3 John, Part 5

This is a continuation of my notes on 3 John for the preaching class I’m taking. John wrote (3 John 1:11a ESV):

Beloved, do not imitate evil but imitate good (τὸ ἀγαθόν). Whoever does good1 is from God (ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν)…

I wondered, “How does Jesus relate to ἀγαθόν (good)?”2 He pointed to fruit trees as an analogy for recognizing false prophets, and I began to look at the prophet Balaam to understand “how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit.”3

Balak, king of Moab, hoping to have a chance to defeat and expel Israel, thought he could hire Balaam to curse them (Numbers 22:1-6). God said to Balaam, “…You shall not curse the people because they are blessed.”4 And Balaam promised and prophesied to Balak, “The word God puts into my mouth-that I will speak.”5

And in the morning Balak took Balaam and brought him up to Bamoth-baal, and from there he saw a fraction of the people.

And Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me here seven altars, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.” Balak did as Balaam had said. And Balak and Balaam offered on each altar a bull and a ram. And Balaam said to Balak, “Stand beside your burnt offering, and I will go. Perhaps the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) will come to meet me, and whatever he shows me I will tell you.”6

The text doesn’t really say how the King of Moab responded to being told what to do by the prophet Balaam beyond his basic compliance. But God (‘ĕlōhîm, אֱלֹהִים, corroborated by Θεὸς in the Septuagint) met Balaam (Numbers 23:4, 5 ESV).

And Balaam said to him, “I have arranged the seven altars and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.” And the Lord (Yᵊhōvâ, יְהוָה; Septuagint: Θεὸς) put a word in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.”

A table contrasting the NET translation of Numbers 23:5 with that of the Tanakh and Septuagint follows.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:5 (NET)

Numbers 23:5 (NETS)

Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

And HaShem put (וַיָּ֧שֶׂם) a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said: ‘Return unto Balak, and thus (וְכֹ֥ה) thou shalt speak (תְדַבֵּֽר).’ Then the Lord put (śûm, וישׁם) a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak (dāḇar, תדבר) what I tell (, וכה) you.” And God put (ἐνέβαλεν) a word into Balaam’s mouth and said, “When you return to Balak, thus (οὕτως) you shall speak (λαλήσεις).” And God put (ἐνέβαλεν) a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said, thou shalt return to Balac, and thus (οὕτω) shalt thou speak (λαλήσεις).

The Lord (Septuagint: God) put (śûm, וַיָּ֧שֶׂם; Septuagint: ἐνέβαλεν) a word in Balaam’s mouth (Tanakh) and promised, thus (, וְכֹ֥ה) thou shalt speak (dāḇar, תְדַבֵּֽר; Septuagint: λαλήσεις). A healthy (ἀγαθὸν, a form of ἀγαθός) tree cannot bear bad fruit.7 Though תְדַבֵּֽר (dāḇar) was translated more like an imperative8 in the NET—speak (dāḇar, תדבר) what I tell (, וכה) you—a note (9) acknowledged: Heb “and thus you shall speak.” The word put in Balaam’s mouth ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν (“from God exists”).9

The narrative continued (Numbers 23:6, 7a ESV).

And [Balaam] returned to [Balak], and behold, he and all the princes of Moab were standing beside his burnt offering. And Balaam took up his discourse and said…

Here the Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:6 (Tanakh/KJV)

Numbers 23:6 (NET)

Numbers 23:6 7a (NETS)

Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt-offering, he, and all the princes of Moab. So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab. And he returned to him, and the latter stood over his whole burnt offering, and all the rulers of Moab with him. (7) And a divine spirit was upon him. And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him.

The words καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ (NETS: And a divine spirit was upon him; English Elpenor: and the Spirit of God came upon him) are such a perfect answer to, “how it is that a prophet who from God exists cannot (οὐ δύναται, a form of δύναμαι) bear bad fruit,10 it almost overwhelms me with conflicting emotions. Is it gilding the lily? Is it just too good to be true? It sounds like Paul (Galatians 5:16 ESV).

But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh.

I used the search feature on the BLB Septuagint online to reverse engineer a possible Hebrew source for καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ. A search of the word ἐγενήθη yielded 11 occurrences of forms of הָיָה (hāyâ) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated καὶ ἐγενήθη in the Septuagint (see table below). A search of πνεῦμα yielded 2 occurrences of a form of רוּחַ (rûaḥ) followed by a form of אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ in the Septuagint (see table below). And a search of αὐτῷ yielded 14 occurrences of forms of עַל (ʿal) in the Masoretic text of the Torah translated ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ in the Septuagint plus 1 occurrence translated ἐστιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ (see table below).

This exercise was little more than a demonstration of the possibility of translating the Greek word string καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ back into Hebrew in a manner consistent with other Greek translations from Hebrew in the Septuagint. The time it took, however, allowed my emotions the opportunity to cool and subside. Then I was able to hear this word string as a Greek translation of a Hebrew text predating the Masoretic text of Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor).

And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him. And he took up his parable, and said…

So, God promised Balaam: “If these people are here to call you, rise up, and follow them, but the word that I speak to you—this you shall do.”11 The angel of the Lord reiterated that promise: Go with the men: nevertheless the word which I shall speak to thee, that thou shalt take heed to speak.12 Then God began to fulfill his promise: And God put a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said (e.g., promised), thou shalt return to Balac, and thus shalt thou speak.13 Then God empowered Balaam to obey his word—and the Spirit of God came upon him—and the promise was fulfilled (Numbers 23:7b-10 ESV).

“From Aram Balak has brought me, the king of Moab from the eastern mountains: ‘Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, denounce Israel!’ How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce whom the Lord has not denounced? For from the top of the crags I see him, from the hills I behold him; behold, a people dwelling alone, and not counting itself among the nations! Who can count the dust of Jacob or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!”

Before considering the content of God’s word to Balak, I want to ask some questions: How would this play out among the Masoretes (“whose name derives from the Hebrew word mesorah, meaning tradition”14)? Would those “scholars and scribes” tasked “to decipher the authentic word of God” from “many disparities of the Torah [which had] emerged as countless scribes wrote numerous scrolls,” with an “ultimate goal…to uphold the traditions of the Jewish people,” fail to recognize how similar and the Spirit of God came upon the Gentile prophet Balaam was to the teachings of that traitor to “the traditions of the Jewish people” (Acts 9:1-31)15 Saul (aka Paul, an Apostle16 of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles17)? Was there any way possible (apart from the direct intervention of the Spirit of God) that these men could recognize and the Spirit of God came upon a Gentile prophet as “the authentic word of God”?

Though these specific questions weren’t addressed, an article, titled “What Are the Different Manuscripts of the Old Testament, and How Do They Compare?” on the Updated American Standard Version (USAV) Bible website, made some compelling observations about the Dead Sea Scrolls.

The Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered near the Dead Sea in the 1940s. The Dead Sea Scrolls are considered one of the most important discoveries in biblical archaeology and have significantly contributed to the study of the Hebrew Scriptures…

One of the most significant aspects of the Dead Sea Scrolls is the preservation of the Hebrew text in its earliest form, which predates the Masoretic text [“the standard text of the Hebrew Scriptures that was codified by the Masoretes in the early Middle Ages”], the standard version of the Hebrew Bible used today, by hundreds of years. This has provided scholars with a unique opportunity to compare and analyze the differences between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic text.

The Dead Sea Scrolls also demonstrate the fluidity of the text of the Hebrew Bible in the Second Temple period [516 BC – 70 AD], showing that textual variations were not considered significant and that multiple versions of the same texts were accepted and used…

For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls often contain longer and more varied forms of biblical passages than the Masoretic Text. They also sometimes have alternative readings for certain passages, which can shed light on the development of the text over time. In some cases, the Dead Sea Scrolls have been found to have readings that are closer to the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, than to the Masoretic Text.

Despite these differences, the overall agreement between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Masoretic Text is remarkable, especially considering the significant time gap between the two. This agreement supports the general accuracy and reliability of the transmission of the biblical text over the centuries.

The “overall agreement between” the Masoretic text and the Septuagint in the Old Testament, and the critical text and received texts in the New, also “supports the general accuracy and reliability of the transmission of the biblical text over the centuries.” For those of us who have no access to manuscripts (and would go blind trying to read them online) the Septuagint and the received texts offer the opportunity to consider (along with God the Father, God the Son through God the indwelling Holy Spirit) some of those differences. We don’t know which of the “multiple versions” of the Torah, the Prophets and the Writings Jesus preferred, but He does.

The goal of Bible study is eternal life, that [we] know (γινώσκωσιν) [Him], the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom [He has] sent.18 All righteousness flows from that relationship through his indwelling Spirit; γινώσκωσιν is a form of γινώσκω: “to know; to come to know, find out by observation, find out by inquiry; to arrive at a solution of (a puzzle, riddle, etc.); to have in the mind, have learned; to become closely acquainted with, have personal knowledge of; to recognize, admit to acquaintance with; to experience (e.g., to know disappointment); to be aware, become aware; to recognize as one’s own; to understand, comprehend; to perceive, notice, realize; to acknowledge, recognize (someone’s authority or relationship); to identify; to acknowledge as true, admit as important; to take note of, not neglect someone needy; to take an interest in, concern oneself with; to admit to the veracity of (a proposition); to have sexual intercourse.”

God, demonstrating his knowledge, addressed Balak with a verbal reprise of events (Numbers 23:7 ESV).

From Aram Balak has brought me, the king of Moab from the eastern mountains: ‘Come, curse Jacob for me, and come, denounce Israel!’

Balak believed that Balaam’s word was powerful; he had said, “for I know that he whom you bless is blessed, and he whom you curse is cursed,”19 and demonstrated his faith by reaching out to Balaam for assistance. But did he believe Balaam spoke the word of God? That depends on whether he believed Balaam when he said: “Perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he shows me I will tell you.”20

God’s word to Balak continued (Numbers 23:8 ESV):

How can I curse whom God has not cursed? How can I denounce whom the Lord has not denounced?

Granted, this sounds as if Balaam is speaking for himself on his own behalf. Only the reader of the Masoretic text knows that the Lord put a word in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and thus you shall speak.”21 And only the reader of the Septuagint knows that the Spirit of God came upon him,22 ensuring that Balaam spoke the word the Lord put in his mouth. To one who knows the Lord, however, this line of questioning, inviting one to reconsider one’s own way, is very familiar.23

Balaam continued (Numbers 23:9, 10a ESV).

For from the top of the crags I see him, from the hills I behold him; behold, a people dwelling alone, and not counting itself among the nations! Who can count the dust of Jacob or number the fourth part of Israel?

This definitely sounds like Balaam speaking, even describing what he and Balak can see with their own eyes, except for the saying: not counting itself among the nations! How did this Gentile prophet know that the Lord had promised Israel, You shall be holy to me, for I the Lord am holy and have separated you from the peoples, that you should be mine,24 if not from the word the Lord put in his mouth? Likewise, one wonders how this Gentile prophet referenced the then current progress of fulfillment of the Lord’s promise to Abraham: And he brought [Abraham] outside and said, “Look toward heaven, and number the stars, if you are able to number them.” Then he said to him, “So shall your offspring be.”25

But the conclusion of Balaam’s prophecy confounds the imagination (Numbers 23:10b ESV):

Let me die the death of the upright, and let my end be like his!”

The Masoretic text and Septuagint diverge here as well:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 23:10b (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:10b (NET)

Numbers 23:10b (NETS)

Numbers 23:10b (English Elpenor)

Let me (נַפְשִׁי֙) die (תָּמֹ֤ת) the death (מ֣וֹת) of the righteous (יְשָׁרִ֔ים), and let mine end (אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י) be (וּתְהִ֥י) like his (כָּמֹֽהוּ)! Let me (nep̄eš, נפשי) die (mûṯ, תמת) the death (māveṯ, מות) of the upright (yāšār, ישרים), and let the end of my life (‘aḥărîṯ, אחריתי) be (hāyâ, ותהי) like theirs (kᵊmô, כמהו).” May my soul ( ψυχή μου) die (ἀποθάνοι) among souls (ἐν ψυχαῖς) of righteous ones (δικαίων), and (καὶ) may my offspring (τὸ σπέρμα μου) be (γένοιτο) as their offspring (ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων)!” let my soul ( ψυχή μου) die (ἀποθάνοι) with the souls (ἐν ψυχαῖς) of the righteous (δικαίων), and let (καὶ) my seed (τὸ σπέρμα μου) be (γένοιτο) as their seed (ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων).

The Hebrew verb תָּמֹ֤ת (mûṯ) in the Masoretic text was translated Letdie in the Tanakh, KJV and NET. It was translated ἀποθάνοι in the Septuagint: Maydie (NETS), letdie (English Elpenor). Though ἀποθάνοι might be understood as an infinitive form of ἀποθνήσκω (“to die”), the optative mood seems more likely here.

The optative is the mood of possibility, removed even further than the subjunctive mood from something conceived of as actual. Often it is used to convey a wish or hope for a certain action to occur.26

The next Hebrew noun in the Masoretic text—נַפְשִׁי֙ (nep̄eš), translated me (Tanakh, KJV, NET)—was arguably translated better in the Septuagint— ψυχή μου, my soul (NETS, English Elpenor). Consider Genesis 12:13:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:13 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 12:13 (NET)

Genesis 12:13 (NETS) Table

Genesis 12:13 (English Elpenor)

Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister; that it may be well with me (לִ֣י) for thy sake, and that my soul (נַפְשִׁ֖י) may live (וְחָֽיְתָ֥ה) because of thee.’ So tell them you are my sister so that it may go well for me (‘ănî, לי) because of you and my life (nep̄eš, נפשי) will be spared [note 39: Heb “and my life will live (ḥāyâ, וחיתה).”] on account of you.” Say, therefore, ‘I am his sister’, so that it may go well with me (μοι) because of you, and my soul ( ψυχή μου) will live (καὶ ζήσεται) on your account.” Say, therefore, I am his sister, that it may be well with me (μοι) on account of thee, and my soul ( ψυχή μου) shall live (καὶ ζήσεται) because of thee.

