust (Septuagint: ἀδικία), he is fair (Septuagint: δίκαιος) and upright.[42]

To be that weapon those soldiers and all Israel must be that perfect in his sight.  Jesus knew what He was talking about when He taught: Do not judge (κρίνετε, a form of κρίνω) so that you will not be judged (κριθῆτε, another form of κρίνω).  For by the standard (κρίματι, another form of κρίμα) you judge (κρίνετε, another form of κρίνω) you will be judged (κριθήσεσθε, another form of κρίνω), and the measure you use will be the measure you receive.[43]

To achieve that perfection through a kind of “natural selection” (e.g., the death of those who did not achieve it) and the fear of that death, or the fear of whatever else yehôvâh’s anger might do to the living, puts the flesh, the Belial if you will, under tremendous pressure.  Perfection achieved in this manner exists only as long as the pressure that created it.  Relax that pressure ever so slightly and the flesh, the Belial, erupts as it did among the sons of Belial at Gibeah.  And so we find Phinehas, who lived his entire life under that kind of pressure, attempting to put the toothpaste back in the tube by the only means he knows.

Granted, the descendents of Benjamin didn’t respond to the situation like innocent men.  As a case in point hear the response of the descendents of Reuben and Gad (Joshua 22:22, 23 NET): 

El (אל), God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים), the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה)!  El (אל), God (ʼĕlôhı̂ym, אלהים), the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה)!  He knows the truth!  Israel must also know!  If we have rebelled or disobeyed the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה), don’t spare us today!  If we have built an altar for ourselves to turn back from following the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) by making burnt sacrifices and grain offerings on it, or by offering tokens of peace on it, the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) himself will punish (bâqash, יבקש; Septuagint: ἐκζητήσει, a form of ἐκζητέω) us. 

Reach agreement quickly with your accuser while on the way to court, Jesus taught, or he may hand you over to the judge, and the judge hand you over to the warden, and you will be thrown into prison.[44]  When Phinehas the priest and the community leaders and clan leaders who accompanied him heard the defense of the Reubenites, Gadites, and the Manassehites, they were satisfied.  Phinehas, son of Eleazar, the priest, said to the Reubenites, Gadites, and the Manassehites, “Today we know that the Lord (yehôvâh, יהוה) is among us, because you have not disobeyed the Lord (yehôvâh, ביהוה) in this.  Now you have rescued the Israelites from the Lord’s (yehôvâh, יהוה) judgment (yâd, מיד; Septuagint: χειρὸς, a form of χείρ).”[45]

I’ll pick this up in the next essay.

Romans, Part 67

Back to Romans, Part 68

Back to Romans, Part 72

Back to Paul’s Religious Mind Revisited, Part 3

[1] Romans 12:12 (NET)

[2] Deuteronomy 13:15 (NET)

[3] Judges 20:28a (NET)

[4] Johanan was the father of Azariah, who served as a priest in the temple Solomon built in Jerusalem. (1 Chronicles 6:10 NET)

[5] 2 Kings 25:18, Jeremiah 52:24 (NET)

[6] Jehozadak went into exile when the Lord sent the people of Judah and Jerusalem into exile by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar. (1 Chronicles 6:15 NET)

[7] Numbers 25:7 (NET)

[8] Numbers 25:6b (NET)

[9] The leaders of the people were rôʼsh, not  baʽal, and not belı̂yaʽal.

[10] Frankly, I don’t know if this plague was a deadly disease, the execution of the leaders of the people, the rampant ἐκπορνεῦσαι (Hebrew: zânâh, לזנות) of the people (and the word is people not men) with the daughters of Moab, or both of the latter.

[11] Numbers 25:14 (NET)

[12] Numbers 25:15 (NET)

[13] Numbers 25:7, 8a (NET)

[14] Numbers 25:8b, 9 (NET)

[15] Judges 11:26 (NET)

[16] Numbers 31:6 (NET)

[17] Numbers 31:7, 8 (NET)

[18] Numbers 31:14a (NET)

[19] Joshua 13:22 (NET)

[20] Deuteronomy 18:9-12 (NET)

[21] Deuteronomy 23:4b (NET)

[22] Numbers 22:35 (NET)

[23] Numbers 23:5 (NET)

[24] Numbers 23:16 (NET)

[25] Numbers 23:7a (NET)

[26] Numbers 23:8 (NET)

[27] Numbers 23:12 (NET)

[28] Numbers 23:26b (NET)

[29] Numbers 24:1 (NET)

[30] Joshua 22:13 (NET)

[31] Joshua 22:10 (NET)

[32] Numbers 32:5 (NET)

[33] Numbers 32:2 (NET)

[34] Numbers 32:10 (NET)

[35] Numbers 32:13 (NET)

[36] Joshua 22:12 (NET)

[37] Joshua 22:16 (NET)

[38] Did Phinehas’ zeal bring a “premature” halt to the execution of those who were joined to Baal-peorThe Lord spoke to Moses: “Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites, when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them…”

[39] Numbers 32:1 (NET)

[40] Joshua 22:19a (NET)

[41] Deuteronomy 32:41 (NET)

[42] Deuteronomy 32:4 (NET)

[43] Matthew 7:1, 2 (NET) Table

[44] Matthew 5:25 (NET)

[45] Joshua 22:30, 31 (NET)