3 John, Part 8

This is a continuation of my notes on 3 John for the preaching class I’m taking. John wrote (3 John 1:11 ESV):

Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good (τὸ ἀγαθόν). Whoever does good1 is from God (ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν); whoever does evil has not seen God.

I wondered, “How does Jesus relate to ἀγαθόν (good)?”2 Jesus taught a great crowd of his disciples and a great multitude of people from all Judea and Jerusalem and the seacoast of Tyre and Sidon, who came to hear him and to be healed of their diseases3 (Luke 6:43-45 ESV).

For no good tree bears bad fruit, nor again does a bad tree bear good fruit [Table], for each tree is known by its own fruit. For figs are not gathered from thornbushes, nor are grapes picked from a bramble bush. The good person out of the good treasure of his heart produces good (τὸ ἀγαθόν), and the evil person out of his evil treasure produces evil, for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks [Table].

The Greek is: Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν δένδρον καλὸν ποιοῦν καρπὸν σαπρόν, For no good tree bears bad fruit (or “for not exists beautiful tree bearing rotten fruit”). For my purposes here I’ll use beautiful for καλὸν to distinguish it from forms of ἀγαθός, while recognizing that the words δένδρον καλὸν (ESV: good tree) have been used interchangeably apparently for δένδρον ἀγαθὸν (ESV: healthy tree) in: So, every healthy tree (δένδρον ἀγαθὸν) bears good fruit (καρποὺς καλοὺς).4 Likewise, I’ll use rotten for σαπρόν to distinguish it from forms of πονηρός, while recognizing that καρπὸν σαπρόν (ESV: bad fruit) seems essentially equivalent to καρποὺς πονηροὺς (ESV: bad fruit) in: but the diseased tree (σαπρὸν δένδρον) bears bad fruit (καρποὺς πονηροὺς).5

In Matthew’s Gospel narrative Jesus went on to say: A healthy tree (δένδρον ἀγαθὸν) cannot bear bad fruit (καρποὺς πονηροὺς), nor can a diseased tree (δένδρον σαπρὸν) bear good fruit (καρποὺς καλοὺς).6 In another essay, I wrote:

Is this a definitional statement? Woman—the owner of a fruit tree in this case, as the measure of all things—defines a healthy (ἀγαθὸν) fruit tree as one that cannot make bad (πονηροὺς) fruit? Or, is this actual knowledge about fruit trees from the Maker of fruit trees? The answers to these questions are yes and yes and yes.

My assumption is that “for not exists beautiful tree bearing rotten fruit” (a more fluent English rendering might be, “for no beautiful tree exists bearing rotten fruit”) follows the same pattern as A healthy tree cannot bear bad fruit.7 My word choices are designed to keep me aware of the different words in Greek in case that assumption won’t withstand scrutiny. I’m not sure why the ESV translators didn’t translate ἐστιν (“exists”). They are not alone and most who did, translated it there is.8

Jesus continued: οὐδὲ πάλιν, nor again, δένδρον σαπρὸν ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλόν, does a bad tree bear good fruit (or “a diseased tree bearing beautiful fruit”). Here, I chose “diseased” for σαπρὸν because it matches nor can a diseased tree (δένδρον σαπρὸν) bear good fruit.9 (And frankly, καρποὺς καλοὺς, good fruit, is the plural form of the singular καρπὸν καλόν.) I’ve stuck with the gerund bearing rather than doesbear for the present participle ποιοῦν. So, that gives me: “For no beautiful tree exists bearing rotten fruit, nor again a diseased tree bearing beautiful fruit,” for each tree is known by its own fruit,10 Jesus continued.

The Greek is: ἕκαστον γὰρ δένδρον, for each tree, ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου καρποῦ, by its own fruit (or “from the distinct fruit”), γινώσκεται, is known. While ἰδίου, a form of ἴδιος, can mean, “belonging to an individual; private (not public); one’s own, pertaining to oneself, personal;” it can also mean, “peculiar, separate, distinct, strange, unaccustomed.” And while ἐκ can be translated “by means of” (the example given is: “ἐκ πίστεως ζήσεται he shall live by faith, Hab. 2:4; Rom 1:17”), this particular word string describes people “knowing” an apple tree because it produces apples, or more likely, a fig tree because it produces figs. It does not dispute whoever does what is true comes to the light, so that it may be clearly seen that his works have been carried out in God (or “by means of God”),11 a distinction which seems important since Jesus will relate it momentarily to The good person.

Jesus continued: οὐ γὰρ ἐξ ἀκανθῶν, For not from thornbushes, συλλέγουσιν σῦκα, are figs gathered, οὐδὲ ἐκ βάτου, nor from a bramble bush, σταφυλὴν τρυγῶσιν, are grapes picked; ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος, The good person, ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ, out of the good treasure, τῆς καρδίας, of his heart (literally, “of the heart”), προφέρει τὸ ἀγαθόν, produces good (or, “brings out the good”).

The critical text and received text diverge slightly here.

Critical Text

Received Text

Luke 6:45a (NA28)

Luke 6:45a (Stephanus Textus Receptus / Byzantine Majority Text)

ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ τῆς καρδίας προφέρει τὸ ἀγαθόν

ο αγαθος ανθρωπος εκ του αγαθου θησαυρου της καρδιας αυτου προφερει το αγαθον

Luke 6:45a (NRSV)

Luke 6:45a (KJV)

The good person out of the good treasure of the heart produces good

A good man out of the good treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is good

Here the critical text argues that the scribes who copied the received texts added the personal pronoun αυτου, his, to the heart. It’s a subtle argument, but consider the context: the way, and the truth, and the life12 spoke truly very near the end of the Old Covenant, knowing full well He would inaugurate the New Covenant by his own bloodshed. Who is ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος, The good person, if No one is good except God alone?13 And what is τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ, the good treasure?

The words of the psalmist come to mind (Psalm 119:1-11 ESV):

Blessed are those whose way is blameless, who walk in the law of the Lord [Table]! Blessed are those who keep his testimonies, who seek him with their whole heart [Table], who also do no wrong, but walk in his ways [Table]!14 You have commanded your precepts to be kept diligently [Table]. Oh that my ways may be steadfast in keeping your statutes [Table]! Then I shall not be put to shame, having my eyes fixed on all your commandments [Table]. I will praise you with an upright heart, when I learn your righteous rules [Table]. I will keep your statutes; do not utterly forsake me [Table]!

How can a young man keep his way pure? By guarding it according to your word. With my whole heart I seek you; let me not wander from your commandments! I have stored up your word in my heart, that I might not sin against you.

So, God’s word in one’s heart answers the good treasure question truly in terms of the Old Covenant. It would not be false in the New. But does one who hides God’s word in his heart answer The good person question, if No one is good except God alone?

Paul wrote of the New Covenant (Romans 8:3-8 ESV):

For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do. By sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh, in order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit. For those who live according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who live according to the Spirit set their minds on the things of the Spirit. For to set the mind on the flesh is death, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. For the mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God, for it does not submit to God’s law; indeed, it cannot. Those who are in the flesh cannot please God.

If I return with this in mind, I hear concern over this weakness of the flesh baked right into the Psalm (Psalm 119:4-8, 10 ESV):

You have commanded your precepts to be kept diligently [Table]. Oh that my ways may be steadfast in keeping your statutes [Table]! Then I shall not be put to shame, having my eyes fixed on all your commandments [Table]. I will praise you with an upright heart, when I learn your righteous rules [Table]. I will keep your statutes; do not utterly forsake me [Table]!

With my whole heart I seek you; let me not wander from your commandments!

This English translation of the Masoretic text retains the flavor of one pursuing a righteousness that is by faith.15 But the Septuagint diverges from the Masoretic text here at the end.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Psalm 119:10b (Tanakh/KJV)

Psalm 119:10b (NET)

Psalm 118:10b (NETS)

Psalm 118:10b (English Elpenor)

O let me not (אַל) wander (תַּ֜שְׁגֵּ֗נִי) from thy commandments (מִמִּצְו‍ֹתֶֽיךָ). Do not (‘al, אל) allow me to stray (šāḡâ, תשגני) from your commands (miṣvâ, ממצותיך). do not (μὴ) thrust me aside (ἀπώσῃ με) from (ἀπὸ) your commandments (τῶν ἐντολῶν σου). cast me (με) not (μὴ) away (ἀπώσῃ) from (ἀπὸ) thy commandments (τῶν ἐντολῶν σου).

The English translation of the Greek translation sounds like the translators recognized God as a potential (or actual) adversary, as they pursued a law that would lead to righteousness16as if it were based on works,17 having a righteousness of [their] own that comes from the law,18 rather than the righteousness from God that depends on faith.19 The Complete Jewish Bible on chabad.org translates the Hebrew of the Masoretic text in this way as well: With all my heart I searched for You; do not cause me to stray from Your commandments.20

Jesus continued: καὶ πονηρὸς, and the evil person, ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ, out of his evil treasure (literally, “out of the evil,” though one might argue that the genitive case justifies his), προφέρει τὸ πονηρόν, produces evil (or “brings out the evil”).

The critical and received texts diverge significantly here.

Critical Text

Received Text

Luke 6:45b (NA28)

Luke 6:45b (Stephanus Textus Receptus / Byzantine Majority Text)

καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ προφέρει τὸ πονηρόν

και ο πονηρος ανθρωπος εκ του πονηρου θησαυρου της καρδιας αυτου προφερει το πονηρον

Luke 6:45b (Berean Literal Bible)

Luke 6:45b (KJV)

and the evil out of the evil brings forth that which is evil

and an evil man out of the evil treasure of his heart bringeth forth that which is evil

The critical text argues that the scribes who copied the received texts added ανθρωπος (KJV: man) to πονηρὸς (Berean Literal Bible: the evil). And I hear the scribes’ rejoinder: “It’s implied, ανθρωπος is what the Lord intended.” But did He say it? Would the Lord Jesus—knowing, loving and fulfilling the Scriptures as He does—add ανθρωπος to πονηρὸς?

And God said, Let us make man (ἄνθρωπον, a form of ανθρωπος) according to our image and likeness…21 And God made man (τὸν ἄνθρωπον), according to the image of God he made him, male and female he made them.22 And God saw all the things that he had made, and, behold, they were very (λίαν) good (καλὰ, a form of καλός).23

Did Jesus ask anyone, man or woman, to own the evil ( πονηρὸς)? No, He said, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself”24your old self (τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον; literally, “the old human”), which belongs to your former manner of life and is corrupt through deceitful desires25“and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever would save his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) will lose it, but whoever loses his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) for my sake will find it” [Table].26 “What is born of the flesh is flesh, and what is born of the Spirit is spirit. Do not be amazed that I said to you, ‘You must all be born from above,’”27 as the new self (τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον; literally, “the new human”), created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness.28

The next argument of the critical text is that the scribes who copied the received texts added θησαυρου της καρδιας αυτου (KJV: treasure of his heart) to εκ του πονηρου (Berean Literal Bible: out of the evil). Again, I hear the scribes’ rejoinder: “It’s implied, θησαυρου της καρδιας αυτου is what the Lord intended.” But would the Lord Jesus say that?

In the New Covenant the treasure stored up in one’s heart is so much more than the commandments, priestcraft and Bible stories one remembers. This treasure is literally the Word who was in the beginning, the Word who was with God, the Word who was and is God, the Word through whom all things were made and without whom was not any thing made that was made, the Word in whom is life and whose life is the light of men (τῶν ἀνθρώπων).29 One’s part in all this is deference to the Word, a complete abandon to the overwhelming flood of his own love, his own joy, his own peace, his own patience, his own kindness, his own goodness, his own faithfulness, his own gentleness and his own self-control,30 in a word—his own righteousness—as He washes away the selfish, self-centered, sin-filled heart and soul, destroying even as He creates anew by the power that enables him even to subject all things to himself.31

Paul described this experience of God the Father, God the Son, through God the indwelling Holy Spirit with the words (Galatians 2:20 EXP11):

By means of Christ I have been crucified, but I live hereafter not I but He lives within me, Christ, so who now I live within flesh, by faithfulness I live by means of the Son of God who loved me and gave himself for me.

This was not a special privilege Paul reserved to himself alone. To share his experience of God with all who would hear was his mission and ministry: Do you not know, he wrote to Romans, that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life.32 To foolish Galatians he wrote: my little children, for whom I am again in the anguish of childbirth until Christ is formed in you.33 And for the Ephesians he prayed (Ephesians 3:14b-21 ESV):

I bow my knees before the Father [Table], from whom every family in heaven and on earth is named, that according to the riches of his glory he may grant you to be strengthened with power through his Spirit in your inner being [Table], so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith—that you, being rooted and grounded in love, may have strength to comprehend with all the saints what is the breadth and length and height and depth [Table], and to know the love of Christ that surpasses knowledge, that you may be filled with all the fullness of God.

Now to him who is able to do far more abundantly than all that we ask or think, according to the power at work within us [Table], to him be glory in the church and in Christ Jesus throughout all generations, forever and ever. Amen [Table].

Jesus concluded: ἐκ γὰρ περισσεύματος καρδίας, for out of the abundance of the heart, λαλεῖ τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ, speaks his mouth. This gives me (Luke 6:43-45):

For no beautiful tree exists bearing rotten fruit, nor again a diseased tree bearing beautiful fruit, for each tree from the distinct fruit is known: For not from thornbushes are figs gathered, nor from a bramble bush are grapes picked. The good person out of the good treasure of the heart brings out the good, and the evil person out of the evil brings out the evil; for out of the abundance of the heart speaks his mouth.

Balak’s words have been fairly consistent at revealing the abundance of the heart. A few times I’ve wondered if he wasn’t at least close to hearing God’s word, but he consistently disappoints. Balaam’s words, since his arrival, have seemed fairly consistent at revealing God’s heart, until Balak dismissed him angrily (Numbers 24:12, 13 ESV).

And Balaam said to Balak, “Did I not tell your messengers whom you sent to me, ‘If Balak should give me his house full of silver and gold, I would not be able to go beyond the word of the Lord, to do either good or bad of my own will. What the Lord speaks, that will I speak’?

Granted, I was suspicious of Balaam’s motives when he spoke to Balak’s messengers. Two tables follow comparing both instances from the Masoretic text and the Septuagint.

Numbers 22:18b (Masoretic Text) Table

Numbers 24:13 (Masoretic Text)

אם יתן לי בלק מלא ביתו כסף וזהב לא אוכל לעבר את פי יהוה אלהי לעשׁות קטנה או גדולה

אם יתן לי בלק מלא ביתו כסף וזהב לא אוכל לעבר את פי יהוה לעשׁות טובה או רעה מלבי אשר ידבר יהוה אתו אדבר

Numbers 22:18b (ESV) Table

Numbers 24:13 (ESV)

Though Balak were to give me his house full of silver and gold, I could not go beyond the command of the Lord my God to do less or more. If Balak should give me his house full of silver and gold, I would not be able to go beyond the word of the Lord, to do either good or bad of my own will. What the Lord speaks, that will I speak

Numbers 22:18b (Septuagint Elpenor) Table

Numbers 24:13 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐὰν δῷ μοι Βαλὰκ πλήρη τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου, οὐ δυνήσομαι παραβῆναι τὸ ρῆμα Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ, ποιῆσαι αὐτὸ μικρὸν μέγα ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ μου ἐάν μοι δῷ Βαλὰκ πλήρη τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου, οὐ δυνήσομαι παραβῆναι τὸ ῥῆμα Κυρίου ποιῆσαι αὐτὸ καλὸν πονηρὸν παρ’ ἐμαυτοῦ· ὅσα ἐὰν εἴπῃ ὁ Θεός, ταῦτα ἐρῶ

Numbers 22:18b (English Elpenor)

Numbers 24:13 (English Elpenor)

If Balac would give me his house full of silver and gold, I shall not be able to go beyond the word of the Lord God, to make it little or great in my mind. If Balac should give me his house full of silver and gold, I shall not be able to transgress the word of the Lord to make it good or bad by myself; whatsoever things God shall say, them will I speak.

That my God is missing from Numbers 24:13 leaps out at me in English translation. But since it was translated τοῦ Θεοῦ, the Lord God, rather than τοῦ Θεοῦ μου, “the Lord my God,” in the Septuagint, I’ll back off some. That less or more (ESV/Masoretic Text), little or great (English Elpenor/Septuagint), became good or bad (ESV/Masoretic Text; English Elpenor/Septuagint) seems telling, whether a guilty conscience or a heart divided by resisting the Spirit of God. The phrase in my mind (English Elpenor) seems like a misunderstanding of τῇ διανοίᾳ in the dative case: “by means of my mind.” Balaam acknowledged some power the Lord had over his words. It is sufficiently similar to by myself (English Elpenor) in meaning that I am disregarding it’s difference.34

Balaam’s final statement to Balak is perhaps the most revelatory of a divided heart: What the Lord speaks, that will I speak (ESV/Masoretic Text), whatsoever things God shall say, them will I speak (English Elpenor/Septuagint). This statement is demonstrably false according to both the Masoretic text and the Septuagint; Balaam did not say this to Balak’s messengers. This is what the Lord said to Balaam and (perhaps was reiterating at the very moment) Balaam may have been twisting it into a (false) declaration of his own words (and works). Be that as it may, Balaam successfully telegraphed his price for betrayal to Balak’s ready-ears.

Balaam continued (Numbers 24:14-24 ESV)

“And now, behold, I am going to my people. Come, I will let you know what this people will do to your people in the latter days.”

And he took up his discourse and said,

“The oracle of Balaam the son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eye is opened, the oracle of him who hears the words of God, and knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees the vision of the Almighty, falling down with his eyes uncovered:

I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not near: a star shall come out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel; it shall crush the forehead of Moab and break down all the sons of Sheth.

Edom shall be dispossessed; Seir also, his enemies, shall be dispossessed. Israel is doing valiantly. And one from Jacob shall exercise dominion and destroy the survivors of cities!”

Then he looked on Amalek and took up his discourse and said,

“Amalek was the first among the nations, but its end is utter destruction” [Table]. And he looked on the Kenite, and took up his discourse and said,

“Enduring is your dwelling place, and your nest is set in the rock. Nevertheless, Kain shall be burned when Asshur takes you away captive.” And he took up his discourse and said,

“Alas, who shall live when God does this? But ships shall come from Kittim and shall afflict Asshur and Eber; and he too shall come to utter destruction.”

The prophet’s oracles simply confirmed the fear that already possessed Balak, king of Moab (Numbers 22:2, 3 ESV).

And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites (Numbers 21:21-35). And Moab was in great dread of the people, because they were many. Moab was overcome with fear of the people of Israel.

Once Balaam telegraphed his price, there is no way Balak could hear anything—apart from the direct intervention of the Spirit of God—but the threat he already feared if he did not meet the prophet’s price for betrayal.

Then Balaam rose and went back to his place. And Balak also went his way.35

So, two old humans, corrupt through deceitful desires, parted company. One was mightily influenced by the Spirit of God, yet struggled with deceitful desires for wealth and, perhaps, the honor of men. The other was so consumed with fear and the certainty of his own way that he could neither hear nor see God when confronted by a prophet. John’s New Covenant promise seems an appropriate response to this Old Covenant impasse (1 John 3:6 NA28):

πᾶς ὁ ἐν αὐτῷ μένων οὐχ ἁμαρτάνει· πᾶς ὁ ἁμαρτάνων οὐχ ἑώρακεν αὐτὸν οὐδὲ ἔγνωκεν αὐτόν.

The promise begins with the adjective πᾶς, “All,” understood as a singular whole. It does not begin with εἷς, “one, any,” an indefinite pronoun. This is not a promise of achievement by certain individuals (Berean Literal Bible: Anyone; KJV: Whosoever; NKJV: Whoever); it is the promise of God through Jesus Christ to μένων, a singular article followed by a singular nominative participle in the present tense, “the abiding,” “All who abide.” So is this a promise of achievement by “All who abide”? Not exactly.

Sandwiched between the singular article and the nominative singular present participle μένων is the phrase ἐν αὐτῷ, in the dative case, “by means of Him.” “All who by means of Him abide” is the the subject of this clause as well as the recipient of this promise: οὐχ ἁμαρτάνει, a form of the verb ἁμαρτάνω in the present tense: “not sin, not act sinfully; not miss the mark; not commit (a sinful act); not fail to be available; not fail, not fault, not offend, not trespass, not transgress.”