Here with me (Tanakh, KJV) or for me (NET) was an entirely different word in the Masoretic text, לִ֣י (‘ănî), and in the Septuagint with me (NETS, English Elpenor) was μοι. But the major difference in the first clause in Numbers 23:10b was translating the death (Tanakh, KJV, NET)—מ֣וֹת (māveṯ)—ἐν ψυχαῖς, among souls (NETS), with the souls (English Elpenor). I’ll return to this difference after considering the major differences in the next clause.

The next clause begins with וּתְהִ֥י (hāyâ), and letbe (Tanakh, KJV, NET) in the Masoretic text, which was translated καὶ γένοιτο, and maybe (NETS), and letbe (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. But אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י (‘aḥărîṯ), mine end (Tanakh), my last end (KJV), the end of my life (NET), was translated τὸ σπέρμα μου, my offspring (NETS), my seed (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. This is not as strange as it may seem at first after considering 8 other occurrences27 of forms of אַחֲרִית (‘aḥărîṯ) in the Masoretic text of the Torah.

One:

Then Jacob called his sons and said, “Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in days to come.28

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 49:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 49:1 (NET)

Genesis 49:1 (NETS)

Genesis 49:1, 2a (English Elpenor)

And Jacob called unto his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִ֥ית) of days (הַיָּמִֽים). Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים). Then Iakob summoned his sons and said: “Gather together in order that I may tell you what will happen to you at the last (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων) of the days (τῶν ἡμερῶν). AND Jacob called his sons, and said to them, (2) Assemble yourselves, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in the last (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν).

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִ֥ית, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִֽים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), in the last days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. This phrase was translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν, at the last of the days (NETS) and in the last days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Two:

Then he looked on Amalek and took up his discourse and said, “Amalek was the first among the nations, but its end is utter destruction.”29

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Numbers 24:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:20 (NET)

Numbers 24:20 (NETS)

Numbers 24:20 (English Elpenor)

And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said: Amalek was the first of the nations; but his end (וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ) shall come (עֲדֵ֥י) to destruction (אֹבֵֽד). Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end (aḥărîṯ, ואחריתו) will be that (ʿaḏ, עדי) he will perish (‘ōḇēḏ, אבד).” And when he saw Amalek and took up his parable, he said: “Rule of nations is Amalek, but their offspring (καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν) will perish (ἀπολεῖται).” And having seen Amalec, he took up his parable and said, Amalec [is] the first of the nations; yet his seed (καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν) shall perish (ἀπολεῖται).

Here, וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by עֲדֵ֥י, a form of עַד (ʿaḏ), and אֹבֵֽד (‘ōḇēḏ) was translated but his end shall come to destruction (Tanakh), but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever (KJV) and but his end will be that he will perish (NET) from the Masoretic text. This phrase was translated καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται, but their offspring will perish (NETS) and yet his seed shall perish (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. In other words, to perish for ever was understood by the translators of the Septuagint as the death of the last of one’s family line. So, וְאַֽחֲרִית֖וֹ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ) in the Masoretic text, was translated καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν in the Septuagint: but his end (NET) understood as but their offspring (NETS).

Three:

When you are in tribulation, and all these things come upon you in the latter days, you will return to the Lord your God and obey his voice. For the Lord your God is a merciful God. He will not leave you or destroy you or forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them.30

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (NET)

Deuteronomy 4:29b-31 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:29b-31 (English Elpenor)

In thy distress, when all these things are come upon thee, in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִית֙) of days (הַיָּמִ֔ים), thou wilt return to HaShem thy G-d, and hearken unto His voice; In your distress when all these things happen to you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים), if you return to the Lord your God and obey him in your distress. And all these words shall find you in the end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ) of days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), and you will return to the Lord your God and listen to his voice. in your affliction. (30) And all these things shall come upon thee in the last (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), and thou shalt turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt hearken to his voice.
for HaShem thy G-d is a merciful G-d; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them. (for he is a merciful God), he will not let you down or destroy you, for he cannot forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them. Because the Lord your God is a compassionate god, he will neither abandon you nor wipe you out; he will not forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them. Because the Lord thy God [is] a God of pity: he will not forsake thee, nor destroy thee; he will not forget the covenant of thy fathers, which the Lord sware to them.

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִית֙, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִ֔ים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), even in the latter days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. And this phrase was translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, in the end of days (NETS) and in the last days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Four:

who fed you in the wilderness with manna that your fathers did not know, that he might humble you and test you, to do you good in the end.31

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Tanakh/KJV)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NET)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (English Elpenor)

who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end (בְּאַֽחֲרִיתֶֽךָ); fed you in the wilderness with manna (which your ancestors had never before known) so that he might by humbling you test you and eventually (aḥărîṯ, באחריתך) bring good to you. who fed you with manna in the wilderness that your fathers did not know so that he might distress you and test you, that you might do well at your end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου). who fed thee with manna in the wilderness, which thou knewest not, and thy fathers knew not; that he might afflict thee, and thoroughly try thee, and do thee good in thy latter days (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου).

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִיתֶֽךָ, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was not followed by any form of יוֹם (yôm). It was translated at thy latter end (Tanakh, KJV) and eventually (NET) from the Masoretic text. But in the Septuagint this one word was still translated ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου, at your end (NETS) and in thy latter days (English Elpenor).

Five:

a land that the Lord your God cares for. The eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.32

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NET)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (English Elpenor)

a land which HaShem thy G-d careth for; the eyes of HaShem thy G-d are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end (אַֽחֲרִ֥ית) of the year. a land the Lord your God looks after. He is constantly attentive to it from the beginning to the end (aḥărîṯ, אחרית) of the year. a land that the Lord your God regards it. The eyes of the Lord your God are always on it, from the beginning of the year even until the end (συντελείας) of the year. A land which the Lord thy God surveys continually, the eyes of the Lord thy God are upon it from the beginning of the year to the end (συντελείας) of the year.

Here, אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated the end (Tanakh, KJV, NET) from the Masoretic text, and συντελείας, the end (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Six:

For I know that after my death you will surely act corruptly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And in the days to come evil will befall you, because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, provoking him to anger through the work of your hands.”33

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NET)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (English Elpenor)

For I know that after (אַֽחֲרֵ֤י) my death (מוֹתִי֙) ye will in any wise deal corruptly, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the end (בְּאַֽחֲרִ֣ית) of days (הַיָּמִ֔ים); because ye will do that which is evil in the sight of HaShem, to provoke Him through the work of your hands.’ For I know that after (‘aḥar, אחרי) I die (māveṯ, מותי) you will totally corrupt yourselves and turn away from the path I have commanded you to walk. Disaster will confront you in future (aḥărîṯ, באחרית) days (yôm, הימים) because you will act wickedly before the Lord, inciting him to anger because of your actions.” For I know that, after (ἔσχατον) my demise (τῆς τελευτῆς μου), with lawlessness you will act lawlessly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And the evils will come upon you at the end (ἔσχατον) of days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him through the works of your hands.” For I know that after (ἔσχατον) my death (τῆς τελευτῆς μου) ye will utterly transgress, and turn aside out of the way which I have commanded you; and evils shall come upon you in the latter (ἔσχατον) days (τῶν ἡμερῶν), because ye will do evil before the Lord, to provoke him to anger by the works of your hands.

Here, בְּאַֽחֲרִ֣ית, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), followed by הַיָּמִ֔ים, a form of יוֹם (yôm), was translated in the end of days (Tanakh), in the latter days (KJV) and in future days (NET) from the Masoretic text. The phrase was translated ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν, at the end of days (NETS) and in the latter days (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. The adjective אַֽחֲרֵ֤י, a form of אַחַר (‘aḥar), after (Tanakh, KJV, NET) from the Masoretic text was also translated ἔσχατον, after (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint. This was followed by מוֹתִי֙, a form of מָוֶת (māveṯ), my death (Tanakh, KJV) and I die (NET) in the Masoretic text, which was translated τῆς τελευτῆς μου, my demise (NETS) and my death (English Elpenor) in the Septuagint (see table below for a listing of all the occurrences of forms of מָוֶת [māveṯ] in the Masoretic text of the Torah and their translations in the Elpenor version of the Septuagint).

Seven:

And he said, ‘I will hide my face from them; I will see what their end will be, for they are a perverse generation, children in whom is no faithfulness.34

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NET)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (English Elpenor)

And He said: ‘I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be (אַֽחֲרִיתָ֑ם); for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faithfulness. He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them (aḥărîṯ, אחריתם); for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty. And he said: I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will happen to them (ἔσται αὐτοῖς) at the end (ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων), for it is a perverse generation, sons who have no faithfulness in them. and said, I will turn away my face from them, and will show what shall happen to them (ἔσται αὐτοῖς) in the last days (ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν); for it is a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.

Here, אַֽחֲרִיתָ֑ם, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated their end shall be (Tanakh, KJV) and will happen to them (NET) from the Masoretic text. In the Septuagint this noun was translated ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων (BLB Septuagint), will happen to them at the end (NETS) and ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν (Elpenor Septuagint), shall happen to them in the last days (English Elpenor).

Eight:

If they were wise, they would understand this; they would discern their latter end!35

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NET)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (English Elpenor)

If they were wise, they would understand this, they would discern their latter end (לְאַֽחֲרִיתָֽם). I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them (aḥărîṯ, לאחריתם).” They had no sense to understand these things. Let them accept them for the time to come (τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον). They had not sense to understand: let them reserve these things against the time to come (τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον).

Here, לְאַֽחֲרִיתָֽם, another form of אַחֲרִית (aḥărîṯ), was translated their latter end (Tanakh, KJV) and what will happen to them (NET) from the Masoretic text. It was translated τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον, the time to come (NETS, English Elpenor) in the Septuagint.

Conclusion:

Though this brief survey is insufficient to give me a comprehensive understanding of the theological presuppositions and biases that prompted and governed the translators’ word choices, it does offer me a fairly high degree of confidence that they were translating the same Hebrew words found today in the Masoretic text of Numbers 23:10b. Even ἐν ψυχαῖς, among souls (NETS), with the souls (English Elpenor), as a translation of a form of מָוֶת (māveṯ) seems unremarkable and in general accordance with what can be gleaned of these theological presuppositions when coupled with אַֽחֲרִיתִ֖י (‘aḥărîṯ), mine end (Tanakh), my last end (KJV), the end of my life (NET).

Given that, however, I am much more inclined to understand the word the Lord put in Balaam’s mouth in the light of my own theological presuppositions and biases:

Let me die the death of the upright…36

Then Jesus told his disciples, “If anyone would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For37 whoever would save his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) will lose it, but whoever loses his life (τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ; e.g., “his soul”) for my sake will find it. For what will it profit38 a man if he gains the whole world and forfeits his soul (την δε ψυχην αυτου)? Or what shall a man give in return for his soul (της ψυχης αυτου)?39

What shall we say then? Are we to continue in sin that grace may abound? [Table] By no means! How can we who died to sin still live in it? Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that (ἵνα; e.g., “indicating purpose”), just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk (περιπατήσωμεν a form of the verb περιπατέω in the subjunctive mood; e.g. a definite outcome when in a purpose clause) in newness of life.

For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we shall certainly be united with him in a resurrection like his. We know that our old self ( παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος; “our old human”) was crucified with him in order that the body of sin might be brought to nothing, so that we would no longer be enslaved to sin. For one who has died has been set free from sin.40

and let my end be like his!41

Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him. We know that Christ, being raised from the dead, will never die again; death no longer has dominion over him. For the death he died he died to sin, once for all, but the life he lives he lives to God. So you also must consider (λογίζεσθε, a form of λογίζομαι; another “multiplexed” verb) yourselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus [Table].

Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal body, to make you obey its passions [Table]. Do not present your members to sin as instruments for unrighteousness, but present yourselves to God as those who have been brought from death to life, and your members to God as instruments for righteousness [Table]. For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law but under grace [Table].42

Now I wonder how Let me die the death of the upright survived the Masoretes’ editorial process: May my soul die the death of the upright and let my end be like his.43 But an answer is as near as the understanding revealed in the Septuagint: May my soul die among souls of righteous ones.44 A Gentile prophet’s desire to die among the upright (e.g., those who held to Jewish tradition as the Masoretes understood it) only served to confirm the Masoretes’ faith. Even Rashi’s (1040-1105) commentary from the Middle Ages falls in line with the interpretation of those who translated the Septuagint:

May my soul die the death of the upright. Among them.45

Did Balak realize that he was hearing from God as Balaam prophesied to him? I’ll continue with that in another essay. The tables mentioned above follow.