The promise is, “All who by means of Him abide sin not,” does not sin (Berean Literal Bible, NKJV), sinneth not (KJV). This promise of God through Jesus Christ by his Apostle and Prophet John is to “All who by means of Him abide,” that is, to the new self (τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον; “the new human”), created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness.36

The promise is followed by a comparable contrasting statement: πᾶς ἁμαρτάνων, a nominative present participle of ἁμαρτάνω, “all the sinning,” “all who sin” οὐχ ἑώρακεν αὐτὸν, “have not seen Him” (and continue not seeing Him37), οὐδὲ ἔγνωκεν αὐτόν, “nor have known Him” (and continue not knowing Him38). This is a profound description of your old self (τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον; “the old human”), which belongs to your former manner of life and is corrupt through deceitful desires.39

All who have turned in faith to Jesus Christ for salvation are instructed (Ephesians 4:17-24 ESV):

Now this I say and testify in the Lord, that you must no longer walk as the Gentiles do, in the futility of their minds [Table]. They are darkened in their understanding, alienated from the life of God because of the ignorance that is in them, due to their hardness of heart [Table]. They have become callous and have given themselves up to sensuality, greedy to practice every kind of impurity. But that is not the way you learned Christ!— assuming that you have heard about him and were taught in him, as the truth is in Jesus [Table], to put off (ἀποθέσθαι, an infinitive form of ἀποτίθημι in the middle voice) your old self, which belongs to your former manner of life and is corrupt through deceitful desires, and to be renewed in the spirit of your minds, and to put on (ἐνδύσασθαι, an infinitive form of ἐνδύω in the middle voice) the new self, created after the likeness of God in true righteousness and holiness.

As John wrote: Whoever does good is from God; whoever does evil has not seen God.40 I’ll pick this up in another essay.

Tables comparing Psalm 119:9; 119:10; 119:11; Numbers 24:12; 24:13; 24:14; 24:15; 24:16; 24:17; 24:18; 24:19; 24:21; 24:22; 24:23; 24:24; 22:2; 22:3 and 24:25 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Psalm 119:9 (118:9); 119:10 (118:10); 119:11 (118:11); Numbers 24:12; 24:13; 24:14; 24:15; 24:16; 24:17; 24:18; 24:19; 24:21; 24:22; 24:23; 24:24; 22:2; 22:3 and 24:25 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor) follow.

Psalm 119:9 (Tanakh)

Psalm 119:9 (KJV)

Psalm 119:9 (NET)

Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed thereto according to thy word. BETH. Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse his way? by taking heed thereto according to thy word. ב (Bet) How can a young person maintain a pure life? By guarding it according to your instructions.

Psalm 119:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 118:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

βʹ βηθ ἐν τίνι κατορθώσει νεώτερος τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ φυλάσσεσθαι τοὺς λόγους σου ᾿Εν τίνι κατορθώσει νεώτερος τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτοῦ; ἐν τῷ φυλάξασθαι τοὺς λόγους σου

Psalm 118:9 (NETS)

Psalm 118:9 (English Elpenor)

2 beth. How shall the young keep his way straight? By observing your words! Wherewith shall a young man direct his way? by keeping thy words.

Psalm 119:10 (Tanakh)

Psalm 119:10 (KJV)

Psalm 119:10 (NET)

With my whole heart have I sought thee: O let me not wander from thy commandments. With my whole heart have I sought thee: O let me not wander from thy commandments. With all my heart I seek you. Do not allow me to stray from your commands.

Psalm 119:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 118:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ μου ἐξεζήτησά σε μὴ ἀπώσῃ με ἀπὸ τῶν ἐντολῶν σου ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ μου ἐξεζήτησά σε· μὴ ἀπώσῃ με ἀπὸ τῶν ἐντολῶν σου

Psalm 118:10 (NETS)

Psalm 118:10 (English Elpenor)

With my whole heart I sought you; do not thrust me aside from your commandments. With my whole heart have I diligently sought thee: cast me not away from thy commandments.

Psalm 119:11 (Tanakh)

Psalm 119:11 (KJV)

Psalm 119:11 (NET)

Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against thee. Thy word have I hid in mine heart, that I might not sin against thee. In my heart I store up your words, so I might not sin against you.

Psalm 119:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Psalm 118:11 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μου ἔκρυψα τὰ λόγιά σου ὅπως ἂν μὴ ἁμάρτω σοι ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μου ἔκρυψα τὰ λόγιά σου, ὅπως ἂν μὴ ἁμάρτω σοι

Psalm 118:11 (NETS)

Psalm 118:11 (English Elpenor)

In my heart I hid your sayings so that I may not sin against you. I have hidden thine oracles in my heart, that I might not sin against thee.

Numbers 24:12 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:12 (KJV)

Numbers 24:12 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Spoke I not also to thy messengers that thou didst send unto me, saying: And Balaam said unto Balak, Spake I not also to thy messengers which thou sentest unto me, saying, Balaam said to Balak, “Did I not also tell your messengers whom you sent to me,

Numbers 24:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ πρὸς Βαλακ οὐχὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀγγέλοις σου οὓς ἀπέστειλας πρός με ἐλάλησα λέγων καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ πρὸς Βαλάκ· οὐχὶ καὶ τοῖς ἀγγέλοις σου, οὓς ἀπέστειλας πρός με, ἐλάλησα λέγων

Numbers 24:12 (NETS)

Numbers 24:12 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “No, even to your messengers whom you sent to me I spoke, saying, And Balaam said to Balac, Did I not speak to thy messengers also whom thou sentest to me, saying,

Numbers 24:13 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:13 (KJV)

Numbers 24:13 (NET)

If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of HaShem, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; what HaShem speaketh, that will I speak? If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD saith, that will I speak? ‘If Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the Lord to do either good or evil of my own will, but whatever the Lord tells me I must speak’?

Numbers 24:13 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:13 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐάν μοι δῷ Βαλακ πλήρη τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου οὐ δυνήσομαι παραβῆναι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου ποιῆσαι αὐτὸ πονηρὸν ἢ καλὸν παρ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ ὅσα ἐὰν εἴπῃ ὁ θεός ταῦτα ἐρῶ ἐάν μοι δῷ Βαλὰκ πλήρη τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου, οὐ δυνήσομαι παραβῆναι τὸ ῥῆμα Κυρίου ποιῆσαι αὐτὸ καλὸν ἢ πονηρὸν παρ’ ἐμαυτοῦ· ὅσα ἐὰν εἴπῃ ὁ Θεός, ταῦτα ἐρῶ

Numbers 24:13 (NETS)

Numbers 24:13 (English Elpenor)

‘If Balak gives me his house full of silver and gold, I will not be able to transgress the word of the Lord to do it, bad or good, of my own accord; whatever God says, that I will speak.’ If Balac should give me his house full of silver and gold, I shall not be able to transgress the word of the Lord to make it good or bad by myself; whatsoever things God shall say, them will I speak.

Numbers 24:14 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:14 (KJV)

Numbers 24:14 (NET)

And now, behold, I go unto my people; come, and I will announce to thee what this people shall do to thy people in the end of days.’ And now, behold, I go unto my people: come therefore, and I will advertise thee what this people shall do to thy people in the latter days. And now, I am about to go back to my own people. Come now, and I will advise you as to what this people will do to your people in future days.”

Numbers 24:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἀποτρέχω εἰς τὸν τόπον μου δεῦρο συμβουλεύσω σοι τί ποιήσει ὁ λαὸς οὗτος τὸν λαόν σου ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἀποτρέχω εἰς τὸν τόπον μου· δεῦρο συμβουλεύσω σοι, τί ποιήσει ὁ λαὸς οὗτος τὸν λαόν σου ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου τῶν ἡμερῶν

Numbers 24:14 (NETS)

Numbers 24:14 (English Elpenor)

And now, behold, I am going off to my place; come, let me advise you what this people will do to your people at the end of days.” And now, behold, I return to my place; come, I will advise thee of what this people shall do to thy people in the last days.

Numbers 24:15 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:15 (KJV)

Numbers 24:15 (NET)

And he took up his parable, and said: The saying of Balaam the son of Beor, and the saying of the man whose eye is opened; And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said: Then he uttered this oracle: “The oracle of Balaam son of Beor, the oracle of the man whose eyes are open,

Numbers 24:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν φησὶν Βαλααμ υἱὸς Βεωρ φησὶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀληθινῶς ὁρῶν καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπε· φυσὶ [possibly φησὶ] Βαλαὰμ υἱὸς Βεώρ, φησὶν ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀληθινῶς ὁρῶν

Numbers 24:15 (NETS)

Numbers 24:15 (English Elpenor)

And he took up his parable and said: “Says Balaam son of Beor; says the man who truly sees, And he took up his parable and said, Balaam the son of Beor says, the man who sees truly says,

Numbers 24:16 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:16 (KJV)

Numbers 24:16 (NET)

The saying of him who heareth the words of G-d, and knoweth the knowledge of the Most High, who seeth the vision of the Almighty, fallen down, yet with opened eyes: He hath said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open: the oracle of the one who hears the words of God, and who knows the knowledge of the Most High, who sees a vision from the Almighty, although falling flat on the ground with eyes open:

Numbers 24:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀκούων λόγια θεοῦ ἐπιστάμενος ἐπιστήμην παρὰ ὑψίστου καὶ ὅρασιν θεοῦ ἰδὼν ἐν ὕπνῳ ἀποκεκαλυμμένοι οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ ἀκούων λόγια Θεοῦ, ἐπιστάμενος ἐπιστήμην παρὰ ὑψίστου καὶ ὅρασιν Θεοῦ ἰδὼν ἐν ὕπνῳ, ἀποκεκαλυμμένοι οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ

Numbers 24:16 (NETS)

Numbers 24:16 (English Elpenor)

one who hears divine oracles, one who understands knowledge of the Most High and one who sees a divine vision, in sleep when his eyes had been uncovered: hearing the oracles of God, receiving knowledge from the Most High, and having seen a vision of God in sleep; his eyes were opened.

Numbers 24:17 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:17 (KJV)

Numbers 24:17 (NET)

I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not nigh; there shall step forth a star out of Jacob, and a scepter shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite through the corners of Moab, and break down all the sons of Seth. I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. ‘I see him, but not now; I behold him, but not close at hand. A star will march forth out of Jacob, and a scepter will rise out of Israel. He will crush the skulls of Moab, and the heads of all the sons of Sheth.

Numbers 24:17 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:17 (Septuagint Elpenor)

δείξω αὐτῷ καὶ οὐχὶ νῦν μακαρίζω καὶ οὐκ ἐγγίζει ἀνατελεῖ ἄστρον ἐξ Ιακωβ καὶ ἀναστήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐξ Ισραηλ καὶ θραύσει τοὺς ἀρχηγοὺς Μωαβ καὶ προνομεύσει πάντας υἱοὺς Σηθ δείξω αὐτῷ, καὶ οὐχὶ νῦν· μακαρίζω, καὶ οὐκ ἐγγίζει· ἀνατελεῖ ἄστρον ἐξ ᾿Ιακώβ, ἀναστήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐξ ᾿Ισραὴλ καὶ θραύσει τοὺς ἀρχηγοὺς Μωὰβ καὶ προνομεύσει πάντας υἱοὺς Σήθ

Numbers 24:17 (NETS)

Numbers 24:17 (English Elpenor)

I will point to him, and not now; I deem him happy, but he is not at hand. A star shall dawn out of Iakob, and a person shall rise up out of Israel, and he shall crush the chiefs of Moab, and he shall plunder all Seth’s sons. I will point to him, but not now; I bless him, but he draws not near: a star shall rise out of Jacob, a man shall spring out of Israel; and shall crush the princes of Moab, and shall spoil all the sons of Seth.

Numbers 24:18 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:18 (KJV)

Numbers 24:18 (NET)

And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also, even his enemies, shall be a possession; while Israel doeth valiantly. And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also shall be a possession for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly. Edom will be a possession, Seir, his enemy, will also be a possession; but Israel will act valiantly.

Numbers 24:18 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔσται Εδωμ κληρονομία καὶ ἔσται κληρονομία Ησαυ ὁ ἐχθρὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ Ισραηλ ἐποίησεν ἐν ἰσχύι καὶ ἔσται ᾿Εδὼμ κληρονομία, καὶ ἔσται κληρονομία ῾Ησαῦ ὁ ἐχθρὸς αὐτοῦ· καὶ ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐποίησεν ἐν ἰσχύϊ

Numbers 24:18 (NETS)

Numbers 24:18 (English Elpenor)

And Edom will be an inheritance, and Esau, his enemy, will be an inheritance, and Israel acted with strength. And Edom shall be an inheritance, and Esau his enemy shall be an inheritance [of Israel], and Israel wrought valiantly.

Numbers 24:19 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:19 (KJV)

Numbers 24:19 (NET)

And out of Jacob shall one have dominion, and shall destroy the remnant from the city. Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, and shall destroy him that remaineth of the city. A ruler will be established from Jacob; he will destroy the remains of the city.’”

Numbers 24:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:19 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐξεγερθήσεται ἐξ Ιακωβ καὶ ἀπολεῖ σῳζόμενον ἐκ πόλεως καὶ ἐξεγερθήσεται ἐξ ᾿Ιακὼβ καὶ ἀπολεῖ σῳζόμενον ἐκ πόλεως

Numbers 24:19 (NETS)

Numbers 24:19 (English Elpenor)

And one shall arise out of Iakob, and he shall destroy one being saved from a city.” And [one] shall arise out of Jacob, and destroy out of the city him that escapes.

Numbers 24:21 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:21 (KJV)

Numbers 24:21 (NET)

And he looked on the Kenite, and took up his parable, and said: Though firm be thy dwelling-place, and though thy nest be set in the rock; And he looked on the Kenites, and took up his parable, and said, Strong is thy dwellingplace, and thou puttest thy nest in a rock. Then he looked on the Kenites and uttered this oracle: “Your dwelling place seems strong, and your nest is set on a rocky cliff.

Numbers 24:21 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Καιναῖον καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἰσχυρὰ ἡ κατοικία σου καὶ ἐὰν θῇς ἐν πέτρᾳ τὴν νοσσιάν σου καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Κεναῖον καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἰσχυρὰ ἡ κατοικία σου· καὶ ἐὰν θῇς ἐν πέτρᾳ τὴν νοσσιάν σου

Numbers 24:21 (NETS)

Numbers 24:21 (English Elpenor)

And when he saw the Kenite and took up his parable, he said: “Strong is your dwelling place; even if you set your nest in a rock, And having seen the Kenite, he took up his parable and said, thy dwelling-place [is] strong; yet though thou shouldest put thy nest in a rock,

Numbers 24:22 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:22 (KJV)

Numbers 24:22 (NET)

Nevertheless Kain shall be wasted; How long? Asshur shall carry thee away captive. Nevertheless the Kenite shall be wasted, until Asshur shall carry thee away captive. Nevertheless the Kenite will be consumed. How long will Asshur take you away captive?”

Numbers 24:22 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:22 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐὰν γένηται τῷ Βεωρ νεοσσιὰ πανουργίας Ἀσσύριοί σε αἰχμαλωτεύσουσιν καὶ ἐὰν γένηται τῷ Βεὼρ νοσσιὰ πανουργίας, ᾿Ασσύριοι αἰχμαλωτεύσουσί σε

Numbers 24:22 (NETS)

Numbers 24:22 (English Elpenor)

and if a nest of cleverness accrues to Beor, Assyrians shall take you away captive.” and though Beor should have a skillfully contrived hiding-place, the Assyrians shall carry thee away captive.

Numbers 24:23 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:23 (KJV)

Numbers 24:23 (NET)

And he took up his parable, and said: Alas, who shall live after G-d hath appointed him? And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when God doeth this! Then he uttered this oracle: “O, who will survive when God does this!

Numbers 24:23 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:23 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Ωγ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ὦ ὦ τίς ζήσεται ὅταν θῇ ταῦτα ὁ θεός καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν ῍Ωγ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ὦ ὦ, τίς ζήσεται, ὅταν θῇ ταῦτα ὁ Θεός

Numbers 24:23 (NETS)

Numbers 24:23 (English Elpenor)

And when he saw Og and took up his parable, he said: “Alas, alas, who shall live when God ordains these things? And he looked upon Og, and took up his parable and said, Oh, oh, who shall live, when God shall do these things?

Numbers 24:24 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:24 (KJV)

Numbers 24:24 (NET)

But ships shall come from the coast of Kittim, and they shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall come to destruction. And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever. Ships will come from the coast of Kittim, and will afflict Asshur, and will afflict Eber, and he will also perish forever.”

Numbers 24:24 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:24 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ἐκ χειρὸς Κιτιαίων καὶ κακώσουσιν Ασσουρ καὶ κακώσουσιν Εβραίους καὶ αὐτοὶ ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἀπολοῦνται καὶ ἐξελεύσεται ἐκ χειρῶν Κιτιαίων καὶ κακώσουσιν ᾿Ασσοὺρ καὶ κακώσουσιν ῾Εβραίους, καὶ αὐτοὶ ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἀπολοῦνται

Numbers 24:24 (NETS)

Numbers 24:24 (English Elpenor)

And one shall go forth from the hand of Kitieans, and they shall harm Assour, and they shall harm Ebreans, and they too shall perish together.” And he looked upon Og, and took up his parable and said, Oh, oh, who shall live, when God shall do these things?

Numbers 22:2 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:2 (KJV)

Numbers 22:2 (NET)

And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites. And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites. Balak son of Zippor saw all that the Israelites had done to the Amorites.

Numbers 22:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδὼν Βαλακ υἱὸς Σεπφωρ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν Ισραηλ τῷ Αμορραίῳ καὶ ἰδὼν Βαλὰκ υἱὸς Σεπφὼρ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησεν ᾿Ισραὴλ τῷ ᾿Αμορραίῳ

Numbers 22:2 (NETS)

Numbers 22:2 (English Elpenor)

And when Balak son of Sepphor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorite, And when Balac son of Sepphor saw all that Israel did to the Amorite,

Numbers 22:3 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:3 (KJV)

Numbers 22:3 (NET)

And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many; and Moab was overcome with dread because of the children of Israel. And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many: and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel. And the Moabites were greatly afraid of the people, because they were so numerous. The Moabites were sick with fear because of the Israelites.

Numbers 22:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐφοβήθη Μωαβ τὸν λαὸν σφόδρα ὅτι πολλοὶ ἦσαν καὶ προσώχθισεν Μωαβ ἀπὸ προσώπου υἱῶν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐφοβήθη Μωὰβ τὸν λαὸν σφόδρα ὅτι πολλοὶ ἦσαν, καὶ προσώχθισε Μωὰβ ἀπὸ προσώπου υἱῶν ᾿Ισραήλ

Numbers 22:3 (NETS)

Numbers 22:3 (English Elpenor)

also Moab feared the people very much, because they were many, and Moab was vexed because of the presence of Israel’s sons. then Moab feared the people exceedingly because they were many; and Moab was grieved before the face of the children of Israel.

Numbers 24:25 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:25 (KJV)

Numbers 24:25 (NET)

And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place; and Balak also went his way. And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place: and Balak also went his way. Balaam got up and departed and returned to his home, and Balak also went his way.

Numbers 24:25 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:25 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀναστὰς Βαλααμ ἀπῆλθεν ἀποστραφεὶς εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ καὶ Βαλακ ἀπῆλθεν πρὸς ἑαυτόν καὶ ἀναστὰς Βαλαὰμ ἀπῆλθεν ἀποστραφεὶς εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ, καὶ Βαλὰκ ἀπῆλθε πρὸς ἑαυτόν

Numbers 24:25 (NETS)

Numbers 24:25 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam got up and went away as he returned to his place; Balak too went home. And Balaam rose up and departed and returned to his place, and Balac went to his own home.

3 Luke 6:17b, 18a (ESV)

4 Matthew 7:17a (ESV)

5 Matthew 7:17b (ESV)

6 Matthew 7:18 (ESV)

7 Matthew 7:18a (ESV)

8 Luke 6:43 on Bible Hub

9 Matthew 7:18b (ESV)

10 Luke 6:44a (ESV)

11 John 3:21 (ESV)

13 Mark 10:18b (ESV)

14 Septuagint: For those who practice lawlessness did not walk in his ways (Psalm 118:3 NETS). For they that work iniquity have not walked in his ways (Psalm 118:3 English Elpenor). Table

15 Romans 9:30b (ESV)

16 Romans 9:31b (ESV) Table

17 Romans 9:32b (ESV) Table

18 Philippians 3:9b (ESV)

19 Philippians 3:9c (ESV)

20 Psalm 119:10 (The Complete Jewish Bible)

21 Genesis 1:26a (English Elpenor) Table

22 Genesis 1:27 (English Elpenor) Table

23 Genesis 1:31a (English Elpenor) Table

24 Matthew 16:24b (ESV)

25 Ephesians 4:22b (ESV)

26 Matthew 16:24c, 25 (ESV)

27 John 3:6, 7 (NET)

28 Ephesians 4:24b (ESV)

29 An allusion to John 1:1-4

30 An allusion to the fruit of the Spirit, Galatians 5:22-23

31 Philippians 3:21b (ESV) Table

32 Romans 6:3, 4 (ESV)

33 Galatians 4:19 (ESV) Table

34 The inclusion of of my own will (ESV/Masoretic Text) in Numbers 24:13 and its absence from Numbers 22:18 raises the question of whether the phrase was added by the rabbis who translated the Septuagint or removed by the Masoretes, or whether they favored different Hebrew sources. I have no particular opinion except to wonder, if it was added to the Septuagint, why are there any differences in wording at all? It is difficult to utilize this difference to understand Balaam’s heart as he uttered these words.

35 Numbers 24:25 (ESV)

36 Ephesians 4:24b (ESV)

37 This verb is in the perfect tense: “The basic thought of the perfect tense is that the progress of an action has been completed and the results of the action are continuing on, in full effect. In other words, the progress of the action has reached its culmination and the finished results are now in existence. Unlike the English perfect, which indicates a completed past action, the Greek perfect tense indicates the continuation and present state of a completed past action.” From Verb Tenses: Perfect Tense, Greek Verbs (Shorter Definitions) on Resources for Learning New Testament Greek online.

38 Ibid.

39 Ephesians 4:22b (ESV)

40 3 John 1:11b (ESV) Table

3 John, Part 5

This is a continuation of my notes on 3 John for the preaching class I’m taking. John wrote (3 John 1:11a ESV):

Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good (τὸ ἀγαθόν). Whoever does good1 is from God (ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν)…

I wondered, “How does Jesus relate to ἀγαθόν (good)?”2 He pointed to fruit trees as an analogy for recognizing false prophets, and I began to look at the prophet Balaam to understand “how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit.”3

Balak, king of Moab, hoping to have a chance to defeat and expel Israel, thought he could hire Balaam to curse them (Numbers 22:1-6). God said to Balaam, “…You shall not curse the people because they are blessed.”4 And Balaam promised and prophesied to Balak, “The word God puts into my mouth-that I will speak.”5

And in the morning Balak took Balaam and brought him up to Bamoth-baal, and from there he saw a fraction of the people.

And Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me here seven altars, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” Balak did as Balaam had said. And Balak and Balaam offered on each altar a bull and a ram. And Balaam said to Balak, “Stand beside your burnt offering, and I will go. Perhaps the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) will come to meet me, and whatever he shows me I will tell you.”6

The text doesn’t really say how the King of Moab responded to being told what to do by the prophet Balaam beyond his basic compliance. But God (‘ĕlōhîm, אֱלֹהִים, corroborated by Θεὸς in the Septuagint) met Balaam (Numbers 23:4, 5 ESV).

And Balaam said to him, “I have arranged the seven altars and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” And the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) put a word in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.”

A table contrasting the NET translation of Numbers 23:5 with that of the Tanakh and Septuagint follows.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:5 (NET)

Numbers 23:5 (NETS)

Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

And HaShem put (וַיָּ֧שֶׂם) a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said: ‘Return unto Balak, and thus (וְכֹ֥ה) thou shalt speak (תְדַבֵּֽר).’ Then the Lord put (śûm, וישׁם) a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak (dāḇar, תדבר) what I tell (, וכה) you.” And God put (ἐνέβαλεν) a word into Balaam’s mouth and said, “When you return to Balak, thus (οὕτως) you shall speak (λαλήσεις).” And God put (ἐνέβαλεν) a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said, thou shalt return to Balac, and thus (οὕτω) shalt thou speak (λαλήσεις).

The Lord (Septuagint: God) put (śûm, וַיָּ֧שֶׂם; Septuagint: ἐνέβαλεν) a word in Balaam’s mouth (Tanakh) and promised, thus (, וְכֹ֥ה) thou shalt speak (dāḇar, תְדַבֵּֽר; Septuagint: λαλήσεις). A healthy (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) tree cannot bear bad fruit.7 Though תְדַבֵּֽר (dāḇar) was translated more like an imperative8 in the NET—speak (dāḇar, תדבר) what I tell (, וכה) you—a note (9) acknowledged: Heb “and thus you shall speak.” The word put in Balaam’s mouth ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν (“from God exists”).9

The narrative continued (Numbers 23:6, 7a ESV).

And [Balaam] returned to [Balak], and behold, he and all the princes of Moab were standing beside his burnt offering. And Balaam took up his discourse and said…

Here the Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:6 (Tanakh/KJV)

Numbers 23:6 (NET)

Numbers 23:6 7a (NETS)

Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt-offering, he, and all the princes of Moab. So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. And he returned to him, and the latter stood over his whole burnt offering, and all the rulers of Moab with him. (7) And a divine spirit was upon him. And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him.

The words καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ (NETS: And a divine spirit was upon him; English Elpenor: and the Spirit of God came upon him) are such a perfect answer to, “how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit,10 it almost overwhelms me with conflicting emotions. Is it gilding the lily? Is it just too good to be true? It sounds like Paul (Galatians 5:16 ESV).

But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.

I used the search feature on the BLB Septuagint online to reverse engineer a possible Hebrew source for καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ. A search of the word ἐγενήθη yielded 11 occurrences of forms of הָיָה (hāyâ) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated καὶ ἐγενήθη in the Septuagint (see table below). A search of πνεῦμα yielded 2 occurrences of a form of רוּחַ (rûaḥ) followed by a form of אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ in the Septuagint (see table below). And a search of αὐτῷ yielded 14 occurrences of forms of עַל (ʿal) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ in the Septuagint plus 1 occurrence translated ἐστιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ (see table below).

This exercise was little more than a demonstration of the possibility of translating the Greek word string καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ back into Hebrew in a manner consistent with other Greek translations from Hebrew in the Septuagint. The time it took, however, allowed my emotions the opportunity to cool and subside. Then I was able to hear this word string as a Greek translation of a Hebrew text predating the Masoretic text of Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor).

And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him. And he took up his parable, and said…

So, God promised Balaam: “If these people are here to call you, rise up, and follow them, but the word that I speak to you—this you shall do.”11 The angel of the Lord reiterated that promise: Go with the men: nevertheless the word which I shall speak to thee, that thou shalt take heed to speak.12 Then God began to fulfill his promise: And God put a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said (e.g., promised), thou shalt return to Balac, and thus shalt thou speak.13 Then God empowered Balaam to obey his word—and the Spirit of God came upon him—and the promise was fulfilled (Numbers 23:7b-10 ESV).

“From Aram Balak has brought me, the king of Moab from the eastern mountains: ‘Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, denounce Israel!’ How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce whom the Lord has not denounced? For from the top of the crags I see him, from the hills I behold him; behold, a people dwelling alone, and not counting itself among the nations! Who can count the dust of Jacob or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!”

Before considering the content of God’s word to Balak, I want to ask some questions: How would this play out among the Masoretes (“whose name derives from the Hebrew word mesorah, meaning tradition”14)? Would those “scholars and scribes” tasked “to decipher the authentic word of God” from “many disparities of the Torah [which had] emerged as countless scribes wrote numerous scrolls,” with an “ultimate goal…to uphold the traditions of the Jewish people,” fail to recognize how similar and the Spirit of God came upon the Gentile prophet Balaam was to the teachings of that traitor to “the traditions of the Jewish people” (Acts 9:1-31)15 Saul (aka Paul, an Apostle16 of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles17)? Was there any way possible (apart from the direct intervention of the Spirit of God) that these men could recognize and the Spirit of God came upon a Gentile prophet as “the authentic word of God”?

Though these specific questions weren’t addressed, an article, titled “What Are the Different Manuscripts of the Old Testament, and How Do They Compare?” on the Updated American Standard Version (USAV) Bible website, made some compelling observations about the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered near the Dead Sea in the 1940s. The Dead Sea Scrolls are considered one of the most important discoveries in biblical archaeology and have significantly contributed to the study of the Hebrew Scriptures…

One of the most significant aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls is the preservation of the Hebrew text in its earliest form, which predates the Masoretic text [“the standard text of the Hebrew Scriptures that was codified by the Masoretes in the early Middle Ages”], the standard version of the Hebrew Bible used today, by hundreds of years. This has provided scholars with a unique opportunity to compare and analyze the differences between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic text.

The Dead Sea Scrolls also demonstrate the fluidity of the text of the Hebrew Bible in the Second Temple period [516 BC – 70 AD], showing that textual variations were not considered significant and that multiple versions of the same texts were accepted and used…

For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls often contain longer and more varied forms of biblical passages than the Masoretic Text. They also sometimes have alternative readings for certain passages, which can shed light on the development of the text over time. In some cases, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been found to have readings that are closer to the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, than to the Masoretic Text.

Despite these differences, the overall agreement between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic Text is remarkable, especially considering the significant time gap between the two. This agreement supports the general accuracy and reliability of the transmission of the biblical text over the centuries.

The “overall agreement between” the Masoretic text and the Septuagint in the Old Testament, and the critical text and received texts in the New, also “supports the general accuracy and reliability of the transmission of the biblical text over the centuries.” For those of us who have no access to manuscripts (and would go blind trying to read them online) the Septuagint and the received texts offer the opportunity to consider (along with God the Father, God the Son through God the indwelling Holy Spirit) some of those differences. We don’t know which of the “multiple versions” of the Torah, the Prophets and the Writings Jesus preferred, but He does.

The goal of Bible study is eternal life, that [we] know (γινώσκωσιν) [Him], the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom [He has] sent.18 All righteousness flows from that relationship through his indwelling Spirit; γινώσκωσιν is a form of γινώσκω: “to know; to come to know, find out by observation, find out by inquiry; to arrive at a solution of (a puzzle, riddle, etc.); to have in the mind, have learned; to become closely acquainted with, have personal knowledge of; to recognize, admit to acquaintance with; to experience (e.g., to know disappointment); to be aware, become aware; to recognize as one’s own; to understand, comprehend; to perceive, notice, realize; to acknowledge, recognize (someone’s authority or relationship); to identify; to acknowledge as true, admit as important; to take note of, not neglect someone needy; to take an interest in, concern oneself with; to admit to the veracity of (a proposition); to have sexual intercourse.”

God, demonstrating his knowledge, addressed Balak with a verbal reprise of events (Numbers 23:7 ESV).

From Aram Balak has brought me, the king of Moab from the eastern mountains: ‘Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, denounce Israel!’

Balak believed that Balaam’s word was powerful; he had said, “for I know that he whom you bless is blessed, and he whom you curse is cursed,”19 and demonstrated his faith by reaching out to Balaam for assistance. But did he believe Balaam spoke the word of God? That depends on whether he believed Balaam when he said: “Perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he shows me I will tell you.”20

God’s word to Balak continued (Numbers 23:8 ESV):

How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce whom the Lord has not denounced?

Granted, this sounds as if Balaam is speaking for himself on his own behalf. Only the reader of the Masoretic text knows that the Lord put a word in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.”21 And only the reader of the Septuagint knows that the Spirit of God came upon him,22 ensuring that Balaam spoke the word the Lord put in his mouth. To one who knows the Lord, however, this line of questioning, inviting one to reconsider one’s own way, is very familiar.23

Balaam continued (Numbers 23:9, 10a ESV).

For from the top of the crags I see him, from the hills I behold him; behold, a people dwelling alone, and not counting itself among the nations! Who can count the dust of Jacob or number the fourth part of Israel?

This definitely sounds like Balaam speaking, even describing what he and Balak can see with their own eyes, except for the saying: not counting itself among the nations! How did this Gentile prophet know that the Lord had promised Israel, You shall be holy to me, for I the Lord am holy and have separated you from the peoples, that you should be mine,24 if not from the word the Lord put in his mouth? Likewise, one wonders how this Gentile prophet referenced the then current progress of fulfillment of the Lord’s promise to Abraham: And he brought [Abraham] outside and said, “Look toward heaven, and number the stars, if you are able to number them.” Then he said to him, “So shall your offspring be.”25

But the conclusion of Balaam’s prophecy confounds the imagination (Numbers 23:10b ESV):

Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!”

The Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge here as well:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:10b (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:10b (NET)

Numbers 23:10b (NETS)

Numbers 23:10b (English Elpenor)

Let me (נַפְשִׁי֙) die (תָּמֹ֤ת) the death (מ֣וֹת) of the righteous (יְשָׁרִ֔ים), and let mine end (אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י) be (וּתְהִ֥י) like his (כָּמֹֽהוּ)! Let me (nep̄eš, נפשי) die (mûṯ, תמת) the death (māveṯ, מות) of the upright (yāšār, ישרים), and let the end of my life (‘aḥărîṯ, אחריתי) be (hāyâ, ותהי) like theirs (kᵊmô, כמהו).” May my soul ( ψυχή μου) die (ἀποθάνοι) among souls (ἐν ψυχαῖς) of righteous ones (δικαίων), and (καὶ) may my offspring (τὸ σπέρμα μου) be (γένοιτο) as their offspring (ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων)!” let my soul ( ψυχή μου) die (ἀποθάνοι) with the souls (ἐν ψυχαῖς) of the righteous (δικαίων), and let (καὶ) my seed (τὸ σπέρμα μου) be (γένοιτο) as their seed (ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων).

The Hebrew verb תָּמֹ֤ת (mûṯ) in the Masoretic text was translated Letdie in the Tanakh, KJV and NET. It was translated ἀποθάνοι in the Septuagint: Maydie (NETS), letdie (English Elpenor). Though ἀποθάνοι might be understood as an infinitive form of ἀποθνήσκω (“to die”), the optative mood seems more likely here.

The optative is the mood of possibility, removed even further than the subjunctive mood from something conceived of as actual. Often it is used to convey a wish or hope for a certain action to occur.26

The next Hebrew noun in the Masoretic text—נַפְשִׁי֙ (nep̄eš), translated me (Tanakh, KJV, NET)—was arguably translated better in the Septuagint— ψυχή μου, my soul (NETS, English Elpenor). Consider Genesis 12:13:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:13 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 12:13 (NET)

Genesis 12:13 (NETS) Table

Genesis 12:13 (English Elpenor)

Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister; that it may be well with me (לִ֣י) for thy sake, and that my soul (נַפְשִׁ֖י) may live (וְחָֽיְתָ֥ה) because of thee.’ So tell them you are my sister so that it may go well for me (‘ănî, לי) because of you and my life (nep̄eš, נפשי) will be spared [note 39: Heb “and my life will live (ḥāyâ, וחיתה).”] on account of you.” Say, therefore, ‘I am his sister’, so that it may go well with me (μοι) because of you, and my soul ( ψυχή μου) will live (καὶ ζήσεται) on your account.” Say, therefore, I am his sister, that it may be well with me (μοι) on account of thee, and my soul ( ψυχή μου) shall live (καὶ ζήσεται) because of thee.

Here with me (Tanakh, KJV) or for me (NET) was an entirely different word in the Masoretic text, לִ֣י (‘ănî), and in the Septuagint with me (NETS, English Elpenor) was μοι. But the major difference in the first clause in Numbers 23:10b was translating the death (Tanakh, KJV, NET)—מ֣וֹת (māveṯ)—ἐν ψυχαῖς, among souls (NETS), with the souls (English Elpenor). I’ll return to this difference after considering the major differences in the next clause.

The next clause begins with וּתְהִ֥י (hāyâ), and letbe (Tanakh, KJV, NET) in the Masoretic text, which was translated καὶ γένοιτο, and maybe (NETS), and letbe (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. But אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י (‘aḥărîṯ), mine end (Tanakh), my last end (KJV), the end of my life (NET), was translated τὸ σπέρμα μου, my offspring (NETS), my seed (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. This is not as strange as it may seem at first after considering 8 other occurrences27 of forms of אַחֲרִית (‘aḥărîṯ) in the Masoretic text of the Torah.

One:

Then Jacob called his sons and said, “Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in days to come.28

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 49:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 49:1 (NET)

Genesis 49:1 (NETS)

Genesis 49:1, 2a (English Elpenor)

And Jacob called unto his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִ֥ית) of days (הַיָּמִֽים). Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים). Then Iakob summoned his sons and said: “Gather together in order that I may tell you what will happen to you at the last (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων) of the days (τῶν ἡμερῶν). AND Jacob called his sons, and said to them, (2) Assemble yourselves, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in the last (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν).

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִ֥ית, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִֽים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), in the last days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. This phrase was translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν, at the last of the days (NETS) and in the last days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Two:

Then he looked on Amalek and took up his discourse and said, “Amalek was the first among the nations, but its end is utter destruction.”29

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 24:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:20 (NET)

Numbers 24:20 (NETS)

Numbers 24:20 (English Elpenor)

And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said: Amalek was the first of the nations; but his end (וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ) shall come (עֲדֵ֥י) to destruction (אֹבֵֽד). Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end (aḥărîṯ, ואחריתו) will be that (ʿaḏ, עדי) he will perish (‘ōḇēḏ, אבד).” And when he saw Amalek and took up his parable, he said: “Rule of nations is Amalek, but their offspring (καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν) will perish (ἀπολεῖται).” And having seen Amalec, he took up his parable and said, Amalec [is] the first of the nations; yet his seed (καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν) shall perish (ἀπολεῖται).

Here, וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by עֲדֵ֥י, a form of עַד (ʿaḏ), and אֹבֵֽד (‘ōḇēḏ) was translated but his end shall come to destruction (Tanakh), but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever (KJV) and but his end will be that he will perish (NET) from the Masoretic text. This phrase was translated καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται, but their offspring will perish (NETS) and yet his seed shall perish (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. In other words, to perish for ever was understood by the translators of the Septuagint as the death of the last of one’s family line. So, וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ) in the Masoretic text, was translated καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν in the Septuagint: but his end (NET) understood as but their offspring (NETS).

Three:

When you are in tribulation, and all these things come upon you in the latter days, you will return to the Lord your God and obey his voice. For the Lord your God is a merciful God. He will not leave you or destroy you or forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them.30

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (NET)

Deuteronomy 4:29b-31 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:29b-31 (English Elpenor)

In thy distress, when all these things are come upon thee, in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִית֙) of days (הַיָּמִ֔ים), thou wilt return to HaShem thy G-d, and hearken unto His voice; In your distress when all these things happen to you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים), if you return to the Lord your God and obey him in your distress. And all these words shall find you in the end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ) of days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), and you will return to the Lord your God and listen to his voice. in your affliction. (30) And all these things shall come upon thee in the last (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), and thou shalt turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt hearken to his voice.
for HaShem thy G-d is a merciful G-d; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them. (for he is a merciful God), he will not let you down or destroy you, for he cannot forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them. Because the Lord your God is a compassionate god, he will neither abandon you nor wipe you out; he will not forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them. Because the Lord thy God [is] a God of pity: he will not forsake thee, nor destroy thee; he will not forget the covenant of thy fathers, which the Lord sware to them.

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִית֙, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִ֔ים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), even in the latter days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. And this phrase was translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, in the end of days (NETS) and in the last days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Four:

who fed you in the wilderness with manna that your fathers did not know, that he might humble you and test you, to do you good in the end.31

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Tanakh/KJV)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NET)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (English Elpenor)

who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end (בְּאַֽחֲרִיתֶֽךָ); fed you in the wilderness with manna (which your ancestors had never before known) so that he might by humbling you test you and eventually (aḥărîṯ, באחריתך) bring good to you. who fed you with manna in the wilderness that your fathers did not know so that he might distress you and test you, that you might do well at your end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου). who fed thee with manna in the wilderness, which thou knewest not, and thy fathers knew not; that he might afflict thee, and thoroughly try thee, and do thee good in thy latter days (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου).

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִיתֶֽךָ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was not followed by any form of יוֹם (yôm). It was translated at thy latter end (Tanakh, KJV) and eventually (NET) from the Masoretic text. But in the Septuagint this one word was still translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου, at your end (NETS) and in thy latter days (English Elpenor).

Five:

a land that the Lord your God cares for. The eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.32

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NET)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (English Elpenor)

a land which HaShem thy G-d careth for; the eyes of HaShem thy G-d are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end (אַֽחֲרִ֥ית) of the year. a land the Lord your God looks after. He is constantly attentive to it from the beginning to the end (aḥărîṯ, אחרית) of the year. a land that the Lord your God regards it. The eyes of the Lord your God are always on it, from the beginning of the year even until the end (συντελείας) of the year. A land which the Lord thy God surveys continually, the eyes of the Lord thy God are upon it from the beginning of the year to the end (συντελείας) of the year.