Forms of הָיָה (hāyâ) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated καὶ ἐγενήθη in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Genesis 39:5

וַיְהִ֞י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Genesis 49:15

וַיְהִ֖י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Exodus 2:10

וַֽיְהִי

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Exodus 38:27 (39:4)

וַיְהִ֗י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Leviticus 9:1

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 4:44

וַיִּהְי֥וּ

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 22:41

וַיְהִ֣י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 31:32

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Numbers 31:36

וַתְּהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Deuteronomy 1:3

וַֽיְהִי֙

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Deuteronomy 2:16

וַיְהִ֨י

καὶ ἐγενήθη

Forms of רוּחַ (rûaḥ) and אֱלֹהִים (‘ĕlōhîm) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated πνεῦμα θεοῦ in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Genesis 1:2

וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים

καὶ πνεῦμα θεοῦ

Genesis 41:38

ר֥וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֖ים

πνεῦμα θεοῦ

Forms of עַל (ʿal) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah translated ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ in the Septuagint

Reference Hebrew – Masoretic Text Greek – Septuagint

Exodus 22:3 (22:2)

עָלָ֖יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Exodus 28:8

עָלָ֔יו

ἐστιν ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Exodus 29:36

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 15:24

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 21:12

עָלָ֖יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Leviticus 22:3

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ

Numbers 6:7

עַל

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 6:9

עָלָיו֙

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 11:25

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 19:15

עליו

ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 13:8

עָלָ֔יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

עָלָֽיו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 19:13

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 24:15

עָלָ֣יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Deuteronomy 33:12

עָלָ֑יו

ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ

Forms of מָוֶת (māveṯ) in the Masoretic Text of the Torah and their translations in the Elpenor Septuagint

Reference Hebrew / KJV Elpenor Greek / English

Genesis 21:16

בְּמוֹת / the death

τὸν θάνατον / the death

Genesis 25:11

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / was dead

Genesis 26:18

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / the death

Genesis 27:2

מוֹתִי / of my death

τῆς τελευτῆς μου / of my death

Genesis 27:7

מוֹתִי / my death

τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν με / I die

Genesis 27:10

מוֹתוֹ / his death

τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν αὐτόν / he dies

Genesis 50:16

מוֹתוֹ / he died

τοῦ τελευτῆσαι αὐτὸν / his death

Exodus 10:17

הַמָּוֶת / death

τὸν θάνατον / death

Leviticus 11:31

בְּמֹתָם / when they be dead

τεθνηκότων / carcases

Leviticus 11:32

בְּמֹתָם / when they are dead

τεθνηκότων / dead bodies

Leviticus 16:1

מוֹת / the death

τὸ τελευτῆσαι / died

Numbers 6:7

בְּמֹתָם / when they die

ἀποθανόντων αὐτῶν / when they have died

Numbers 16:29

כְּמוֹת / common death

θάνατον / the death

Numbers 23:10

מוֹת / the death

ἐν ψυχαῖς / with the souls

Numbers 26:10

בְּמוֹת / when…died

τῷ θανάτῳ / perished

Numbers 33:39

בְּמֹתוֹ / when he died

ὅτε ἀπέθνησκεν / when he died

Numbers 35:25

מוֹת / the death

ἀποθάνῃ / the death

Numbers 35:28

מוֹת /the death

ἀποθάνῃ / died

מוֹת / the death

τὸ ἀποθανεῖν / the death

Numbers 35:32

מוֹת / the death

ἀποθάνῃ / the death

Deuteronomy 19:6

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 21:22

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 22:26

מָוֶת / of death

θανάτου / of death

Deuteronomy 30:15

הַמָּוֶת / death

τὸν θάνατον / death

Deuteronomy 30:19

וְהַמָּוֶת / and death

καὶ τὸν θάνατον / and death

Deuteronomy 31:27

מוֹתִי / my death

τοῦ θανάτου μου / my death

Deuteronomy 31:29

מוֹתִי / my death

τῆς τελευτῆς μου / my death

Deuteronomy 33:1

מוֹתוֹ / his death

τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτοῦ / his death

Deuteronomy 34:7

בְּמֹתוֹ / when he died

ἐν τῷ τελευτᾶν αὐτόν / at his death

Tables comparing Numbers 22:41; 23:1; 23:2; 23:3; 23:4; 23:5; 23:6; 23:7; 23:8; 23:9; 23:10; Leviticus 20:26; Genesis 49:1; Numbers 24:20; Deuteronomy 4:30; 4:31; 8:16; 11:12; 31:29; 32:20 and 32:29 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and comparing the Greek of Numbers 22:41; 23:1; 23:2; 23:3; 23:4; 23:5; 23:6; 23:7; 23:8; 23:9; 23:10; Leviticus 20:26; Genesis 49:1; Numbers 24:20; Deuteronomy 4:30; 4:31; 8:16; 11:12; 31:29; 32:20 and 32:29 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and tables comparing Matthew 16:25, 26 in the KJV and NET follow.

Numbers 22:41 (Tanakh)

Numbers 22:41 (KJV)

Numbers 22:41 (NET)

And it came to pass in the morning that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into Bamoth-baal, and he saw from thence the utmost part of the people. And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people. Then on the next morning Balak took Balaam, and brought him up to Bamoth Baal. From there he saw the extent of the nation.

Numbers 22:41 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 22:41 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγενήθη πρωὶ καὶ παραλαβὼν Βαλακ τὸν Βαλααμ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν στήλην τοῦ Βααλ καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ ἐκεῖθεν μέρος τι τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ ἐγενήθη πρωΐ καὶ παραλαβὼν Βαλὰκ τὸν Βαλαὰμ ἀνεβίβασεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὴν στήλην τοῦ Βαὰλ καὶ ἔδειξεν αὐτῷ ἐκεῖθεν μέρος τι τοῦ λαοῦ

Numbers 22:41 (NETS)

Numbers 22:41 (English Elpenor)

And it became morning, and Balak took along Balaam and brought him up to the stele of Baal, and he showed him from there a part of the people. And it was morning; and Balac took Balaam, and brought him up to the pillar of Baal, and shewed him thence a part of the people.

Numbers 23:1 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:1 (KJV)

Numbers 23:1 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams.’ And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams. Balaam said to Balak, “Build me seven altars here, and prepare for me here seven bulls and seven rams.”

Numbers 23:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ τῷ Βαλακ οἰκοδόμησόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς καὶ ἑτοίμασόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ μόσχους καὶ ἑπτὰ κριούς ΚΑΙ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ τῷ Βαλάκ· οἰκοδόμησόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς καὶ ἑτοίμασόν μοι ἐνταῦθα ἑπτὰ μόσχους καὶ ἑπτὰ κριούς

Numbers 23:1 (NETS)

Numbers 23:1 (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Build for me here seven altars, and prepare for me here seven calves and seven rams.” And Balaam said to Balac, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven calves, and seven rams.

Numbers 23:2 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:2 (KJV)

Numbers 23:2 (NET)

And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram. So Balak did just as Balaam had said. Balak and Balaam then offered on each altar a bull and a ram.

Numbers 23:2 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:2 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐποίησεν Βαλακ ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βαλααμ καὶ ἀνήνεγκεν μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν καὶ ἐποίησε Βαλὰκ ὃν τρόπον εἶπεν αὐτῷ Βαλαάμ, καὶ ἀνήνεγκε μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν

Numbers 23:2 (NETS)

Numbers 23:2 (English Elpenor)

And Balak did in the manner Balaam told him, and Balak and Balaam offered up a calf and a ram on the altar. And Balac did as Balaam told him; and he offered up a calf and a ram on [every] altar.