Here, אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated the end (Tanakh, KJV, NET) from the Masoretic text, and συντελείας, the end (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Six:

For I know that after my death you will surely act corruptly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And in the days to come evil will befall you, because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, provoking him to anger through the work of your hands.”33

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NET)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (English Elpenor)

For I know that after (אַֽחֲרֵ֤י) my death (מוֹתִי֙) ye will in any wise deal corruptly, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִ֣ית) of days (הַיָּמִ֔ים); because ye will do that which is evil in the sight of HaShem, to provoke Him through the work of your hands.’ For I know that after (‘aḥar, אחרי) I die (māveṯ, מותי) you will totally corrupt yourselves and turn away from the path I have commanded you to walk. Disaster will confront you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים) because you will act wickedly before the Lord, inciting him to anger because of your actions.” For I know that, after (ἔσχατον) my demise (τῆς τελευτῆς μου), with lawlessness you will act lawlessly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And the evils will come upon you at the end (ἔσχατον) of days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him through the works of your hands.” For I know that after (ἔσχατον) my death (τῆς τελευτῆς μου) ye will utterly transgress, and turn aside out of the way which I have commanded you; and evils shall come upon you in the latter (ἔσχατον) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), because ye will do evil before the Lord, to provoke him to anger by the works of your hands.

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִ֣ית, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִ֔ים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), in the latter days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. The phrase was translated ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν, at the end of days (NETS) and in the latter days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. The adjective אַֽחֲרֵ֤י, a form of אַחַר (‘aḥar), after (Tanakh, KJV, NET) from the Masoretic text was also translated ἔσχατον, after (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. This was followed by מוֹתִי֙, a form of מָוֶת (māveṯ), my death (Tanakh, KJV) and I die (NET) in the Masoretic text, which was translated τῆς τελευτῆς μου, my demise (NETS) and my death (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint (see table below for a listing of all the occurrences of forms of מָוֶת [māveṯ] in the Masoretic text of the Torah and their translations in the Elpenor version of the Septuagint).

Seven:

And he said, ‘I will hide my face from them; I will see what their end will be, for they are a perverse generation, children in whom is no faithfulness.34

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NET)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (English Elpenor)

And He said: ‘I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be (אַֽחֲרִיתָ֑ם); for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faithfulness. He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them (aḥărîṯ, אחריתם); for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty. And he said: I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will happen to them (ἔσται αὐτοῖς) at the end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων), for it is a perverse generation, sons who have no faithfulness in them. and said, I will turn away my face from them, and will show what shall happen to them (ἔσται αὐτοῖς) in the last days (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν); for it is a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.

Here, אַֽחֲרִיתָ֑ם, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated their end shall be (Tanakh, KJV) and will happen to them (NET) from the Masoretic text. In the Septuagint this noun was translated ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων (BLB Septuagint), will happen to them at the end (NETS) and ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν (Elpenor Septuagint), shall happen to them in the last days (English Elpenor).

Eight:

If they were wise, they would understand this; they would discern their latter end!35

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NET)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (English Elpenor)

If they were wise, they would understand this, they would discern their latter end (לְאַֽחֲרִיתָֽם). I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them (aḥărîṯ, לאחריתם).” They had no sense to understand these things. Let them accept them for the time to come (τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον). They had not sense to understand: let them reserve these things against the time to come (τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον).

Here, לְאַֽחֲרִיתָֽם, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated their latter end (Tanakh, KJV) and what will happen to them (NET) from the Masoretic text. It was translated τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον, the time to come (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Conclusion:

Though this brief survey is insufficient to give me a comprehensive understanding of the theological presuppositions and biases that prompted and governed the translators’ word choices, it does offer me a fairly high degree of confidence that they were translating the same Hebrew words found today in the Masoretic text of Numbers 23:10b. Even ἐν ψυχαῖς, among souls (NETS), with the souls (English Elpenor), as a translation of a form of מָוֶת (māveṯ) seems unremarkable and in general accordance with what can be gleaned of these theological presuppositions when coupled with אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י (‘aḥărîṯ), mine end (Tanakh), my last end (KJV), the end of my life (NET).

Given that, however, I am much more inclined to understand the word the Lord put in Balaam’s mouth in the light of my own theological presuppositions and biases:

Let me die the death of the upright…36

Then Jesus told his disciples, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For37 whoever would save his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) will lose it, but whoever loses his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) for my sake will find it. For what will it profit38 a man if he gains the whole world and forfeits his soul (την δε ψυχην αυτου)? Or what shall a man give in return for his soul (της ψυχης αυτου)?39

What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin that grace may abound? [Table] By no means! How can we who died to sin still live in it? Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that (ἵνα; e.g., “indicating purpose”), just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk (περιπατήσωμεν a form of the verb περιπατέω in the subjunctive mood; e.g. a definite outcome when in a purpose clause) in newness of life.

For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his. We know that our old self ( παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος; “our old human”) was crucified with him in order that the body of sin might be brought to nothing, so that we would no longer be enslaved to sin. For one who has died has been set free from sin.40

and let my end be like his!41

Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him. We know that Christ, being raised from the dead, will never die again; death no longer has dominion over him. For the death he died he died to sin, once for all, but the life he lives he lives to God. So you also must consider (λογίζεσθε, a form of λογίζομαι; another “multiplexed” verb) yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus [Table].

Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, to make you obey its passions [Table]. Do not present your members to sin as instruments for unrighteousness, but present yourselves to God as those who have been brought from death to life, and your members to God as instruments for righteousness [Table]. For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law but under grace [Table].42

Now I wonder how Let me die the death of the upright survived the Masoretes’ editorial process: May my soul die the death of the upright and let my end be like his.43 But an answer is as near as the understanding revealed in the Septuagint: May my soul die among souls of righteous ones.44 A Gentile prophet’s desire to die among the upright (e.g., those who held to Jewish tradition as the Masoretes understood it) only served to confirm the Masoretes’ faith. Even Rashi’s (1040-1105) commentary from the Middle Ages falls in line with the interpretation of those who translated the Septuagint:

May my soul die the death of the upright. Among them.45

Did Balak realize that he was hearing from God as Balaam prophesied to him? I’ll continue with that in another essay. The tables mentioned above follow.

Forms of הָיָה (hāyâ) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated καὶ ἐγενήθη in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Genesis 39:5

וַיְהִ֞י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Genesis 49:15

וַיְהִ֖י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Exodus 2:10

וַֽיְהִי

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Exodus 38:27 (39:4)

וַיְהִ֗י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Leviticus 9:1

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 4:44

וַיִּהְי֥וּ

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 22:41

וַיְהִ֣י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 31:32

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 31:36

וַתְּהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Deuteronomy 1:3

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Deuteronomy 2:16

וַיְהִ֨י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Forms of רוּחַ (rûaḥ) and אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Genesis 1:2

וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים

καὶ πνεῦμα θεοῦ

Genesis 41:38

ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים

πνεῦμα θεοῦ

Forms of עַל (ʿal) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Exodus 22:3 (22:2)

עָלָ֖יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Exodus 28:8

עָלָ֔יו

ἐστιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Exodus 29:36

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 15:24

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 21:12

עָלָ֖יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 22:3

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Numbers 6:7

עַל

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 6:9

עָלָיו֙

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 11:25

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 19:15

עליו

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 13:8

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

עָלָֽיו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 19:13

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 24:15

עָלָ֣יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 33:12

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Forms of מָוֶת (māveṯ) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah and their translations in the Elpenor Septuagint

Reference Hebrew / KJV Elpenor Greek / English

Genesis 21:16

בְּמוֹת / the death

τὸν θάνατον / the death

Genesis 25:11

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / was dead

Genesis 26:18

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / the death

Genesis 27:2

מוֹתִי / of my death

τῆς τελευτῆς μου / of my death

Genesis 27:7

מוֹתִי / my death

τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν με / I die

Genesis 27:10

מוֹתוֹ / his death

τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν αὐτόν / he dies

Genesis 50:16

מוֹתוֹ / he died

τοῦ τελευτῆσαι αὐτὸν / his death

Exodus 10:17

הַמָּוֶת / death

τὸν θάνατον / death

Leviticus 11:31

בְּמֹתָם / when they be dead

τεθνηκότων / carcases

Leviticus 11:32

בְּמֹתָם / when they are dead

τεθνηκότων / dead bodies

Leviticus 16:1

מוֹת / the death

τὸ τελευτῆσαι / died

Numbers 6:7

בְּמֹתָם / when they die

ἀποθανόντων αὐτῶν / when they have died

Numbers 16:29

כְּמוֹת / common death

θάνατον / the death

Numbers 23:10

מוֹת / the death

ἐν ψυχαῖς / with the souls

Numbers 26:10

בְּמוֹת / when…died

τῷ θανάτῳ / perished

Numbers 33:39

בְּמֹתוֹ / when he died

ὅτε ἀπέθνησκεν / when he died

Numbers 35:25

מוֹת / the death

ἀποθάνῃ / the death

Numbers 35:28

מוֹת /the death

ἀποθάνῃ / died

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / the death

Numbers 35:32

מוֹת / the death

ἀποθάνῃ / the death

Deuteronomy 19:6

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 21:22

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 22:26

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 30:15

הַמָּוֶת / death

τὸν θάνατον / death

Deuteronomy 30:19

וְהַמָּוֶת / and death

καὶ τὸν θάνατον / and death

Deuteronomy 31:27

מוֹתִי / my death

τοῦ θανάτου μου / my death

Deuteronomy 31:29

מוֹתִי / my death

τῆς τελευτῆς μου / my death

Deuteronomy 33:1

מוֹתוֹ / his death

τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτοῦ / his death

Deuteronomy 34:7

בְּמֹתוֹ / when he died

ἐν τῷ τελευτᾶν αὐτόν / at his death

Tables comparing Numbers 22:41; 23:1; 23:2; 23:3; 23:4; 23:5; 23:6; 23:7; 23:8; 23:9; 23:10; Leviticus 20:26; Genesis 49:1; Numbers 24:20; Deuteronomy 4:30; 4:31; 8:16; 11:12; 31:29; 32:20 and 32:29 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Numbers 22:41; 23:1; 23:2; 23:3; 23:4; 23:5; 23:6; 23:7; 23:8; 23:9; 23:10; Leviticus 20:26; Genesis 49:1; Numbers 24:20; Deuteronomy 4:30; 4:31; 8:16; 11:12; 31:29; 32:20 and 32:29 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 16:25, 26 in the KJV and NET follow.

Numbers 22:41 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:41 (KJV)

Numbers 22:41 (NET)

And it came to pass in the morning that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into Bamoth-baal, and he saw from thence the utmost part of the people. And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people. Then on the next morning Balak took Balaam, and brought him up to Bamoth Baal. From there he saw the extent of the nation.

Numbers 22:41 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:41 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγενήθη πρωὶ καὶ παραλαβὼν Βαλακ τὸν Βαλααμ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν στήλην τοῦ Βααλ καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ ἐκεῖθεν μέρος τι τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἐγενήθη πρωΐ καὶ παραλαβὼν Βαλὰκ τὸν Βαλαὰμ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν στήλην τοῦ Βαὰλ καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ ἐκεῖθεν μέρος τι τοῦ λαοῦ

Numbers 22:41 (NETS)

Numbers 22:41 (English Elpenor)

And it became morning, and Balak took along Balaam and brought him up to the stele of Baal, and he showed him from there a part of the people. And it was morning; and Balac took Balaam, and brought him up to the pillar of Baal, and shewed him thence a part of the people.

Numbers 23:1 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:1 (KJV)

Numbers 23:1 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams.’ And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams. Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.”

Numbers 23:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ τῷ Βαλακ οἰκοδόμησόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς καὶ ἑτοίμασόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ μόσχους καὶ ἑπτὰ κριούς ΚΑΙ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ τῷ Βαλάκ· οἰκοδόμησόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς καὶ ἑτοίμασόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ μόσχους καὶ ἑπτὰ κριούς

Numbers 23:1 (NETS)

Numbers 23:1 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me here seven altars, and prepare for me here seven calves and seven rams.” And Balaam said to Balac, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven calves, and seven rams.

Numbers 23:2 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:2 (KJV)

Numbers 23:2 (NET)

And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram.

Numbers 23:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐποίησεν Βαλακ ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βαλααμ καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν καὶ ἐποίησε Βαλὰκ ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βαλαάμ, καὶ ἀνήνεγκε μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν

Numbers 23:2 (NETS)

Numbers 23:2 (English Elpenor)

And Balak did in the manner Balaam told him, and Balak and Balaam offered up a calf and a ram on the altar. And Balac did as Balaam told him; and he offered up a calf and a ram on [every] altar.

Numbers 23:3 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:3 (KJV)

Numbers 23:3 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Stand by thy burnt-offering, and I will go; peradventure HaShem will come to meet me; and whatsoever He showeth me I will tell thee.’ And he went to a bare height. And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place. Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.

Numbers 23:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ πρὸς Βαλακ παράστηθι ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας σου καὶ πορεύσομαι εἴ μοι φανεῖται ὁ θεὸς ἐν συναντήσει καὶ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐάν μοι δείξῃ ἀναγγελῶ σοι καὶ παρέστη Βαλακ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ καὶ Βαλααμ ἐπορεύθη ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπορεύθη εὐθεῖαν καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ πρὸς Βαλάκ· παράστηθι ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας σου, καὶ πορεύσομαι εἴ μοι φανεῖται ὁ Θεὸς ἐν συναντήσει, καὶ ῥῆμα, ὃ ἐάν μοι δείξῃ, ἀναγγελῶ σοι. καὶ παρέστη Βαλὰκ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ, καὶ Βαλαὰμ ἐπορεύθη ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἐπορεύθη εὐθεῖαν

Numbers 23:3 (NETS)

Numbers 23:3, 4a (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Stand beside your sacrifice, but as for me I will go, If God will appear to me in a meeting. And whatever word he shows me I will report to you.” And Balak stood beside his sacrifice, and Balaam went to inquire of God, and he went straight ahead. And Balaam said to Balac, Stand by thy sacrifice, and I will go and see if God will appear to me and meet me, and the word which he shall shew me, I will report to thee. And Balac stood by his sacrifice. (4) And Balaam went to enquire of God; and he went straight forward,

Numbers 23:4 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:4 (KJV)

Numbers 23:4 (NET)

And G-d met Balaam; and he said unto Him: ‘I have prepared the seven altars, and I have offered up a bullock and a ram on every altar.’ And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram. Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.”

Numbers 23:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐφάνη ὁ θεὸς τῷ Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν Βαλααμ τοὺς ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς ἡτοίμασα καὶ ἀνεβίβασα μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν καὶ ἐφάνη ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Βαλαάμ, καὶ εἶπε πρὸς αὐτὸν Βαλαάμ· τοὺς ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς ἡτοίμασα καὶ ἀνεβίβασα μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν

Numbers 23:4 (NETS)

Numbers 23:4b (English Elpenor)

And God appeared to Balaam, and Balaam said to him, “I prepared the seven altars, and I brought up a calf and a ram on the altar.” and God appeared to Balaam; and Balaam said to him, I have prepared the seven altars, and have offered a calf and a ram on [every] altar.

Numbers 23:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:5 (KJV)

Numbers 23:5 (NET)

And HaShem put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said: ‘Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak.’ And the LORD put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak. Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.”

Numbers 23:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐνέβαλεν ὁ θεὸς ῥῆμα εἰς τὸ στόμα Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς Βαλακ οὕτως λαλήσεις καὶ ἐνέβαλεν ὁ Θεὸς ρῆμα εἰς τὸ στόμα Βαλαὰμ καὶ εἶπεν· ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς Βαλὰκ οὕτω λαλήσεις

Numbers 23:5 (NETS)

Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

And God put a word into Balaam’s mouth and said, “When you return to Balak, thus you shall speak.” And God put a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said, thou shalt return to Balac, and thus shalt thou speak.

Numbers 23:6 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:6 (KJV)

Numbers 23:6 (NET)

And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt-offering, he, and all the princes of Moab. And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab. So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab.

Numbers 23:6, 7a (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ ὅδε ἐφειστήκει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωαβ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ (7) καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτόν, καὶ ὅδε ἐφειστήκει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωὰβ μετ’ αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 23:6 7a (NETS)

Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

And he returned to him, and the latter stood over his whole burnt offering, and all the rulers of Moab with him. (7) And a divine spirit was upon him. And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him.

Numbers 23:7 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:7 (KJV)

Numbers 23:7 (NET)

And he took up his parable, and said: From Aram Balak bringeth me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East: ‘Come, curse me Jacob, and come, execrate Israel.’ And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel. Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’

Numbers 23:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:6b, 7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας μετεπέμψατό με Βαλακ βασιλεὺς Μωαβ ἐξ ὀρέων ἀπ᾽ ἀνατολῶν λέγων δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν Ιακωβ καὶ δεῦρο ἐπικατάρασαί μοι τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ (7) καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας μετεπέμψατό με Βαλάκ, βασιλεὺς Μωάβ, ἐξ ὀρέων ἀπ’ ἀνατολῶν λέγων· δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν ᾿Ιακὼβ καὶ δεῦρο ἐπικατάρασαί μοι τὸν ᾿Ισραήλ

Numbers 23:7 (NETS)

Numbers 23:6b, 7 (English Elpenor)

And a divine spirit was upon him. And he took up his parable and said: “Out of Mesopotamia Balak sent for me, Moab’s king from mountains on the east, saying: ‘Come, curse Iakob for me, and come, call down curses upon Israel for me!’ and the Spirit of God came upon him. (7) And he took up his parable, and said, Balac king of Moab sent for me out of Mesopotamia, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and Come, call for a curse for me upon Israel.

Numbers 23:8 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:8 (KJV)

Numbers 23:8 (NET)

How shall I curse, whom G-d hath not cursed? And how shall I execrate, whom HaShem hath not execrated? How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied? How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced?

Numbers 23:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τί ἀράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται κύριος ἢ τί καταράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται ὁ θεός τί ἀράσωμαι ὃν μὴ ἀρᾶται Κύριος, ἢ τί καταράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται ὁ Θεός

Numbers 23:8 (NETS)

Numbers 23:8 (English Elpenor)

How shall I curse whom the Lord does not curse? Or how shall I call down curses on whom God does not call down curses? How can I curse whom the Lord curses not? or how can I devote whom God devotes not?

Numbers 23:9 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:9 (KJV)

Numbers 23:9 (NET)

For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, it is a people that shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.

Numbers 23:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων ὄψομαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπὸ βουνῶν προσνοήσω αὐτόν ἰδοὺ λαὸς μόνος κατοικήσει καὶ ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐ συλλογισθήσεται ὅτι ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων ὄψομαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπὸ βουνῶν προσνοήσω αὐτόν. ἰδοὺ λαὸς μόνος κατοικήσει καὶ ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐ συλλογισθήσεται

Numbers 23:9 (NETS)

Numbers 23:9 (English Elpenor)

For from a top of mountains I shall see him, and from hills I shall observe him. Behold, a people shall dwell alone and shall not be reckoned among the nations! For from the top of the mountains I shall see him, and from the hills I shall observe him: behold, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.

Numbers 23:10 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:10 (KJV)

Numbers 23:10 (NET)

Who hath counted the dust of Jacob, or numbered the stock of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let mine end be like his! Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his! Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”

Numbers 23:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τίς ἐξηκριβάσατο τὸ σπέρμα Ιακωβ καὶ τίς ἐξαριθμήσεται δήμους Ισραηλ ἀποθάνοι ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν ψυχαῖς δικαίων καὶ γένοιτο τὸ σπέρμα μου ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων τίς ἐξηκριβάσατο τὸ σπέρμα ᾿Ιακώβ, καὶ τίς ἐξαριθμήσεται δήμους ᾿Ισραήλ; ἀποθάνοι ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν ψυχαῖς δικαίων, καὶ γένοιτο τὸ σπέρμα μου ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων

Numbers 23:10 (NETS)

Numbers 23:10 (English Elpenor)

Who has accurately counted the offspring of Iakob, and who shall number Israel’s divisions? May my soul die among souls of righteous ones, and may my offspring be as their offspring!” Who has exactly calculated the seed of Jacob, and who shall number the families of Israel? let my soul die with the souls of the righteous, and let my seed be as their seed.

Leviticus 20:26 (Tanakh)

Leviticus 20:26 (KJV)

Leviticus 20:26 (NET)

And ye shall be holy unto Me; for I HaShem am holy, and have set you apart from the peoples, that ye should be Mine. And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be mine. You must be holy to me because I, the Lord, am holy, and I have set you apart from the other peoples to be mine.

Leviticus 20:26 (Septuagint BLB)

Leviticus 20:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι ἅγιοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ ἀφορίσας ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν εἶναι ἐμοί καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι ἅγιοι, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιός εἰμι Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφορίσας ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν, εἶναι ἐμοί

Leviticus 20:26 (NETS)

Leviticus 20:26 (English Elpenor)

And you shall be holy to me, for I the Lord your God am holy, who has separated you from all the nations to be mine. And ye shall be holy to me; because I the Lord your God [am] holy, who separated you from all nations, to be mine.

Genesis 49:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 49:1 (KJV)

Genesis 49:1 (NET)

And Jacob called unto his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the end of days. And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days. Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.

Genesis 49:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 49:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐκάλεσεν δὲ Ιακωβ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν συνάχθητε ἵνα ἀναγγείλω ὑμῖν τί ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν ΕΚΑΛΕΣΕ δὲ ᾿Ιακὼβ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· συνάχθητε, ἵνα ἀναγγείλω ὑμῖν, τί ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν

Genesis 49:1 (NETS)

Genesis 49:1, 2a (English Elpenor)

Then Iakob summoned his sons and said: “Gather together in order that I may tell you what will happen to you at the last of the days. AND Jacob called his sons, and said to them, (2) Assemble yourselves, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in the last days.

Numbers 24:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:20 (KJV)

Numbers 24:20 (NET)

And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said: Amalek was the first of the nations; but his end shall come to destruction. And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever. Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.”

Numbers 24:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Αμαληκ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἀρχὴ ἐθνῶν Αμαληκ καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν ᾿Αμαλὴκ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἀρχὴ ἐθνῶν ᾿Αμαλήκ, καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται

Numbers 24:20 (NETS)

Numbers 24:20 (English Elpenor)

And when he saw Amalek and took up his parable, he said: “Rule of nations is Amalek, but their offspring will perish.” And having seen Amalec, he took up his parable and said, Amalec [is] the first of the nations; yet his seed shall perish.

Deuteronomy 4:30 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:30 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 4:30 (NET)

In thy distress, when all these things are come upon thee, in the end of days, thou wilt return to HaShem thy G-d, and hearken unto His voice; When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice; In your distress when all these things happen to you in future days, if you return to the Lord your God and obey him

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν τῇ θλίψει σου (30) καὶ εὑρήσουσίν σε πάντες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ ἐπιστραφήσῃ πρὸς κύριον τὸν θεόν σου καὶ εἰσακούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ θλίψει σου· (30) καὶ εὑρήσουσί σε πάντες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, καὶ ἐπιστραφήσῃ πρὸς Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου καὶ εἰσακούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ

Deuteronomy 4:30 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (English Elpenor)

in your distress. And all these words shall find you in the end of days, and you will return to the Lord your God and listen to his voice. in your affliction. (30) And all these things shall come upon thee in the last days, and thou shalt turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt hearken to his voice.

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (NET)

for HaShem thy G-d is a merciful G-d; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them. (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them. (for he is a merciful God), he will not let you down or destroy you, for he cannot forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them.

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι θεὸς οἰκτίρμων κύριος ὁ θεός σου οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐκτρίψει σε οὐκ ἐπιλήσεται τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων σου ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς ὅτι Θεὸς οἰκτίρμων Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου, οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐκτρίψῃ σε, οὐκ ἐπιλήσεται τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων σου, ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς Κύριος

Deuteronomy 4:31 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (English Elpenor)

Because the Lord your God is a compassionate god, he will neither abandon you nor wipe you out; he will not forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them. Because the Lord thy God [is] a God of pity: he will not forsake thee, nor destroy thee; he will not forget the covenant of thy fathers, which the Lord sware to them.

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NET)

who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; fed you in the wilderness with manna (which your ancestors had never before known) so that he might by humbling you test you and eventually bring good to you.

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τοῦ ψωμίσαντός σε τὸ μαννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ὃ οὐκ εἴδησαν οἱ πατέρες σου ἵνα κακώσῃ σε καὶ ἐκπειράσῃ σε καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσῃ ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου τοῦ ψωμίσαντός σε τὸ μάννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, ὃ οὐκ ᾔδεις σὺ καὶ οὐκ ᾔδεισαν οἱ πατέρες σου, ἵνα κακώσῃ σε καὶ ἐκπειράσῃ σε καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσῃ ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (English Elpenor)

who fed you with manna in the wilderness that your fathers did not know so that he might distress you and test you, that you might do well at your end. who fed thee with manna in the wilderness, which thou knewest not, and thy fathers knew not; that he might afflict thee, and thoroughly try thee, and do thee good in thy latter days.

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NET)

a land which HaShem thy G-d careth for; the eyes of HaShem thy G-d are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. a land the Lord your God looks after. He is constantly attentive to it from the beginning to the end of the year.

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

γῆ ἣν κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἐπισκοπεῖται αὐτήν διὰ παντὸς οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἕως συντελείας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ γῆ, ἣν Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου ἐπισκοπεῖται αὐτὴν διαπαντός, οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ σου ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἕως συντελείας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (English Elpenor)

a land that the Lord your God regards it. The eyes of the Lord your God are always on it, from the beginning of the year even until the end of the year. A land which the Lord thy God surveys continually, the eyes of the Lord thy God are upon it from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NET)

For I know that after my death ye will in any wise deal corruptly, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the end of days; because ye will do that which is evil in the sight of HaShem, to provoke Him through the work of your hands.’ For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands. For I know that after I die you will totally corrupt yourselves and turn away from the path I have commanded you to walk. Disaster will confront you in future days because you will act wickedly before the Lord, inciting him to anger because of your actions.”

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ὅτι ποιήσετε τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ, ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν, καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν, ὅτι ποιήσετε τὰ πονηρὰ ἐναντίον Κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (English Elpenor)

For I know that, after my demise, with lawlessness you will act lawlessly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And the evils will come upon you at the end of days, because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him through the works of your hands.” For I know that after my death ye will utterly transgress, and turn aside out of the way which I have commanded you; and evils shall come upon you in the latter days, because ye will do evil before the Lord, to provoke him to anger by the works of your hands.

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NET)

And He said: ‘I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be; for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faithfulness. And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith. He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them; for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty.

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν υἱοί οἷς οὐκ ἔστιν πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶπεν· ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν· ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν, υἱοί, οἷς οὐκ ἔστι πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (English Elpenor)

And he said: I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will happen to them at the end, for it is a perverse generation, sons who have no faithfulness in them. and said, I will turn away my face from them, and will show what shall happen to them in the last days; for it is a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NET)

If they were wise, they would understand this, they would discern their latter end. O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end! I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them.”

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα· καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (English Elpenor)

They had no sense to understand these things. Let them accept them for the time to come. They had not sense to understand: let them reserve these things against the time to come.

Matthew 16:25, 26 (NET)

Matthew 16:25, 26 (KJV)

For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life because of me will find it. For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.

Matthew 16:25 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 16:25 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 16:25 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὃς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι ἀπολέσει αὐτήν· ὃς δ᾿ ἂν ἀπολέσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εὑρήσει αὐτήν ος γαρ αν θελη την ψυχην αυτου σωσαι απολεσει αυτην ος δ αν απολεση την ψυχην αυτου ενεκεν εμου ευρησει αυτην ος γαρ αν θελη την ψυχην αυτου σωσαι απολεσει αυτην ος δ αν απολεση την ψυχην αυτου ενεκεν εμου ευρησει αυτην
For what does it benefit a person if he gains the whole world but forfeits his life? Or what can a person give in exchange for his life? For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?

Matthew 16:26 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 16:26 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 16:26 (Byzantine Majority Text)

τί γὰρ ὠφεληθήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐὰν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον κερδήσῃ τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ζημιωθῇ; ἢ τί δώσει ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ τι γαρ ωφελειται ανθρωπος εαν τον κοσμον ολον κερδηση την δε ψυχην αυτου ζημιωθη η τι δωσει ανθρωπος ανταλλαγμα της ψυχης αυτου τι γαρ ωφελειται ανθρωπος εαν τον κοσμον ολον κερδηση την δε ψυχην αυτου ζημιωθη η τι δωσει ανθρωπος ανταλλαγμα της ψυχης αυτου

3 Matthew 7:18 (ESV) 3 John, Part 4

4 Numbers 22:12 (The Complete Jewish Bible)

5 Numbers 22:38b (The Complete Jewish Bible)

6 Numbers 22:41-23:3a (ESV)

7 Matthew 7:18 (ESV)

8 3 John, Part 4 In The Complete Jewish Bible online the translation say also indicates the imperative mood: The Lord placed something into Balaam’s mouth, and He said, “Return to Balak and say as follows.” Apparently only λαλήσεις in the Septuagint, a 2nd person singular form of λαλέω, is clearly in the future tense and indicative mood.

10 Matthew 7:18 (ESV) 3 John, Part 4

11 Numbers 22:20 (NETS) Table

12 Numbers 22:35 (English Elpenor) Table

13 Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

18 John 17:3 (ESV)

19 Numbers 22:6b (ESV) Table

20 Numbers 23:3b (ESV)

21 Numbers 23:5 (ESV)

22 Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

24 Leviticus 20:26 (ESV)

25 Genesis 15:5 (ESV) Table

27 One other occurrence, Numbers 24:14, will be considered as it occurs in these essays.

28 Genesis 49:1 (ESV)

29 Numbers 24:20 (ESV)

30 Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (ESV)

31 Deuteronomy 8:16 (ESV)

32 Deuteronomy 11:12 (ESV)

33 Deuteronomy 31:29 (ESV)

34 Deuteronomy 32:20 (ESV)

35 Deuteronomy 32:29 (ESV)

36 Numbers 23:10b (ESV)

37 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐὰν (if?) following for, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αν (then?). Neither appears to have been translated into English.

38 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὠφεληθήσεται here, a form of ὠφελέω in the future tense, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ωφελειται (KJV: profited) in the present tense.

39 Matthew 16:24-26 (ESV)

40 Romans 6:1-7 (ESV)

41 Numbers 23:10b (ESV)

42 Romans 6:8-14 (ESV)

43 Numbers 23:10b (The Complete Jewish Bible)

44 Numbers 23:10b (NETS)

3 John, Part 4

This is a continuation of my notes on 3 John for the preaching class I’m taking. A Catholic friend concluded that 3 John is about the canonization of the saints. John wrote that, Diotrephes, who likes to put himself first, does not acknowledge our authority,1 right before his command: do not imitate evil but imitate good. And then after it he wrote, Demetrius has received a good testimony from everyone, and from the truth itself. We also add our testimony, and you know that our testimony is true.2 It seems natural in context to conclude that good (τὸ ἀγαθόν) refers to people: And who better than the church to decide which people are worthy of imitation (our testimony is true)?

I had already written something like this in a draft of my sermon introduction:

Beloved, John commanded the reader of his 3rd letter, do not imitate evil but imitate good.3 But who is good in dark times when an agent of the spirit of the antichrist4 stops those who want to welcome the brothers and puts them out of the church?5

The next saying of Jesus’ I plan to consider—“How does Jesus relate to ἀγαθόν?”6—begins (Matthew 19:16, 17a ESV):

And behold, a man came up to him, saying, “Teacher,7 what good (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) deed must I do to have8 eternal life?” And he said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good (ἀγαθοῦ, another form of ἀγαθός)?9 There is10 only one11 who is12 good (ἀγαθός).

The Greek is: Καὶ ἰδοὺ, And behold, εἷς, a man (literally, “one”), προσελθὼν13 αὐτῷ εἶπεν, came up to him, saying, διδάσκαλε, “Teacher, τί ἀγαθὸν, what good deed, ποιήσω, must I do, ἵνα σχῶ, to have, ζωὴν αἰώνιον, life eternal?” (or, “What good might I do in order that I might have life eternal?”).14 The text continues: ὁ δὲ, And he (or “But he”), εἶπεν αὐτῷ, said to him, τί, “Why, με ἐρωτᾷς, do you ask me, περὶ, about, τοῦ, what is, ἀγαθοῦ, good? εἷς, only one, ἐστιν, There is, , who is, ἀγαθός good.15

A table contrasting translations of the critical and received texts follows:

Critical Text – Matthew 19:17a (ESV)

Received Text – Matthew 19:17a (KJV)

And he said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God:

There is a cleaner way to translate Jesus’ answer from the critical text, which I’ll use both to highlight the contrast between critical and received texts and to introduce the actual subject I intend to pursue for some time.

Why ask me about the good? One is the good.

I’ll return to this in more detail later. Here, I want to pursue how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit.16 Moses and the Holy Spirit wrote at some length about it (Numbers 22:1, 4b-7 ESV).

Then the people of Israel set out and camped in the plains of Moab (Genesis 19:30-38) beyond the Jordan at Jericho.

…Balak the son of Zippor, who was king of Moab at that time, sent messengers to Balaam the son of Beor at Pethor, which is near the River in the land of the people of Amaw, to call him, saying, “Behold, a people has come out of Egypt. They cover the face of the earth, and they are dwelling opposite me. Come now, curse this people for me, since they are too mighty for me. Perhaps I shall be able to defeat them and drive them from the land, for I know that he whom you bless is blessed, and he whom you curse is cursed.”

So the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian (Exodus 2:11-15) departed with the fees for divination in their hand. And they came to Balaam and gave him Balak’s message.

Balak had heard of Balaam’s fame: I know that he whom you bless is blessed, and he whom you curse is cursed.17 He assumed Balaam’s services were for hire. But Balaam said (Numbers 22:8 ESV):

“Lodge here tonight, and I will bring back word to you, as the Lord speaks to me.” So the princes of Moab stayed with Balaam.

The Hebrew word translated Lord was יְהֹוָ֖ה (Yᵊhōvâ), which is corroborated by the translation Κύριος in the Septuagint. Things weren’t turning out quite the way Balak had planned (Numbers 22:12-14 ESV).

God said to Balaam, “You shall not go with them. You shall not curse the people, for they are blessed.” So Balaam rose in the morning and said to the princes of Balak, “Go to your own land, for the Lord has refused to let me go with you.” So the princes of Moab rose and went to Balak and said, “Balaam refuses to come with us.”

The Hebrew word translated God was אֱלֹהִים֙ (‘ĕlōhîm), which was translated Θεὸς in the Septuagint. The Hebrew word translated Lord was יְהֹוָ֔ה (Yᵊhōvâ), also translated Θεὸς in the Septuagint (God in English translation). The Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge here.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 22:13 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:13 (NET)

Numbers 22:13 (NETS)

Numbers 22:13 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak: ‘Get you into your land (אַרְצְכֶ֑ם); for HaShem (יְהֹוָ֔ה) refuseth to give me leave to go with you.’ So Balaam got up in the morning, and said to the princes of Balak, “Go to your land (‘ereṣ, ארצכם), for the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יהוה) has refused to permit me to go with you.” And Balaam rose up in the morning and said to the rulers of Balak, “Run off to your master (τὸν κύριον ὑμῶν); God ( θεὸς) does not permit me to go with you.” And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said to the princes of Balac, Depart quickly to your lord (τὸν κύριον ὑμῶν); God ( Θεὸς) does not permit me to go with you.

So אַרְצְכֶ֑ם (‘ereṣ), your land in the Masoretic text, is τὸν κύριον ὑμῶν, your master (BLB) or your lord (English Elpenor), in the Septuagint. But Balaam’s refusal didn’t deter Balak at all: Once again Balak sent princes, more in number and more honorable than these18 with an open-ended offer of reward.

Balak was a man of great faith, not in the Lord but in his own knowledge of men. Glenn Nicholls, a Nietzschean psychotherapist, wrote about this kind of faith:

Nietzsche’s concern was that we might forever remain tethered to the human in ourselves; that we would never become the overman. God tethers us to the human. As long as we seek gods we give away our authority and can never become who we are…

The drive or will to faith can be conscious or unconscious. We tell ourselves, ‘I found God and discovered faith’. No, faith is object seeking; if it does not find a god it will make one up.

If you are not sure if you have a god, look to see where you put your faith. You do not need to believe in a god to have one, and often those with the strongest faith are those who do not believe in one.19

In other words, their faith is part of the grammar that structures their reality, especially as it pertains to their own power (“authority”). But Balaam answered and said to the servants of Balak, “Though Balak were to give me his house full of silver and gold, I could not go beyond the command of the Lord my God to do less or more.20 In the Septuagint I could not was translated I shall not be able: οὐ δυνήσομαι, a 1st person form of δύναμαι in the future tense and indicative mood. Here, a prophet acknowledged what Jesus said about good fruit trees that cannot (οὐ δύναται, a 3rd person form of δύναμαι in the present tense and indicative mood) bear bad fruit. From Balaam’s lips, however, it sounds less definitional and more causal, actually producing the specified effect.

Still, Balaam seems all too eager to test the Lord to see if there is any possible way to acquire Balak’s house full of silver and gold (Numbers 22:19-22a ESV).

So you, too, please stay here tonight, that I may know what more the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה, corroborated by Κύριος in the Septuagint) will say to me.” And God (‘ĕlōhîm, אֱלֹהִים, corroborated by Θεὸς in the Septuagint) came to Balaam at night and said to him, “If the men have come to call you, rise, go with them; but only do what I tell you.” So Balaam rose in the morning and saddled his donkey and went with the princes of Moab.

But God’s (ĕlōhîm, אֱלֹהִים, corroborated by Θεός in the Septuagint) anger was kindled because he went, and the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ) took his stand in the way as his adversary.

This was not the time to “obey” the Lord’s sarcasm but to hear his word.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 22:20b (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:20b (NET)

Numbers 22:20b (NETS)

Numbers 22:20b (English Elpenor)

‘If the men are come to call thee, rise up, go with them; but only the word which I speak unto thee, that (אֹת֥וֹ) shalt thou do (תַֽעֲשֶֽׂה).’ If the men have come to call you, get up and go with them, but the word that I will say to you, that (‘ēṯ, אתו) you must do (ʿāśâ, תעשׁה).” “If these people are here to call you, rise up, and follow them, but the word that I speak to you—this (τοῦτο) you shall do (ποιήσεις).” If these men are come to call thee, rise and follow them; nevertheless the word which I shall speak to thee, it (τοῦτο) shalt thou do (ποιήσεις).

The clause—that (אֹת֥וֹ) shalt thou do (תַֽעֲשֶֽׂה) in the Tanakh and KJV or this (τοῦτο) you shall do (ποιήσεις) in the NETS or it (τοῦτο) shalt thou do (ποιήσεις) in the English translation of the Elpenor Septuagint—is clearly in the future tense and indicative mood (the NET translation notwithstanding21). It is a fact, a promise, a prophetic utterance. In other words, there is no possibility that Balaam will fulfill Balak’s desire to curse Israel—You shall not curse the people, for they are blessed22—to earn a house full of silver and gold: A healthy (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) tree cannot bear bad fruit.23 And by going with the men, Balaam demonstrated that his lust for a house full of silver and gold was driving him on rather than his trust in the absolute word of God.

Peter summarized what happened next (2 Peter 2:15, 16 ESV).

Forsaking24 the25 right way, they have gone astray. They have followed the way of Balaam, the son of Beor, who loved gain from wrongdoing, but was rebuked for his own transgression; a speechless donkey spoke with human voice and restrained the prophet’s madness (παραφρονίαν, a form of παραφρονία).

Balaam couldn’t see the angel threatening him (Numbers 22:22b-27 ESV).

Now he was riding on the donkey, and his two servants were with him. And the donkey saw the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ) standing in the road, with a drawn sword in his hand. And the donkey turned aside out of the road and went into the field. And Balaam struck the donkey, to turn her into the road. Then the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ) stood in a narrow path between the vineyards, with a wall on either side. And when the donkey saw the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ), she pushed against the wall and pressed Balaam’s foot against the wall. So he struck her again. Then the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ) went ahead and stood in a narrow place, where there was no way to turn either to the right or to the left. When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ), she lay down under Balaam. And Balaam’s anger was kindled, and he struck the donkey with his staff.

Balaam was so consumed by lust for a house full of silver and gold, he didn’t recognize the hand of God in the unusual behavior of his donkey. The Lord (Septuagint: God) intervened on behalf of his suffering donkey (Numbers 22:28 ESV).

Then the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you, that you have struck me these three times?”

This reminds me of the words of John the Baptist to the Pharisees and Sadducees (Matthew 3:7-10 ESV):

But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming to his baptism, he said to them, “You brood of vipers! Who warned you to flee from the wrath to come? Bear fruit in keeping26 with repentance. And do not presume to say to yourselves, ‘We have Abraham as our father,’ for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children for Abraham. Even now the axe is laid to the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that does not bear good (καλὸν, a form of καλός) fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire [Table].