Numbers 23:3 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:3 (KJV)

Numbers 23:3 (NET)

And Balaam said unto Balak: ‘Stand by thy burnt-offering, and I will go; peradventure HaShem will come to meet me; and whatsoever He showeth me I will tell thee.’ And he went to a bare height. And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place. Balaam said to Balak, “Station yourself by your burnt offering, and I will go off; perhaps the Lord will come to meet me, and whatever he reveals to me I will tell you.” Then he went to a deserted height.

Numbers 23:3 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:3 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν Βαλααμ πρὸς Βαλακ παράστηθι ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας σου καὶ πορεύσομαι εἴ μοι φανεῖται ὁ θεὸς ἐν συναντήσει καὶ ῥῆμα ὃ ἐάν μοι δείξῃ ἀναγγελῶ σοι καὶ παρέστη Βαλακ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ καὶ Βαλααμ ἐπορεύθη ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν θεὸν καὶ ἐπορεύθη εὐθεῖαν καὶ εἶπε Βαλαὰμ πρὸς Βαλάκ· παράστηθι ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας σου, καὶ πορεύσομαι εἴ μοι φανεῖται ὁ Θεὸς ἐν συναντήσει, καὶ ῥῆμα, ὃ ἐάν μοι δείξῃ, ἀναγγελῶ σοι. καὶ παρέστη Βαλὰκ ἐπὶ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ, καὶ Βαλαὰμ ἐπορεύθη ἐπερωτῆσαι τὸν Θεὸν καὶ ἐπορεύθη εὐθεῖαν

Numbers 23:3 (NETS)

Numbers 23:3, 4a (English Elpenor)

And Balaam said to Balak, “Stand beside your sacrifice, but as for me I will go, If God will appear to me in a meeting. And whatever word he shows me I will report to you.” And Balak stood beside his sacrifice, and Balaam went to inquire of God, and he went straight ahead. And Balaam said to Balac, Stand by thy sacrifice, and I will go and see if God will appear to me and meet me, and the word which he shall shew me, I will report to thee. And Balac stood by his sacrifice. (4) And Balaam went to enquire of God; and he went straight forward,

Numbers 23:4 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:4 (KJV)

Numbers 23:4 (NET)

And G-d met Balaam; and he said unto Him: ‘I have prepared the seven altars, and I have offered up a bullock and a ram on every altar.’ And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram. Then God met Balaam, who said to him, “I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered on each altar a bull and a ram.”

Numbers 23:4 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:4 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐφάνη ὁ θεὸς τῷ Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν πρὸς αὐτὸν Βαλααμ τοὺς ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς ἡτοίμασα καὶ ἀνεβίβασα μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν καὶ ἐφάνη ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Βαλαάμ, καὶ εἶπε πρὸς αὐτὸν Βαλαάμ· τοὺς ἑπτὰ βωμοὺς ἡτοίμασα καὶ ἀνεβίβασα μόσχον καὶ κριὸν ἐπὶ τὸν βωμόν

Numbers 23:4 (NETS)

Numbers 23:4b (English Elpenor)

And God appeared to Balaam, and Balaam said to him, “I prepared the seven altars, and I brought up a calf and a ram on the altar.” and God appeared to Balaam; and Balaam said to him, I have prepared the seven altars, and have offered a calf and a ram on [every] altar.

Numbers 23:5 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:5 (KJV)

Numbers 23:5 (NET)

And HaShem put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said: ‘Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak.’ And the LORD put a word in Balaam’s mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak. Then the Lord put a message in Balaam’s mouth and said, “Return to Balak, and speak what I tell you.”

Numbers 23:5 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:5 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐνέβαλεν ὁ θεὸς ῥῆμα εἰς τὸ στόμα Βαλααμ καὶ εἶπεν ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς Βαλακ οὕτως λαλήσεις καὶ ἐνέβαλεν ὁ Θεὸς ρῆμα εἰς τὸ στόμα Βαλαὰμ καὶ εἶπεν· ἐπιστραφεὶς πρὸς Βαλὰκ οὕτω λαλήσεις

Numbers 23:5 (NETS)

Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

And God put a word into Balaam’s mouth and said, “When you return to Balak, thus you shall speak.” And God put a word into the mouth of Balaam, and said, thou shalt return to Balac, and thus shalt thou speak.

Numbers 23:6 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:6 (KJV)

Numbers 23:6 (NET)

And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt-offering, he, and all the princes of Moab. And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab. So he returned to him, and he was still standing by his burnt offering, he and all the princes of Moab.

Numbers 23:6, 7a (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:6 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ ὅδε ἐφειστήκει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωαβ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ (7) καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀπεστράφη πρὸς αὐτόν, καὶ ὅδε ἐφειστήκει ἐπὶ τῶν ὁλοκαυτωμάτων αὐτοῦ, καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄρχοντες Μωὰβ μετ’ αὐτοῦ. καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ

Numbers 23:6 7a (NETS)

Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

And he returned to him, and the latter stood over his whole burnt offering, and all the rulers of Moab with him. (7) And a divine spirit was upon him. And he returned to him, and moreover he stood over his whole-burnt-offerings, and all the princes of Moab with him; and the Spirit of God came upon him.

Numbers 23:7 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:7 (KJV)

Numbers 23:7 (NET)

And he took up his parable, and said: From Aram Balak bringeth me, the king of Moab from the mountains of the East: ‘Come, curse me Jacob, and come, execrate Israel.’ And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel. Then Balaam uttered his oracle, saying, “Balak, the king of Moab, brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, ‘Come, pronounce a curse on Jacob for me; come, denounce Israel.’

Numbers 23:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:6b, 7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας μετεπέμψατό με Βαλακ βασιλεὺς Μωαβ ἐξ ὀρέων ἀπ᾽ ἀνατολῶν λέγων δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν Ιακωβ καὶ δεῦρο ἐπικατάρασαί μοι τὸν Ισραηλ καὶ ἐγενήθη πνεῦμα Θεοῦ ἐπ’ αὐτῷ (7) καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἐκ Μεσοποταμίας μετεπέμψατό με Βαλάκ, βασιλεὺς Μωάβ, ἐξ ὀρέων ἀπ’ ἀνατολῶν λέγων· δεῦρο ἄρασαί μοι τὸν ᾿Ιακὼβ καὶ δεῦρο ἐπικατάρασαί μοι τὸν ᾿Ισραήλ

Numbers 23:7 (NETS)

Numbers 23:6b, 7 (English Elpenor)

And a divine spirit was upon him. And he took up his parable and said: “Out of Mesopotamia Balak sent for me, Moab’s king from mountains on the east, saying: ‘Come, curse Iakob for me, and come, call down curses upon Israel for me!’ and the Spirit of God came upon him. (7) And he took up his parable, and said, Balac king of Moab sent for me out of Mesopotamia, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and Come, call for a curse for me upon Israel.

Numbers 23:8 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:8 (KJV)

Numbers 23:8 (NET)

How shall I curse, whom G-d hath not cursed? And how shall I execrate, whom HaShem hath not execrated? How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied? How can I curse one whom God has not cursed, or how can I denounce one whom the Lord has not denounced?

Numbers 23:8 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:8 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τί ἀράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται κύριος ἢ τί καταράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται ὁ θεός τί ἀράσωμαι ὃν μὴ ἀρᾶται Κύριος, ἢ τί καταράσωμαι ὃν μὴ καταρᾶται ὁ Θεός

Numbers 23:8 (NETS)

Numbers 23:8 (English Elpenor)

How shall I curse whom the Lord does not curse? Or how shall I call down curses on whom God does not call down curses? How can I curse whom the Lord curses not? or how can I devote whom God devotes not?

Numbers 23:9 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:9 (KJV)

Numbers 23:9 (NET)

For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, it is a people that shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations. For from the top of the rocks I see them; from the hills I watch them. Indeed, a nation that lives alone, and it will not be reckoned among the nations.

Numbers 23:9 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:9 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων ὄψομαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπὸ βουνῶν προσνοήσω αὐτόν ἰδοὺ λαὸς μόνος κατοικήσει καὶ ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐ συλλογισθήσεται ὅτι ἀπὸ κορυφῆς ὀρέων ὄψομαι αὐτὸν καὶ ἀπὸ βουνῶν προσνοήσω αὐτόν. ἰδοὺ λαὸς μόνος κατοικήσει καὶ ἐν ἔθνεσιν οὐ συλλογισθήσεται

Numbers 23:9 (NETS)

Numbers 23:9 (English Elpenor)

For from a top of mountains I shall see him, and from hills I shall observe him. Behold, a people shall dwell alone and shall not be reckoned among the nations! For from the top of the mountains I shall see him, and from the hills I shall observe him: behold, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.

Numbers 23:10 (Tanakh)

Numbers 23:10 (KJV)

Numbers 23:10 (NET)

Who hath counted the dust of Jacob, or numbered the stock of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let mine end be like his! Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his! Who can count the dust of Jacob, or number the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the upright, and let the end of my life be like theirs.”

Numbers 23:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 23:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τίς ἐξηκριβάσατο τὸ σπέρμα Ιακωβ καὶ τίς ἐξαριθμήσεται δήμους Ισραηλ ἀποθάνοι ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν ψυχαῖς δικαίων καὶ γένοιτο τὸ σπέρμα μου ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων τίς ἐξηκριβάσατο τὸ σπέρμα ᾿Ιακώβ, καὶ τίς ἐξαριθμήσεται δήμους ᾿Ισραήλ; ἀποθάνοι ἡ ψυχή μου ἐν ψυχαῖς δικαίων, καὶ γένοιτο τὸ σπέρμα μου ὡς τὸ σπέρμα τούτων

Numbers 23:10 (NETS)

Numbers 23:10 (English Elpenor)

Who has accurately counted the offspring of Iakob, and who shall number Israel’s divisions? May my soul die among souls of righteous ones, and may my offspring be as their offspring!” Who has exactly calculated the seed of Jacob, and who shall number the families of Israel? let my soul die with the souls of the righteous, and let my seed be as their seed.

Leviticus 20:26 (Tanakh)

Leviticus 20:26 (KJV)

Leviticus 20:26 (NET)

And ye shall be holy unto Me; for I HaShem am holy, and have set you apart from the peoples, that ye should be Mine. And ye shall be holy unto me: for I the LORD am holy, and have severed you from other people, that ye should be mine. You must be holy to me because I, the Lord, am holy, and I have set you apart from the other peoples to be mine.

Leviticus 20:26 (Septuagint BLB)

Leviticus 20:26 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι ἅγιοι ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιος κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὑμῶν ὁ ἀφορίσας ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν εἶναι ἐμοί καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι ἅγιοι, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἅγιός εἰμι Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφορίσας ὑμᾶς ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν, εἶναι ἐμοί

Leviticus 20:26 (NETS)

Leviticus 20:26 (English Elpenor)

And you shall be holy to me, for I the Lord your God am holy, who has separated you from all the nations to be mine. And ye shall be holy to me; because I the Lord your God [am] holy, who separated you from all nations, to be mine.

Genesis 49:1 (Tanakh)

Genesis 49:1 (KJV)

Genesis 49:1 (NET)

And Jacob called unto his sons, and said: ‘Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the end of days. And Jacob called unto his sons, and said, Gather yourselves together, that I may tell you that which shall befall you in the last days. Jacob called for his sons and said, “Gather together so I can tell you what will happen to you in future days.

Genesis 49:1 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 49:1 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐκάλεσεν δὲ Ιακωβ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν συνάχθητε ἵνα ἀναγγείλω ὑμῖν τί ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν ΕΚΑΛΕΣΕ δὲ ᾿Ιακὼβ τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· συνάχθητε, ἵνα ἀναγγείλω ὑμῖν, τί ἀπαντήσει ὑμῖν ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν

Genesis 49:1 (NETS)

Genesis 49:1, 2a (English Elpenor)

Then Iakob summoned his sons and said: “Gather together in order that I may tell you what will happen to you at the last of the days. AND Jacob called his sons, and said to them, (2) Assemble yourselves, that I may tell you what shall happen to you in the last days.

Numbers 24:20 (Tanakh)

Numbers 24:20 (KJV)

Numbers 24:20 (NET)

And he looked on Amalek, and took up his parable, and said: Amalek was the first of the nations; but his end shall come to destruction. And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever. Then Balaam looked on Amalek and delivered this oracle: “Amalek was the first of the nations, but his end will be that he will perish.”

Numbers 24:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Numbers 24:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν Αμαληκ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν ἀρχὴ ἐθνῶν Αμαληκ καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται καὶ ἰδὼν τὸν ᾿Αμαλὴκ καὶ ἀναλαβὼν τὴν παραβολὴν αὐτοῦ εἶπεν· ἀρχὴ ἐθνῶν ᾿Αμαλήκ, καὶ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτῶν ἀπολεῖται

Numbers 24:20 (NETS)

Numbers 24:20 (English Elpenor)

And when he saw Amalek and took up his parable, he said: “Rule of nations is Amalek, but their offspring will perish.” And having seen Amalec, he took up his parable and said, Amalec [is] the first of the nations; yet his seed shall perish.