God demonstrated that He could have sent Balaam’s donkey to prophesy to Balak, a donkey with no desire for silver or gold whatsoever. Balaam was so consumed by lust for a house full of silver and gold, he didn’t even notice (Numbers 22:29, 30 ESV).

And Balaam said to the donkey, “Because you have made a fool of me. I wish I had a sword in my hand, for then I would kill you.” And the donkey said to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey, on which you have ridden all your life long to this day? Is it my habit to treat you this way?” And he said, “No.”

A talking donkey was not sufficient to reach Balaam, so the Lord (Septuagint: God) intervened again, both to spare his life and to make him understand (Numbers 22:31-34 ESV).

Then the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה corroborated by Κυρίου in the Septuagint) standing in the way, with his drawn sword in his hand. And he bowed down and fell on his face. And the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ) said to him, “Why have you struck your donkey these three times? Behold, I have come out to oppose you because your way is perverse before me. The donkey saw me and turned aside before me these three times. If she had not turned aside from me, surely just now I would have killed you and let her live.” Then Balaam said to the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה corroborated by Κυρίου in the Septuagint), “I have sinned, for I did not know that you stood in the road against me. Now therefore, if it is evil in your sight, I will turn back.”

This is a beautiful illustration of the Lord’s word to Israel through Ezekiel:

“And you, son of man, say to the house of Israel, Thus have you said: ‘Surely our transgressions and our sins are upon us, and we rot away because of them. How then can we live?[Table] Say to them, As I live, declares the Lord God, I have no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that the wicked turn from his way and live; turn back, turn back from your evil ways, for why will you die, O house of Israel? [Table]27

Then came an unexpected turn of events, which confirms for me that the issue was Balaam’s lust for a house full of silver and gold (Numbers 22:35 ESV).

And the angel of the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: τοῦ Θεοῦ) said to Balaam, “Go with the men, but speak only the word that I tell you.” So Balaam went on with the princes of Balak.

In the NETS translation of the Septuagint, the angel promised: the word that I say to you, this you shall take heed to speak. The Greek word translated you shall take heed was φυλάξῃ, a 2nd person singular form of φυλάσσω in the future tense, middle voice and indicative mood—a statement of fact, a promise and a prophesy. When Balak met him, Balaam was not swayed by the king’s anger, abuse or intimidation (Numbers 22:38 ESV):

Balaam said to Balak, “Behold, I have come to you! Have I now any power of my own to speak anything? The word that God (‘ĕlōhîm, אֱלֹהִים corroborated by Θεὸς in the Septuagint) puts in my mouth, that must I speak.”

The last clause—that must I speak—was translated differently in the past.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 22:38 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:38 (NET)

Numbers 22:38 (NETS)

Numbers 22:38 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Lo, I am come unto thee; have I now any power (אוּכַ֖ל) at all to speak any thing? the word that G-d putteth in my mouth, that (אֹת֥וֹ) shall I speak (אֲדַבֵּֽר).’ Balaam said to Balak, “Look, I have come to you. Now, am I able (yāḵōl, אוכל) to speak just anything? I must speak (dāḇar, אדבר) only (ēṯ, אתו) the word that God puts in my mouth.” And Balaam said to Balak, “Behold, I have come to you. Shall I now be (ἔσομαι) able (δυνατὸς) to speak anything? The word that God puts into my mouth, this (τοῦτο) I shall speak (λαλήσω).” And Balaam said to Balac, Behold, I am now come to thee: shall I be (ἔσομαι) able (δυνατὸς) to say anything? the word which God shall put into my mouth, that (τοῦτο) I shall speak (λαλήσω).

In the past the last clause—that (אֹת֥וֹ) shall I speak (אֲדַבֵּֽר) in the Tanakh28 and KJV, or this (τοῦτο) I shall speak (λαλήσω) in the NETS, or that (τοῦτο) I shall speak (λαλήσω) in the English translation of the Elpenor Septuagint—was clearly understood in the future tense and indicative mood. It was a fact, a promise, a prophetic utterance ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν29 (“from God exists”) Balaam delivered to Balak, when Balak’s faith was not in the word of God but in his own knowledge of men.

Tables comparing Numbers 22:1; 22:4; 22:5; 22:6; 22:7; 22:8; 22:12; 22:13; 22:14, 22:15; 22:18; 22:19; 22:20; 22:21; 22:22; 22:23; 22:24; 22:25; 22:26; 22:27; 22:28; 22:29; 22:30; 22:31; 22:32; 22:33; 22:34; 22:35 and 22:38 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Numbers 22:1; 22:4; 22:5; 22:6; 22:7; 22:8; 22:12; 22:13; 22:14; 22:15; 22:18; 22:19; 22:20; 22:21; 22:22; 22:23; 22:24; 22:25; 22:26; 22:27; 22:28; 22:29; 22:30; 22:31; 22:32; 22:33; 22:34; 22:35 and 22:38 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 19:16, 17; 2 Peter 2:15 and Matthew 3:8 in the KJV and NET follow.

Numbers 22:1 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:1 (KJV)

Numbers 22:1 (NET)

And the children of Israel journeyed, and pitched in the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan at Jericho. And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho. The Israelites traveled on and camped in the rift valley plains of Moab on the side of the Jordan River across from Jericho.

Numbers 22:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀπάραντες οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωαβ παρὰ τὸν Ιορδάνην κατὰ Ιεριχω ΚΑΙ ἀπάραντες οἱ υἱοὶ ᾿Ισραὴλ παρενέβαλον ἐπὶ δυσμῶν Μωὰβ παρὰ τὸν ᾿Ιορδάνην κατὰ ῾Ιεριχώ

Numbers 22:1 (NETS)

Numbers 22:1 (English Elpenor)

And the sons of Israel set out and encamped on the west of Moab by the Jordan opposite Jericho. And the children of Israel departed, and encamped on the west of Moab by Jordan toward Jericho.

Numbers 22:4 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:4 (KJV)

Numbers 22:4 (NET)

And Moab said unto the elders of Midian: ‘Now will this multitude lick up all that is round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field.’ –And Balak the son of Zippor was king of Moab at that time.– And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time. So the Moabites said to the elders of Midian, “Now this mass of people will lick up everything around us, as the bull devours the grass of the field.” Now Balak son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at this time.

Numbers 22:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Μωαβ τῇ γερουσίᾳ Μαδιαμ νῦν ἐκλείξει ἡ συναγωγὴ αὕτη πάντας τοὺς κύκλῳ ἡμῶν ὡς ἐκλείξαι ὁ μόσχος τὰ χλωρὰ ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου καὶ Βαλακ υἱὸς Σεπφωρ βασιλεὺς Μωαβ ἦν κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον καὶ εἶπε Μωὰβ τῇ γερουσίᾳ Μαδιάμ· νῦν ἐκλείξει ἡ συναγωγὴ αὕτη πάντας τοὺς κύκλῳ ὑμῶν, ὡσεὶ ἐκλείξαι ὁ μόσχος τὰ χλωρὰ ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου. καὶ Βαλὰκ υἱὸς Σεπφὼρ βασιλεὺς Μωὰβ ἦν κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν ἐκεῖνον

Numbers 22:4 (NETS)

Numbers 22:4 (English Elpenor)

And Moab said to the council of elders of Madiam, “Now this gathering will lick up all those around us, as the bull calf might lick up the greenery of the plain.” And Balak son of Sepphor was king of Moab at that time. And Moab said to the elders of Madiam, Now shall this assembly lick up all that are round about us, as a calf would lick up the green [herbs] of the field:– and Balac son of Sepphor was king of Moab at that time.

Numbers 22:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:5 (KJV)

Numbers 22:5 (NET)

And he sent messengers unto Balaam the son of Beor, to Pethor, which is by the River, to the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying: ‘Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt; behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me. He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me: And he sent messengers to Balaam son of Beor at Pethor, which is by the Euphrates River in the land of Amaw, to summon him, saying, “Look, a nation has come out of Egypt. They cover the face of the earth, and they are settling next to me.

Numbers 22:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀπέστειλεν πρέσβεις πρὸς Βαλααμ υἱὸν Βεωρ Φαθουρα ὅ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ γῆς υἱῶν λαοῦ αὐτοῦ καλέσαι αὐτὸν λέγων ἰδοὺ λαὸς ἐξελήλυθεν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἰδοὺ κατεκάλυψεν τὴν ὄψιν τῆς γῆς καὶ οὗτος ἐγκάθηται ἐχόμενός μου καὶ ἀπέστειλε πρέσβεις πρὸς Βαλαὰμ υἱὸν Βεὼρ Φαθουρά, ὅ ἐστιν ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ γῆς υἱῶν λαοῦ αὐτοῦ, καλέσαι αὐτὸν λέγων· ἰδοὺ λαὸς ἐξελήλυθεν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ἰδοὺ κατεκάλυψε τὴν ὄψιν τῆς γῆς καὶ οὗτος ἐγκάθηται ἐχόμενός μου·

Numbers 22:5 (NETS)

Numbers 22:5 (English Elpenor)

And he sent ambassadors to Balaam son of Beor of Pathoura, which is on the river of the land of his people’s sons, to call him, saying, “Behold, a people has come out of Egypt, and behold, it has covered the sight of the earth, and it is lying in wait next to me. And he sent ambassadors to Balaam the son of Beor, to Phathura, which is on a river of the land of the sons of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, a people is come out of Egypt, and behold it has covered the face of the earth, and it has encamped close to me.

Numbers 22:6 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:6 (KJV)

Numbers 22:6 (NET)

Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me; peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land; for I know that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed.’ Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed. So now, please come and curse this nation for me, for they are too powerful for me. Perhaps I will prevail so that we may conquer them and drive them out of the land. For I know that whoever you bless is blessed, and whoever you curse is cursed.”

Numbers 22:6 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ νῦν δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον ὅτι ἰσχύει οὗτος ἢ ἡμεῖς ἐὰν δυνώμεθα πατάξαι ἐξ αὐτῶν καὶ ἐκβαλῶ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς γῆς ὅτι οἶδα οὓς ἐὰν εὐλογήσῃς σύ εὐλόγηνται καὶ οὓς ἐὰν καταράσῃ σύ κεκατήρανται καὶ νῦν δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν λαὸν τοῦτον, ὅτι ἰσχύει οὗτος ἢ ὑμεῖς· ἐὰν δυνώμεθα πατάξαι ἐξ αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐκβαλῶ αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς γῆς· ὅτι οἶδα οὓς ἐὰν εὐλογήσῃς σύ, εὐλόγηνται, καὶ οὓς ἐὰν καταράσῃ σύ, κεκατήρανται

Numbers 22:6 (NETS)

Numbers 22:6 (English Elpenor)

And now come curse for me this people, since it is stronger than we are, if we may be able to strike some of them, and I will cast them out from the land. For I know that whomever you bless are blessed, and whomever you curse are cursed.” And now come, curse me this people, for it is stronger than we; if we may be able to smite some of them, and I will cast them out of the land: for I know that whomsoever thou dost bless, they are blessed, and whomsoever thou dost curse, they are cursed.

Numbers 22:7 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:7 (KJV)

Numbers 22:7 (NET)

And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spoke unto him the words of Balak. And the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spake unto him the words of Balak. So the elders of Moab and the elders of Midian departed with the fee for divination in their hands. They came to Balaam and reported to him the words of Balak.

Numbers 22:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἡ γερουσία Μωαβ καὶ ἡ γερουσία Μαδιαμ καὶ τὰ μαντεῖα ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ τὰ ῥήματα Βαλακ καὶ ἐπορεύθη ἡ γερουσία Μωὰβ καὶ ἡ γερουσία Μαδιάμ, καὶ τὰ μαντεῖα ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτῶν, καὶ ἦλθον πρὸς Βαλαὰμ καὶ εἶπαν αὐτῷ τὰ ῥήματα Βαλάκ

Numbers 22:7 (NETS)

Numbers 22:7 (English Elpenor)

And the council of elders of Moab went, and the council of elders of Madiam,and the instruments of divination were in their hands, and they came to Balaam and said to him the words of Balak. And the elders of Moab went, and the elders of Madiam, and their divining [instruments were] in their hands; and they came to Balaam, and spoke to him the words of Balac.

Numbers 22:8 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:8 (KJV)

Numbers 22:8 (NET)

And he said unto them: ‘Lodge here this night, and I will bring you back word, as HaShem may speak unto me’; and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam. And he said unto them, Lodge here this night, and I will bring you word again, as the LORD shall speak unto me: and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam. He replied to them, “Stay here tonight, and I will bring back to you whatever word the Lord may speak to me.” So the princes of Moab stayed with Balaam.

Numbers 22:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτούς καταλύσατε αὐτοῦ τὴν νύκτα καὶ ἀποκριθήσομαι ὑμῖν πράγματα ἃ ἐὰν λαλήσῃ κύριος πρός με καὶ κατέμειναν οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωαβ παρὰ Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπε πρὸς αὐτούς· καταλύσατε αὐτοῦ τὴν νύκτα, καὶ ἀποκριθήσομαι ὑμῖν πράγματα, ἃ ἂν λαλήσῃ Κύριος πρός με· καὶ κατέμειναν οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωὰβ παρὰ Βαλαάμ

Numbers 22:8 (NETS)

Numbers 22:8 (English Elpenor)

And he said to them, “Lodge here tonight, and I will answer you matters the Lord may speak to me.” And the rulers of Moab stayed with Balaam. And he said to them, Tarry here the night, and I will answer you the things which the Lord shall say to me; and the princes of Moab stayed with Balaam.

Numbers 22:12 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:12 (KJV)

Numbers 22:12 (NET)

And G-d said unto Balaam: ‘Thou shalt not go with them; thou shalt not curse the people; for they are blessed.’ And God said unto Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them; thou shalt not curse the people: for they are blessed. But God said to Balaam, “You must not go with them; you must not curse the people, for they are blessed.”

Numbers 22:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Βαλααμ οὐ πορεύσῃ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐδὲ καταράσῃ τὸν λαόν ἔστιν γὰρ εὐλογημένος καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς Βαλαάμ· οὐ πορεύσῃ μετ’ αὐτῶν, οὐδὲ καταράσῃ τὸν λαόν· ἔστι γὰρ εὐλογημένος

Numbers 22:12 (NETS)

Numbers 22:12 (English Elpenor)

And God said to Balaam, “You shall not go with them, nor shall you curse the people, for it is blessed.” And God said to Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them, neither shalt thou curse the people; for they are blessed.

Numbers 22:13 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:13 (KJV)

Numbers 22:13 (NET)

And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak: ‘Get you into your land; for HaShem refuseth to give me leave to go with you.’ And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak, Get you into your land: for the LORD refuseth to give me leave to go with you. So Balaam got up in the morning, and said to the princes of Balak, “Go to your land, for the Lord has refused to permit me to go with you.”

Numbers 22:13 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:13 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀναστὰς Βαλααμ τὸ πρωὶ εἶπεν τοῖς ἄρχουσιν Βαλακ ἀποτρέχετε πρὸς τὸν κύριον ὑμῶν οὐκ ἀφίησίν με ὁ θεὸς πορεύεσθαι μεθ᾽ ὑμῶν καὶ ἀναστὰς Βαλαὰμ τὸ πρωΐ εἶπε τοῖς ἄρχουσι Βαλάκ· ἀποτρέχετε πρὸς τὸν κύριον ὑμῶν· οὐκ ἀφίησί με ὁ Θεὸς πορεύεσθαι μεθ’ ὑμῶν

Numbers 22:13 (NETS)

Numbers 22:13 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam rose up in the morning and said to the rulers of Balak, “Run off to your master; God does not permit me to go with you.” And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said to the princes of Balac, Depart quickly to your lord; God does not permit me to go with you.

Numbers 22:14 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:14 (KJV)

Numbers 22:14 (NET)

And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and said: ‘Balaam refuseth to come with us.’ And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and said, Balaam refuseth to come with us. So the princes of Moab departed and went back to Balak and said, “Balaam refused to come with us.”

Numbers 22:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀναστάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωαβ ἦλθον πρὸς Βαλακ καὶ εἶπαν οὐ θέλει Βαλααμ πορευθῆναι μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν καὶ ἀναστάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωὰβ ἦλθον πρὸς Βαλὰκ καὶ εἶπαν· οὐ θέλει Βαλαὰμ πορευθῆναι μεθ’ ἡμῶν

Numbers 22:14 (NETS)

Numbers 22:14 (English Elpenor)

And the rulers of Moab arose and went to Balak and said, “Balaam does not want to go with us.” And the princes of Moab rose, and came to Balac, and said, Balaam will not come with us.

Numbers 22:15 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:15 (KJV)

Numbers 22:15 (NET)

And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than they. And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than they. Balak again sent princes, more numerous and more distinguished than the first.

Numbers 22:15 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:15 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ προσέθετο Βαλακ ἔτι ἀποστεῖλαι ἄρχοντας πλείους καὶ ἐντιμοτέρους τούτων Καὶ προσέθετο Βαλὰκ ἔτι ἀποστεῖλαι ἄρχοντας πλείους καὶ ἐντιμοτέρους τούτων

Numbers 22:15 (NETS)

Numbers 22:15 (English Elpenor)

And Balak added again to send rulers, more numerous and more distinguished than these. And Balac yet again sent more princes and more honourable than they.

Numbers 22:18 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:18 (KJV)

Numbers 22:18 (NET)

And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak: ‘If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of HaShem my G-d, to do any thing, small or great. And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak, If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of the LORD my God, to do less or more. Balaam replied to the servants of Balak, “Even if Balak would give me his palace full of silver and gold, I could not transgress the commandment of the Lord my God to do less or more.

Numbers 22:18 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν τοῖς ἄρχουσιν Βαλακ ἐὰν δῷ μοι Βαλακ πλήρη τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου οὐ δυνήσομαι παραβῆναι τὸ ῥῆμα κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτὸ μικρὸν ἢ μέγα ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ μου καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Βαλαὰμ καὶ εἶπε τοῖς ἄρχουσι Βαλάκ· ἐὰν δῷ μοι Βαλὰκ πλήρη τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ ἀργυρίου καὶ χρυσίου, οὐ δυνήσομαι παραβῆναι τὸ ρῆμα Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ, ποιῆσαι αὐτὸ μικρὸν ἢ μέγα ἐν τῇ διανοίᾳ μου

Numbers 22:18 (NETS)

Numbers 22:18 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam answered and said to the rulers of Balak, “If Balak gives me his house full of silver and gold, I shall not be able to transgress the word of the Lord God to do it, whether small or great in my mind. And Balaam answered and said to the princes of Balac, If Balac would give me his house full of silver and gold, I shall not be able to go beyond the word of the Lord God, to make it little or great in my mind.

Numbers 22:19 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:19 (KJV)

Numbers 22:19 (NET)

Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I may know what HaShem will speak unto me more.’ Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I may know what the LORD will say unto me more. Now therefore, please stay the night here also, that I may know what more the Lord might say to me.”

Numbers 22:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:19 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ νῦν ὑπομείνατε αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑμεῖς τὴν νύκτα ταύτην καὶ γνώσομαι τί προσθήσει κύριος λαλῆσαι πρός με καὶ νῦν ὑπομείνατε αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑμεῖς τὴν νύκτα ταύτην, καὶ γνώσομαι τί προσθήσει Κύριος λαλῆσαι πρός με

Numbers 22:19 (NETS)

Numbers 22:19 (English Elpenor)

And now remain here, you too, this night, and I will know what the Lord will add to speak to me.” And now do ye also tarry here this night, and I shall know what the Lord will yet say to me.

Numbers 22:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:20 (KJV)

Numbers 22:20 (NET)

And G-d came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him: ‘If the men are come to call thee, rise up, go with them; but only the word which I speak unto thee, that shalt thou do.’ And God came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him, If the men come to call thee, rise up, and go with them; but yet the word which I shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do. God came to Balaam that night, and said to him, “If the men have come to call you, get up and go with them, but the word that I will say to you, that you must do.”

Numbers 22:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἦλθεν ὁ θεὸς πρὸς Βαλααμ νυκτὸς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ εἰ καλέσαι σε πάρεισιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὗτοι ἀναστὰς ἀκολούθησον αὐτοῖς ἀλλὰ τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἂν λαλήσω πρὸς σέ τοῦτο ποιήσεις καὶ ἦλθεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸς Βαλαὰμ νυκτὸς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· εἰ καλέσαι σε πάρεισιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὗτοι, ἀναστὰς ἀκολούθησον αὐτοῖς· ἀλλὰ τὸ ρῆμα, ὃ ἐὰν λαλήσω πρὸς σε, τοῦτο ποιήσεις

Numbers 22:20 (NETS)

Numbers 22:20 (English Elpenor)

And God came to Balaam by night and said to him, “If these people are here to call you, rise up, and follow them, but the word that I speak to you—this you shall do.” And God came to Balaam by night, and said to him, If these men are come to call thee, rise and follow them; nevertheless the word which I shall speak to thee, it shalt thou do.

Numbers 22:21 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:21 (KJV)

Numbers 22:21 (NET)

And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab. And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab. So Balaam got up in the morning, saddled his donkey, and went with the princes of Moab.

Numbers 22:21 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:21 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀναστὰς Βαλααμ τὸ πρωὶ ἐπέσαξεν τὴν ὄνον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύθη μετὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Μωαβ καὶ ἀναστὰς Βαλαὰμ τὸ πρωΐ ἐπέσαξε τὴν ὄνον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύθη μετὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Μωάβ

Numbers 22:21 (NETS)

Numbers 22:21 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam rose up in the morning and saddled his donkey and went with the rulers of Moab. And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab.

Numbers 22:22 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:22 (KJV)

Numbers 22:22 (NET)

And G-d’s anger was kindled because he went; and the angel of HaShem placed himself in the way for an adversary against him. –Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him.– And God’s anger was kindled because he went: and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him. Then God’s anger was kindled because he went, and the angel of the Lord stood in the road to oppose him. Now he was riding on his donkey and his two servants were with him.

Numbers 22:22 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:22 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ὠργίσθη θυμῷ ὁ θεὸς ὅτι ἐπορεύθη αὐτός καὶ ἀνέστη ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐνδιαβάλλειν αὐτόν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιβεβήκει ἐπὶ τῆς ὄνου αὐτοῦ καὶ δύο παῖδες αὐτοῦ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ καὶ ὠργίσθη θυμῷ ὁ Θεός, ὅτι ἐπορεύθη αὐτός, καὶ ἀνέστη ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ Θεοῦ διαβαλεῖν αὐτόν, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιβεβήκει ἐπὶ τῆς ὄνου αὐτοῦ, καὶ δύο παῖδες αὐτοῦ μετ’ αὐτοῦ

Numbers 22:22 (NETS)

Numbers 22:22 (English Elpenor)

And God was angry with wrath, because he went, and the angel of the Lord rose up to oppose him. And he himself was sitting on his donkey, and his two servants were with him. And God was very angry because he went; and the angel of the Lord rose up to withstand him. Now he had mounted his ass, and his two servants were with him.

Numbers 22:23 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:23 (KJV)

Numbers 22:23 (NET)

And the ass saw the angel of HaShem standing in the way, with his sword drawn in his hand; and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field; and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way. And the ass saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way. And the donkey saw the angel of the Lord standing in the road with his sword drawn in his hand, so the donkey turned aside from the road and went into the field. But Balaam beat the donkey, to make her turn back to the road.

Numbers 22:23 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:23 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἄγγελον τοῦ θεοῦ ἀνθεστηκότα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ τὴν ῥομφαίαν ἐσπασμένην ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξέκλινεν ἡ ὄνος ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύετο εἰς τὸ πεδίον καὶ ἐπάταξεν τὴν ὄνον τῇ ῥάβδῳ τοῦ εὐθῦναι αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἄγγελον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀνθεστηκότα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ τὴν ρομφαίαν ἐσπασμένην ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐξέκλινεν ἡ ὄνος ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ ἐπορεύετο εἰς τὸ πεδίον· καὶ ἐπάταξε τὴν ὄνον ἐν τῇ ράβδῳ αὐτοῦ τοῦ εὐθῦναι αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ

Numbers 22:23 (NETS)

Numbers 22:23 (English Elpenor)

And when the donkey saw the angel of God standing opposed in the road and the sword drawn in his hand, then the donkey turned away from the road and kept going into the plain. And he struck the donkey with his rod to direct it in the road. And when the ass saw the angel of God standing opposite in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand, then the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field; and [Balaam] smote the ass with his staff to direct her in the way.

Numbers 22:24 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:24 (KJV)

Numbers 22:24 (NET)

Then the angel of HaShem stood in a hollow way between the vineyards, a fence being on this side, and a fence on that side. But the angel of the LORD stood in a path of the vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side. Then the angel of the Lord stood in a path among the vineyards, where there was a wall on either side.

Numbers 22:24 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:24 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔστη ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ ἐν ταῖς αὔλαξιν τῶν ἀμπέλων φραγμὸς ἐντεῦθεν καὶ φραγμὸς ἐντεῦθεν καὶ ἔστη ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν ταῖς αὔλαξι τῶν ἀμπέλων, φραγμὸς ἐντεῦθεν καὶ φραγμὸς ἐντεῦθεν

Numbers 22:24 (NETS)

Numbers 22:24 (English Elpenor)

And the angel of God stood in the furrows of the vineyards, a fence here and a fence there. And the angel of the Lord stood in the avenues of the vines, a fence [being] on this side and a fence on that.

Numbers 22:25 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:25 (KJV)

Numbers 22:25 (NET)

And the ass saw the angel of HaShem, and she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall; and he smote her again. And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall: and he smote her again. And when the donkey saw the angel of the Lord, she pressed herself into the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall. So he beat her again.

Numbers 22:25 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:25 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἄγγελον τοῦ θεοῦ προσέθλιψεν ἑαυτὴν πρὸς τὸν τοῖχον καὶ ἀπέθλιψεν τὸν πόδα Βαλααμ καὶ προσέθετο ἔτι μαστίξαι αὐτήν καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἄγγελον τοῦ Θεοῦ προσέθλιψεν ἑαυτὴν πρὸς τὸν τοῖχον καὶ ἀπέθλιψε τὸν πόδα Βαλαὰμ πρὸς τὸν τοῖχον· καὶ προσέθετο ἔτι μαστίξαι αὐτήν

Numbers 22:25 (NETS)

Numbers 22:25 (English Elpenor)

And when the donkey saw the angel of God, it pressed itself against the wall and squeezed Balaam’s foot, and he added to whip it again. And when the ass saw the angel of God, she thrust herself against the wall, and crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall, and he smote her again.

Numbers 22:26 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:26 (KJV)

Numbers 22:26 (NET)

And the angel of HaShem went further, and stood in a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left. And the angel of the LORD went further, and stood in a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left. Then the angel of the Lord went farther, and stood in a narrow place, where there was no way to turn either to the right or to the left.

Numbers 22:26 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ προσέθετο ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ἀπελθὼν ὑπέστη ἐν τόπῳ στενῷ εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἦν ἐκκλῖναι δεξιὰν οὐδὲ ἀριστεράν καὶ προσέθετο ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ ἀπελθὼν ὑπέστη ἐν τόπῳ στενῷ, εἰς ὃν οὐκ ἦν ἐκκλῖναι δεξιὰν ἢ ἀριστεράν

Numbers 22:26 (NETS)

Numbers 22:26 (English Elpenor)

And the angel of God proceeded and went on and stood still in a narrow place in which it was not possible to turn right or left. And the angel of the Lord went farther, and came and stood in a narrow place where it was impossible to turn to the right or the left.

Numbers 22:27 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:27 (KJV)

Numbers 22:27 (NET)

And the ass saw the angel of HaShem, and she lay down under Balaam; and Balaam’s anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with his staff. And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam’s anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a staff. When the donkey saw the angel of the Lord, she crouched down under Balaam. Then Balaam was angry, and he beat his donkey with a staff.

Numbers 22:27 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:27 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἄγγελον τοῦ θεοῦ συνεκάθισεν ὑποκάτω Βαλααμ καὶ ἐθυμώθη Βαλααμ καὶ ἔτυπτεν τὴν ὄνον τῇ ῥάβδῳ καὶ ἰδοῦσα ἡ ὄνος τὸν ἄγγελον τοῦ Θεοῦ συνεκάθισεν ὑποκάτω Βαλαάμ· καὶ ἐθυμώθη Βαλαὰμ καὶ ἔτυπτε τὴν ὄνον τῇ ράβδῳ

Numbers 22:27 (NETS)

Numbers 22:27 (English Elpenor)

And when the donkey saw the angel of God, it settled down under Balaam, and Balaam was angered and kept beating the donkey with the rod. And when the ass saw the angel of God, she lay down under Balaam; and Balaam was angry, and struck the ass with his staff.

Numbers 22:28 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:28 (KJV)

Numbers 22:28 (NET)

And HaShem opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam: ‘What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times?’ And the LORD opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam, What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times? Then the Lord opened the mouth of the donkey, and she said to Balaam, “What have I done to you that you have beaten me these three times?”

Numbers 22:28 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:28 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἤνοιξεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ στόμα τῆς ὄνου καὶ λέγει τῷ Βαλααμ τί ἐποίησά σοι ὅτι πέπαικάς με τοῦτο τρίτον καὶ ἤνοιξεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸ στόμα τῆς ὄνου, καὶ λέγει τῷ Βαλαάμ· τί ἐποίησά σοι ὅτι πέπαικάς με τρίτον τοῦτο

Numbers 22:28 (NETS)

Numbers 22:28 (English Elpenor)

And God opened the mouth of the donkey, and it said to Balaam, “What have I done to you that you have struck me this third time?” And God opened the mouth of the ass, and she says to Balaam, What have I done to thee, that thou hast smitten me this third time?

Numbers 22:29 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:29 (KJV)

Numbers 22:29 (NET)

And Balaam said unto the ass: ‘Because thou hast mocked me; I would there were a sword in my hand, for now I had killed thee.’ And Balaam said unto the ass, Because thou hast mocked me: I would there were a sword in mine hand, for now would I kill thee. And Balaam said to the donkey, “You have made me look stupid; I wish there were a sword in my hand, for I would kill you right now.”

Numbers 22:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ τῇ ὄνῳ ὅτι ἐμπέπαιχάς μοι καὶ εἰ εἶχον μάχαιραν ἐν τῇ χειρί μου ἤδη ἂν ἐξεκέντησά σε καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ τῇ ὄνῳ· ὅτι ἐμπέπαιχάς μοι· καὶ εἰ εἶχον μάχαιραν ἐν τῇ χειρί, ἤδη ἂν ἐξεκέντησά σε

Numbers 22:29 (NETS)

Numbers 22:29 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to the donkey, “Because you have mocked me! And if I had a dagger in my hand, I would already have stabbed you!” And Balaam said to the ass, Because thou hast mocked me; and if I [had] had a sword in my hand, I would now have killed thee.

Numbers 22:30 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:30 (KJV)

Numbers 22:30 (NET)

And the ass said unto Balaam: ‘Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden all thy life long unto this day? was I ever wont to do so unto thee?’ And he said: ‘Nay.’ And the ass said unto Balaam, Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? was I ever wont to do so unto thee? And he said, Nay. The donkey said to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey that you have ridden ever since I was yours until this day? Have I ever attempted to treat you this way?” And he said, “No.”

Numbers 22:30 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:30 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ λέγει ἡ ὄνος τῷ Βαλααμ οὐκ ἐγὼ ἡ ὄνος σου ἐφ᾽ ἧς ἐπέβαινες ἀπὸ νεότητός σου ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας μὴ ὑπεροράσει ὑπεριδοῦσα ἐποίησά σοι οὕτως ὁ δὲ εἶπεν οὐχί καὶ λέγει ἡ ὄνος τῷ Βαλαάμ· οὐκ ἐγὼ ἡ ὄνος σου, ἐφ’ ἧς ἐπέβαινες ἀπὸ νεότητός σου ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας; μὴ ὑπεροράσει ὑπεριδοῦσα ἐποίησά σοι οὕτως; ὁ δὲ εἶπεν· οὐχί

Numbers 22:30 (NETS)

Numbers 22:30 (English Elpenor)

And the donkey says to Balaam, “Am I not your donkey on which you would ride from your youth to this very day? Disregarding with disregard—I have not done so to you, have I?” And he said, “No!” And the ass says to Balaam, [Am] not I thine ass on which thou hast ridden since thy youth till this day? did I ever do thus to thee, utterly disregarding [thee]? and he said, No.

Numbers 22:31 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:31 (KJV)

Numbers 22:31 (NET)

Then HaShem opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of HaShem standing in the way, with his sword drawn in his hand; and he bowed his head, and fell on his face. Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face. Then the Lord opened Balaam’s eyes, and he saw the angel of the Lord standing in the way with his sword drawn in his hand; so he bowed his head and threw himself down with his face to the ground.

Numbers 22:31 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:31 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἀπεκάλυψεν δὲ ὁ θεὸς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς Βαλααμ καὶ ὁρᾷ τὸν ἄγγελον κυρίου ἀνθεστηκότα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ τὴν μάχαιραν ἐσπασμένην ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ κύψας προσεκύνησεν τῷ προσώπῳ αὐτοῦ ἀπεκάλυψε δὲ ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς Βαλαάμ, καὶ ὁρᾷ τὸν ἄγγελον Κυρίου ἀνθεστηκότα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ καὶ τὴν μάχαιραν ἐσπασμένην ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ κύψας προσεκύνησε τῷ προσώπῳ αὐτοῦ

Numbers 22:31 (NETS)

Numbers 22:31 (English Elpenor)

Now God uncovered the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of God standing opposed in the road and the dagger drawn in his hand, and he bowed down and did obeisance to his face. And God opened the eyes of Balaam, and he sees the angel of the Lord withstanding [him] in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand, and he stooped down and worshiped on his face.

Numbers 22:32 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:32 (KJV)

Numbers 22:32 (NET)

And the angel of HaShem said unto him: ‘Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I am come forth for an adversary, because thy way is contrary unto me; And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand thee, because thy way is perverse before me: The angel of the Lord said to him, “Why have you beaten your donkey these three times? Look, I came out to oppose you because what you are doing is perverse before me.

Numbers 22:32 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:32, 33a (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ διὰ τί ἐπάταξας τὴν ὄνον σου τοῦτο τρίτον καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐξῆλθον εἰς διαβολήν σου ὅτι οὐκ ἀστεία ἡ ὁδός σου ἐναντίον μου καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ Θεοῦ· διατί ἐπάταξας τὴν ὄνον σου τοῦτο τρίτον; καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐξῆλθον εἰς διαβολήν σου, ὅτι οὐκ ἀστεία ἡ ὁδός σου ἐναντίον μου (33) καὶ ἰδοῦσά με ἡ ὄνος ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ τρίτον τοῦτο

Numbers 22:32 (NETS)

Numbers 22:32 (English Elpenor)

And the angel of God said to him, “Why have you struck your donkey this third time? And behold, I came out to oppose you, because your way was not pretty before me. And the angel of God said to him, Why hast thou smitten thine ass this third time? and, behold, I came out to withstand thee, for thy way was not seemly before me; and when the ass saw me, she turned away from me this third time.

Numbers 22:33 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:33 (KJV)

Numbers 22:33 (NET)

and the ass saw me, and turned aside before me these three times; unless she had turned aside from me, surely now I had even slain thee, and saved her alive.’ And the ass saw me, and turned from me these three times: unless she had turned from me, surely now also I had slain thee, and saved her alive. The donkey saw me and turned from me these three times. If she had not turned from me, I would have killed you but saved her alive.”

Numbers 22:33 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:33 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδοῦσά με ἡ ὄνος ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ᾽ ἐμοῦ τρίτον τοῦτο καὶ εἰ μὴ ἐξέκλινεν νῦν οὖν σὲ μὲν ἀπέκτεινα ἐκείνην δὲ περιεποιησάμην καὶ ἰδοῦσά με ἡ ὄνος ἐξέκλινεν ἀπ’ ἐμοῦ τρίτον τοῦτο· καὶ εἰ μὴ ἐξέκλινεν, νῦν οὖν σὲ μὲν ἀπέκτεινα, ἐκείνην δ’ ἂν περιεποιησάμην

Numbers 22:33 (NETS)

Numbers 22:32b, 33 (English Elpenor)

And when the donkey saw me, it turned away from me this third time. And if it had not turned away, now surely I would have killed you but kept it alive.” and when the ass saw me, she turned away from me this third time. (33) And if she had not turned out of the way, surely now, I should have slain thee, and should have saved her alive.

Numbers 22:34 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:34 (KJV)

Numbers 22:34 (NET)

And Balaam said unto the angel of HaShem: ‘I have sinned; for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me; now therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back.’ And Balaam said unto the angel of the LORD, I have sinned; for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me: now therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back again. Balaam said to the angel of the Lord, “I have sinned, for I did not know that you stood against me in the road. So now, if it is evil in your sight, I will go back home.”

Numbers 22:34 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:34 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ κυρίου ἡμάρτηκα οὐ γὰρ ἠπιστάμην ὅτι σύ μοι ἀνθέστηκας ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ εἰς συνάντησιν καὶ νῦν εἰ μή σοι ἀρέσκει ἀποστραφήσομαι καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ τῷ ἀγγέλῳ Κυρίου· ἡμάρτηκα, οὐ γὰρ ἠπιστάμην ὅτι σύ μοι ἀνθέστηκας ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ εἰς συνάντησιν· καὶ νῦν εἰ μή σοι ἀρκέσει, ἀποστραφήσομαι

Numbers 22:34 (NETS)

Numbers 22:34 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to the angel of the Lord, “I have sinned, for I did not understand that you stood opposed to me on the road for a meeting. And now, if it is not pleasing to you, I will turn back.” And Balaam said to the angel of the Lord, I have sinned, for I did not know that thou wert standing opposite in the way to meet [me]; and now if it shall not be pleasing to thee [for me to go on], I will return.

Numbers 22:35 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:35 (KJV)

Numbers 22:35 (NET)

And the angel of HaShem said unto Balaam: ‘Go with the men; but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak.’ So Balaam went with the princes of Balak. And the angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with the princes of Balak. But the angel of the Lord said to Balaam, “Go with the men, but you may only speak the word that I will speak to you.” So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.

Numbers 22:35 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:35 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς Βαλααμ συμπορεύθητι μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πλὴν τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐὰν εἴπω πρὸς σέ τοῦτο φυλάξῃ λαλῆσαι καὶ ἐπορεύθη Βαλααμ μετὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Βαλακ καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ἄγγελος τοῦ Θεοῦ πρὸς Βαλαάμ· συμπορεύθητι μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων· πλὴν τὸ ρῆμα, ὃ ἐὰν εἴπω πρὸς σε, τοῦτο φυλάξῃ λαλῆσαι. καὶ ἐπορεύθη Βαλαὰμ μετὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων Βαλάκ

Numbers 22:35 (NETS)

Numbers 22:35 (English Elpenor)

And the angel of God said to Balaam, “Go with the men, but the word that I say to you, this you shall take heed to speak.” And Balaam went with the rulers of Balak. And the angel of the Lord said to Balaam, Go with the men: nevertheless the word which I shall speak to thee, that thou shalt take heed to speak. And Balaam went with the princes of Balac.

Numbers 22:38 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:38 (KJV)

Numbers 22:38 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Lo, I am come unto thee; have I now any power at all to speak any thing? the word that G-d putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak.’ And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak. Balaam said to Balak, “Look, I have come to you. Now, am I able to speak just anything? I must speak only the word that God puts in my mouth.”

Numbers 22:38 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:38 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ πρὸς Βαλακ ἰδοὺ ἥκω πρὸς σέ νῦν δυνατὸς ἔσομαι λαλῆσαί τι τὸ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐὰν βάλῃ ὁ θεὸς εἰς τὸ στόμα μου τοῦτο λαλήσω καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ πρὸς Βαλάκ· ἰδοὺ ἥκω πρὸς σὲ νῦν· δυνατὸς ἔσομαι λαλῆσαί τι; τὸ ρῆμα, ὃ ἐὰν ἐμβάλῃ ὁ Θεὸς εἰς τὸ στόμα μου, τοῦτο λαλήσω

Numbers 22:38 (NETS)

Numbers 22:38 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Behold, I have come to you. Shall I now be able to speak anything? The word that God puts into my mouth, this I shall speak.” And Balaam said to Balac, Behold, I am now come to thee: shall I be able to say anything? the word which God shall put into my mouth, that I shall speak.

Matthew 19:16, 17 (NET)

Matthew 19:16, 17 (KJV)

Now someone came up to him and said, “Teacher, what good thing must I do to gain eternal life?” And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life?

Matthew 19:16 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 19:16 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 19:16 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Καὶ ἰδοὺ εἷς προσελθὼν αὐτῷ εἶπεν· διδάσκαλε, τί ἀγαθὸν ποιήσω ἵνα σχῶ ζωὴν αἰώνιον και ιδου εις προσελθων ειπεν αυτω διδασκαλε αγαθε τι αγαθον ποιησω ινα εχω ζωην αιωνιον και ιδου εις προσελθων ειπεν αυτω διδασκαλε αγαθε τι αγαθον ποιησω ινα εχω ζωην αιωνιον
He said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. But if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments.” And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments.

Matthew 19:17 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 19:17 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 19:17 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· τί με ἐρωτᾷς περὶ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; εἷς ἐστιν ἀγαθός· εἰ δὲ θέλεις εἰς τὴν ζωὴν εἰσελθεῖν, |τήρησον| τὰς ἐντολάς ο δε ειπεν αυτω τι με λεγεις αγαθον ουδεις αγαθος ει μη εις ο θεος ει δε θελεις εισελθειν εις την ζωην τηρησον τας εντολας ο δε ειπεν αυτω τι με λεγεις αγαθον ουδεις αγαθος ει μη εις ο θεος ει δε θελεις εισελθειν εις την ζωην τηρησον τας εντολας

2 Peter 2:15 (NET)

2 Peter 2:15 (KJV)

By forsaking the right path they have gone astray, because they followed the way of Balaam son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness, Which have forsaken the right way, and are gone astray, following the way of Balaam the son of Bosor, who loved the wages of unrighteousness;

2 Peter 2:15 (NET Parallel Greek)

2 Peter 2:15 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

2 Peter 2:15 (Byzantine Majority Text)

καταλείποντες εὐθεῖαν ὁδὸν ἐπλανήθησαν, ἐξακολουθήσαντες τῇ ὁδῷ τοῦ Βαλαὰμ τοῦ |Βοσόρ|, ὃς μισθὸν ἀδικίας ἠγάπησεν καταλιποντες την ευθειαν οδον επλανηθησαν εξακολουθησαντες τη οδω του βαλααμ του βοσορ ος μισθον αδικιας ηγαπησεν καταλιποντες ευθειαν οδον επλανηθησαν εξακολουθησαντες τη οδω του βαλααμ του βοσορ ος μισθον αδικιας ηγαπησεν

Matthew 3:8 (NET)

Matthew 3:8 (KJV)

Therefore produce fruit that proves your repentance, Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance:

Matthew 3:8 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 3:8 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 3:8 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ποιήσατε οὖν καρπὸν ἄξιον τῆς μετανοίας ποιησατε ουν καρπους αξιους της μετανοιας ποιησατε ουν καρπον αξιον της μετανοιας

1 3 John 1:9b (ESV) Table

2 3 John 1:12 (ESV) Table

3 3 John 1:11a (ESV)

4 1 John 4:3 (ESV) Table

5 3 John 1:10 (ESV)

7 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had the vocative adjective αγαθε (KJV: Good Master) following Teacher. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

8 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had σχῶ here, a form of ἔχω in the 2nd aorist tense, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had εχω (KJV: may have) in the present tense.

11 The Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ει μη (KJV: but) preceding only one (KJV: one) and ο θεος (KJV: that is, God) following. The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 did not.

12 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had the article preceding good, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ουδεις (KJV: none).

13 Here, the verbal adjective προσελθὼν, a participle of the verb προσέρχομαι in the 2nd aorist tense and nominative case, modifies εἷς (“one”). This participle is singular and masculine, rendering εἷς a man.

14 The Greek word translated must I do was ποιήσω, a form of ποιέω that might be understood in the future tense and indicative moodshall I do (KJV)—or in the aorist tense and subjunctive mood. Since σχῶ (ESV: have) is a form of ἔχω in the 2nd aorist tense and subjunctive mood, I went with the latter option to balance the clauses: “What good might I do in order that I might have life eternal?”

15 Granted, this saying is highly disputed between critical and received texts, and I’m only quoting the critical text here. I’ll consider both in more detail in another essay.

16 Matthew 7:18 (ESV)

17 Numbers 22:6b (ESV)

18 Numbers 22:15 (ESV)

20 Numbers 22:18 (ESV)

21 I’m beginning to see this habit of translating the indicative mood as if it were an imperative as a symptom of, or a misguided reaction to, the people Paul prophesied about: having the appearance of godliness, but denying its power (2 Timothy 3:5a ESV). I find myself offended this time by the pronoun its: the power of godliness is God’s power, his. But that’s not the gender in Greek: τὴν δύναμιν αὐτῆς is feminine, her power in the accusative case, the direct object of this clause. Even godliness, εὐσεβείας, is feminine. I might write it off as an anomaly of a language that assigns the wrong gender to εὐσέβεια (godliness) and δύναμις (power) or I might hear it as the word of God and understand her power: when she is inseminated by her lord, she brings forth his fruit, τόν καρπόν αὐτόν is masculine. Likewise, my brothers, Paul wrote, you also have died to the law through the body of Christ, so that you may belong to another, to him who has been raised from the dead, in order that we may bear fruit (καρποφορῆσωμεν) for God (τῷ θεῷ), in the dative case: “by means of God” (Romans 7:4 ESV). “The dative is the case of the indirect object, or may also indicate the means by which something is done.” From Noun Cases: Dative Case, GREEK NOUNS (Shorter Definitions) on Resources for Learning New Testament Greek online.

22 Numbers 22:12b (ESV)

23 Matthew 7:18a (ESV)

24 The NET parallel Greek text had καταλείποντες (NET: By forsaking) here, a participle of καταλείπω in the present tense, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus, Byzantine Majority Text and NA28 had the participle καταλιπόντες (KJV: Which have forsaken) in the 2nd aorist tense.

25 The Stephanus Textus Receptus had the article την here. The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text did not.

26 The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text had καρπὸν ἄξιον, a singular form of the noun καρπός followed by a singular form of the adjective ἄξιος, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus had the plural καρπους αξιους (KJV: fruits meet).

27 Ezekiel 33:10, 11 (ESV)

28 The Complete Jewish Bible on chabad.org renders it: that I will speak.

29 3 John 1:11b 3 John

Condemnation or Judgment? – Part 15

Again, the kingdom of heaven is like a net that was cast into the sea that caught all kinds of fish.  When it was full, they pulled it ashore, sat down, and put the good (καλὰ, a form of καλός) fish into containers and threw the bad (σαπρὰ, a form of σαπρός) away.  It will be this way at the end of the age.  Angels will come and separate the evil (πονηροὺς, a form of πονηρός) from the righteous (δικαίων, a form of δίκαιος) and throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth.[1]  This parable about the kingdom of heaven focused commentators’ attentions on the church as opposed to the world at large.

“In the visible church,” Matthew Henry (1662-1714) wrote, “there is a deal of trash and rubbish, dirt and weeds and vermin, as well as fish….Hypocrites and true Christians shall be parted.”[2]  John Gill (1697-1771) added, “as many as [the angels] find to have a good work of grace wrought and finished in their souls, they will gather into Christ’s barn, into the everlasting habitations, the mansions in Christ’s Father’s house, he is gone to prepare: but as for the bad, who shall appear to be destitute of the grace of God, and righteousness of Christ, notwithstanding their profession of religion, they shall be rejected, as good for nothing, and shall be cast into the lake which burns with fire and brimstone.”[3]

“Our Saviour never fails to keep before our minds the great truth that there is to be a day of judgment,” wrote Albert Barnes (1798-1870), “and that there will be a separation of the good and the evil.  He came to preach salvation; and it is a remarkable fact, also, that the most fearful accounts of hell and of the sufferings of the damned, in the Scriptures, are from his lips.  How does this agree with the representations of those who say that all will be saved?”[4]

On the meaning of σαπρὰ (a form of σαπρός) the Pulpit Commentary (1884) reads: [5]

Not to be pressed to mean “corrupt, dead fish, in a state of rottenness” (Goebel), for surely fishermen seldom get many of these, but simply the worthless, the unfit for use.  This would include the legally unclean.  Tristram writes,” The greater number of the species taken on the lake are rejected by the fishermen, and I have sat with them on the gunwale while they went through their net, and threw out into the sea those that were too small for the market or were considered unclean” (‘Nat. Hist. of Bible,’ p. 291, edit. 1889)

Watch out for false prophets, Jesus said, who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are voracious wolves.  You will recognize them by their fruit (καρπῶν, a form of καρπός).[6]  I can be fairly specific here: Does the would-be prophet demonstrate love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control,[7] the fruit (καρπὸς) of the Spirit?  Or does the would-be prophet practice (πράσσοντες, a form of πράσσω) sexual immorality (πορνεία), impurity, depravity, idolatry, sorcery, hostilities, strife, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish rivalries, dissensions, factions, envying, murder, drunkenness, carousing,[8] the works (ἔργα, a form of ἔργον) of the flesh?

Jesus continued, Grapes are not gathered from thorns or figs from thistles, are they?  In the same way, every good (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) tree bears good (καλοὺς, another form of καλός) fruit, but the bad (σαπρὸν, another form of σαπρός) tree bears bad (πονηροὺς, a form of πονηρός) fruit.[9]  I think it worth mentioning that the word translated bears is ποιεῖ (a form of ποιέω) in both occurrences.  A good (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) tree is not able to bear bad (πονηροὺς, a form of πονηρός) fruit, Jesus continued, nor a bad (σαπρὸν, another form of σαπρός) tree to bear good (καλοὺς, another form of καλός) fruit.[10]

Make a tree good (καλὸν, another form of καλός) and its fruit will be good (καλὸν, another form of καλός), Jesus said to religious people, or make a tree bad (σαπρὸν, another form of σαπρός) and its fruit will be bad (σαπρὸν, another form of σαπρός), for a tree is known by its fruit.[11]  I’ve written elsewhere how the religious mind reverses this teaching.  Every tree that does not bear good (καλὸν, another form of καλός) fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire, Jesus continued his warning about false prophets.  So then, you will recognize them by their fruit.[12]

This leads me inevitably to the old and new human (ἄνθρωπον, a form of ἄνθρωπος in Greek; I see no reason to specify gender).  You were taught with reference to your former way of life to lay aside the old man who is being corrupted in accordance with deceitful desires, to be renewed in the spirit of your mind, and to put on (ἐνδύσασθαι, a form of ἐνδύω) the new man who has been created in God’s image – in righteousness and holiness that comes from truth.[13]  The word ἐνδύσασθαι means to sink into.  In movies the femme fatale slips into something more comfortable.  To put on the new human is considerably more macho.

I am working class all the way, rarely wear a suit.  If I do, it is to fit in, to impress or to intimidate.  It is a put-on in every sense of the word.  “Fake it until you make it” works in those situations when “you can fool all of the people some of the time.”  It doesn’t work with the new human because no creature is hidden from God, but everything is naked and exposed to the eyes of him to whom we must render an account.[14]  To put on the new human I must believe that God has prepared it beforehand, ready and able to respond as He would have me respond.

This new human is the one who has been fathered by God: We know that everyone fathered by God does not sin, but God protects the one he has fathered, and the evil one cannot touch him.[15]  Everyone who has been fathered by God does not practice sin, because God’s seed resides in him, and thus he is not able to sin, because he has been fathered by God.[16]  This new human is the one who is led by the Spirit: For all who are led by the Spirit of God are the sons of God.[17]  The old human is being corrupted in accordance with deceitful desires.  It gets progressively worse, never better.

This was vividly portrayed for me—in me—the Saturday before Mother’s day.  I had a rare opportunity to be home.  My eighty-four-year-old mother asked me to finish trimming her bushes.  Now, of course, she had a particular way it needed to be done.  As I untangled the long extension cord that powered the trimmer I recalled that handling that cord caused her fall last summer.  She broke her hip and lay on the driveway for ten hours, parched and burnt in the sun and then shivering in the rain, until my sister found her.  But the whole time I trimmed those bushes the old human did nothing but bitch, moan and complain about her.

It didn’t affect my behavior.  (I trimmed her bushes to the best of my ability.  No, it wasn’t topiary by any stretch of the imagination.)  The old human didn’t affect my attitude toward her.  (I called and asked her to make sure.)  But I can hardly wait to be rid of the foul thing!  So when I hear—Angels will come and separate the evil from [ἐκ μέσου; literally “out from the midst of”] the righteous and throw them into the fiery furnace, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth—I wonder if that describes my release from this sin condemned in my flesh.  And I’m confounded that so many pastors thought instead of members of their congregations.  Why?

Do we differ in our understanding of the fruit of the Spirit?

“And here we may observe that as sin is called the work of the flesh,” Matthew Henry wrote, “because the flesh, or corrupt nature, is the principle that moves and excites men to it, so grace is said to be the fruit of the Spirit, because it wholly proceeds from the Spirit, as the fruit does from the root…”  John Gill was a bit more equivocal:  “Not of nature or man’s free will, as corrupted by sin, for no good fruit springs from thence; but either of the internal principle of grace, called the Spirit, Galatians 5:17 or rather of the Holy Spirit, as the Ethiopic version reads it; the graces of which are called ‘fruit’, and not ‘works’, as the actions of the flesh are; because they are owing to divine influence, efficacy, and bounty…”

Albert Barnes was explicit: “That which the Holy Spirit produces…Paul does not trace them to our own hearts, even when renewed.  He says that they are to be regarded as the proper result of the Spirit‘s operations on the soul.”  In the Pulpit Commentary the fruit of the Spirit was rationalized as “dispositions and states of mind,” and demeaned somewhat as “states of mind or habits of feeling [rather] than concrete actions,” but are still acknowledged as produced by the Holy Spirit: “[Paul] reckons up the dispositions and states of mind which it was the office of the Holy Spirit to produce in them.”

Do we differ in our understanding of the necessity and efficacy of God’s mercy?

“It is not of him that willeth….Applying this general rule to the particular case that Paul has before him,” wrote Matthew Henry, “the reason why the unworthy, undeserving, ill-deserving Gentiles are called, and grafted into the church, while the greatest part of the Jews are left to perish in unbelief, is not because those Gentiles were better deserving or better disposed for such a favour, but because of God’s free grace that made that difference.  The Gentiles did neither will it, nor run for it, for they sat in darkness, Matthew 4:16.  In darkness, therefore not willing what they knew not sitting in darkness, a contented posture, therefore not running to meet it, but anticipated with these invaluable blessings of goodness.  Such is the method of God’s grace towards all that partake of it, for he is found of those that sought him not (Isaiah 65:1) in this preventing, effectual, distinguishing grace, he acts as a benefactor, whose grace is his own.  Our eye therefore must not be evil because his is good…”

John Gill wrote: “but of God that sheweth mercy; in a free sovereign way and manner, which he is not obliged to by anything the creature wills or works; he is at full liberty, notwithstanding whatever they will or do, to give his grace and mercy, when, where, and to whom he pleases; and therefore to give it to some, and deny it to others, can never be accounted an act of injustice, since he is not bound to give it to any.”

Albert Barnes wrote: “But of God that showeth mercy – Salvation in its beginning, its progress, and its close, is of him.  He has a right, therefore, to bestow it when and where he pleases.  All our mercies flow from his mere love and compassion, and not from our deserts.  The essential idea here is, that God is the original fountain of all the blessings of salvation.”  The Pulpit Commentary doesn’t comment on Romans 9:16 directly but reads: “The argument (thus introduced by γὰρ) requires two understood premisses—that God cannot possibly be unrighteous, and that what he himself said to Moses must be true.”

Do we differ on who may be shown mercy?

Matthew Henry didn’t comment directly on Romans 11:32: “He shall turn away ungodliness from Jacob.  Christ’s errand into the world was to turn away ungodliness, to turn away the guilt by the purchase of pardoning mercy, and to turn away the power by the pouring out of renewing grace, to save his people from their sins (Matthew 1:21), to separate between us and our sins, that iniquity might not be our ruin, and that it might not be our ruler.  Especially to turn it away from Jacob, which is that for the sake of which he quotes the text, as a proof of the great kindness God intended for the seed of Jacob.”

So far so good.  Mr. Henry quoted Paul quoting Isaiah:

NET

Parallel Greek

Septuagint

The Deliverer will come out of Zion; he will remove ungodliness from Jacob.

Romans 11:26b

ἥξει ἐκ Σιὼν ὁ ρυόμενος,

ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας ἀπὸ Ἰακώβ.

Romans 11:26b

καὶ  ἥξει ἕνεκεν Σιων ὁ ῥυόμενος καὶ ἀποστρέψει ἀσεβείας ἀπὸ Ιακωβ

Isaiah 59:20

Then Mr. Henry quoted the same verse in Isaiah from the Masoretic text: “In Isaiah it is, The Redeemer shall come to Zion, and unto those that turn from transgression in Jacob, which shown who in Zion were to have a share in and to reap benefit by the deliverance promised, those and those only that leave their sins and turn to God to them Christ comes as a Redeemer, but as an avenger to those that persist in impenitence.”  Then he proposed an unbelievable solution: “Putting both these readings together, we learn that none have an interest in Christ but those that turn from their sins, nor can any turn from their sins but by the strength of the grace of Christ.”

In other words, no one can be saved since God will only show mercy to those who turn from their sins and none can turn from their sins apart from God’s mercy.  With a Gospel message like that we need not wonder at the “deal of trash and rubbish, dirt and weeds and vermin” in his church.  That’s not quite fair.  Mr. Henry didn’t specify whether the “deal of trash and rubbish, dirt and weeds and vermin” were members of his own congregation or another.  According to an online bio “he began his regular ministry as non-conformist pastor of a Presbyterian congregation…”  Perhaps he wrote thus of Anglicans or Catholics.  But I think I understand why he had no comment to make on Paul’s declaration: For God has consigned all people to disobedience so that he may show mercy to them all.[18]

“Jews, though for the present unbelievers,” John Gill wrote, “yet it may be thought, that through the mercy the Gentiles had received, they would some time or other be provoked to seek for, and so obtain the same mercy, Romans 11:31, and the rather this may be given into and received, not only because they both have been in a state of unbelief, but the end and design of God in concluding them in it, were to have mercy on each of them, Romans 11:32…” I may be mistaken but I take Mr. Gill to mean that God will have mercy on some Jews and Gentiles (those who turn from their sins perhaps?).  Mr. Gill continued, “which dispensation of God both to one and to the other by turns, in different ways, was so amazing and unaccountable to the apostle, that he breaks out into admiration at the wisdom and knowledge of God…”

“Mercy is favor shown to the undeserving,” wrote Albert Barnes.  “It could not have been shown to the Jews and the Gentiles unless it was before proved that they were guilty.  For this purpose proof was furnished that they were all in unbelief….Thus, all people were on a level; and thus all might be admitted to heaven without any invidious distinctions, or any dealings that were not in accordance with mercy and love….It does not prove that all people will be saved; but that those who are saved shall be alike saved by the mercy of God; and that He intends to confer salvation on Jews and Gentiles on the same terms.”  I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassionSo then, it does not depend on human desire or exertion, but on God who shows mercy. [19]

“Thus the latter expression [e.g., Romans 11:32] is not in itself adducible in support of the doctrine of universalism,” the Pulpit Commentary reads.  “Certainly the prospect of a universal triumph of the gospel before the end rises here before the apostle in prophetic vision; and it may be that it carries with it to his mind further glories of eternal salvation for all, casting their rays backward over all past ages, so as to inspire an unbounded hope.  Such a hope, which seems elsewhere intimated (cf. 1 Corinthians 15:24-29; Ephesians 1:9, Ephesians 1:10, Ephesians 1:20-23; Colossians 1:15-20) would justify the glowing rhapsody of admiration and thanksgiving that follows more fully than if we supposed the apostle to contemplate still the eternal perdition of the multitudes who in all the ages have not on earth found mercy.”

Here the Pulpit Commentary referred to Romans 11:32-36 (NET):

For God has consigned all people to disobedience so that he may show mercy to them all.  Oh, the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God!  How unsearchable are his judgments and how fathomless his ways!  For who has known the mind of the Lord, or who has been his counselor?  Or who has first given to God, that God needs to repay him?  For from him and through him and to him are all things.  To him be glory forever!  Amen.

I’ll pick this up again later.

[1] Matthew 13:47-50 (NET)

[2] Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary

[3] John Gill’s Exposition of the Whole Bible

[4] Albert Barnes Notes on the Bible

[5] Pulpit Commentary

[6] Matthew 7:15, 16a (NET)

[7] Galatians 5:22, 23a (NET)

[8] Galatians 5:19-21a (NET)

[9] Matthew 7:16b, 17(NET)

[10] Matthew 7:18 (NET)

[11] Matthew 12:33 (NET)

[12] Matthew 7:19, 20 (NET)

[13] Ephesians 4:22-24 (NET)

[14] Hebrews 4:13 (NET)

[15] 1 John 5:18 (NET) Table

[16] 1 John 3:9 (NET)

[17] Romans 8:14 (NET)

[18] Romans 11:32 (NET)

[19] Romans 9:15b, 16 (NET)