Deuteronomy 4:30 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:30 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 4:30 (NET)

In thy distress, when all these things are come upon thee, in the end of days, thou wilt return to HaShem thy G-d, and hearken unto His voice; When thou art in tribulation, and all these things are come upon thee, even in the latter days, if thou turn to the LORD thy God, and shalt be obedient unto his voice; In your distress when all these things happen to you in future days, if you return to the Lord your God and obey him

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐν τῇ θλίψει σου (30) καὶ εὑρήσουσίν σε πάντες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν καὶ ἐπιστραφήσῃ πρὸς κύριον τὸν θεόν σου καὶ εἰσακούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ θλίψει σου· (30) καὶ εὑρήσουσί σε πάντες οἱ λόγοι οὗτοι ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτῳ τῶν ἡμερῶν, καὶ ἐπιστραφήσῃ πρὸς Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου καὶ εἰσακούσῃ τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ

Deuteronomy 4:30 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:29b, 30 (English Elpenor)

in your distress. And all these words shall find you in the end of days, and you will return to the Lord your God and listen to his voice. in your affliction. (30) And all these things shall come upon thee in the last days, and thou shalt turn to the Lord thy God, and shalt hearken to his voice.

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (NET)

for HaShem thy G-d is a merciful G-d; He will not fail thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which He swore unto them. (For the LORD thy God is a merciful God;) he will not forsake thee, neither destroy thee, nor forget the covenant of thy fathers which he sware unto them. (for he is a merciful God), he will not let you down or destroy you, for he cannot forget the covenant with your ancestors that he confirmed by oath to them.

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ὅτι θεὸς οἰκτίρμων κύριος ὁ θεός σου οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐκτρίψει σε οὐκ ἐπιλήσεται τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων σου ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς ὅτι Θεὸς οἰκτίρμων Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου, οὐκ ἐγκαταλείψει σε οὐδὲ μὴ ἐκτρίψῃ σε, οὐκ ἐπιλήσεται τὴν διαθήκην τῶν πατέρων σου, ἣν ὤμοσεν αὐτοῖς Κύριος

Deuteronomy 4:31 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 4:31 (English Elpenor)

Because the Lord your God is a compassionate god, he will neither abandon you nor wipe you out; he will not forget the covenant with your fathers that he swore to them. Because the Lord thy God [is] a God of pity: he will not forsake thee, nor destroy thee; he will not forget the covenant of thy fathers, which the Lord sware to them.

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NET)

who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; who fed thee in the wilderness with manna, which thy fathers knew not, that He might afflict thee, and that He might prove thee, to do thee good at thy latter end; fed you in the wilderness with manna (which your ancestors had never before known) so that he might by humbling you test you and eventually bring good to you.

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (Septuagint Elpenor)

τοῦ ψωμίσαντός σε τὸ μαννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ὃ οὐκ εἴδησαν οἱ πατέρες σου ἵνα κακώσῃ σε καὶ ἐκπειράσῃ σε καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσῃ ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου τοῦ ψωμίσαντός σε τὸ μάννα ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ, ὃ οὐκ ᾔδεις σὺ καὶ οὐκ ᾔδεισαν οἱ πατέρες σου, ἵνα κακώσῃ σε καὶ ἐκπειράσῃ σε καὶ εὖ σε ποιήσῃ ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν σου

Deuteronomy 8:16 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 8:16 (English Elpenor)

who fed you with manna in the wilderness that your fathers did not know so that he might distress you and test you, that you might do well at your end. who fed thee with manna in the wilderness, which thou knewest not, and thy fathers knew not; that he might afflict thee, and thoroughly try thee, and do thee good in thy latter days.

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NET)

a land which HaShem thy G-d careth for; the eyes of HaShem thy G-d are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. A land which the LORD thy God careth for: the eyes of the LORD thy God are always upon it, from the beginning of the year even unto the end of the year. a land the Lord your God looks after. He is constantly attentive to it from the beginning to the end of the year.

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

γῆ ἣν κύριος ὁ θεός σου ἐπισκοπεῖται αὐτήν διὰ παντὸς οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ κυρίου τοῦ θεοῦ σου ἐπ᾽ αὐτῆς ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἕως συντελείας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ γῆ, ἣν Κύριος ὁ Θεός σου ἐπισκοπεῖται αὐτὴν διαπαντός, οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου τοῦ Θεοῦ σου ἐπ᾿ αὐτῆς ἀπ᾿ ἀρχῆς τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ ἕως συντελείας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ

Deuteronomy 11:12 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 11:12 (English Elpenor)

a land that the Lord your God regards it. The eyes of the Lord your God are always on it, from the beginning of the year even until the end of the year. A land which the Lord thy God surveys continually, the eyes of the Lord thy God are upon it from the beginning of the year to the end of the year.

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NET)

For I know that after my death ye will in any wise deal corruptly, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the end of days; because ye will do that which is evil in the sight of HaShem, to provoke Him through the work of your hands.’ For I know that after my death ye will utterly corrupt yourselves, and turn aside from the way which I have commanded you; and evil will befall you in the latter days; because ye will do evil in the sight of the LORD, to provoke him to anger through the work of your hands. For I know that after I die you will totally corrupt yourselves and turn away from the path I have commanded you to walk. Disaster will confront you in future days because you will act wickedly before the Lord, inciting him to anger because of your actions.”

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν ὅτι ποιήσετε τὸ πονηρὸν ἐναντίον κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι ἔσχατον τῆς τελευτῆς μου ἀνομίᾳ ἀνομήσετε καὶ ἐκκλινεῖτε ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ, ἧς ἐνετειλάμην ὑμῖν, καὶ συναντήσεται ὑμῖν τὰ κακὰ ἔσχατον τῶν ἡμερῶν, ὅτι ποιήσετε τὰ πονηρὰ ἐναντίον Κυρίου παροργίσαι αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τῶν χειρῶν ὑμῶν

Deuteronomy 31:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 31:29 (English Elpenor)

For I know that, after my demise, with lawlessness you will act lawlessly and turn aside from the way that I have commanded you. And the evils will come upon you at the end of days, because you will do what is evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him through the works of your hands.” For I know that after my death ye will utterly transgress, and turn aside out of the way which I have commanded you; and evils shall come upon you in the latter days, because ye will do evil before the Lord, to provoke him to anger by the works of your hands.

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NET)

And He said: ‘I will hide My face from them, I will see what their end shall be; for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faithfulness. And he said, I will hide my face from them, I will see what their end shall be: for they are a very froward generation, children in whom is no faith. He said, “I will reject them. I will see what will happen to them; for they are a perverse generation, children who show no loyalty.

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ εἶπεν ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾽ ἐσχάτων ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν υἱοί οἷς οὐκ ἔστιν πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ εἶπεν· ἀποστρέψω τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἀπ᾿ αὐτῶν καὶ δείξω τί ἔσται αὐτοῖς ἐπ᾿ ἐσχάτων ἡμερῶν· ὅτι γενεὰ ἐξεστραμμένη ἐστίν, υἱοί, οἷς οὐκ ἔστι πίστις ἐν αὐτοῖς

Deuteronomy 32:20 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:20 (English Elpenor)

And he said: I will turn away my face from them, and I will show what will happen to them at the end, for it is a perverse generation, sons who have no faithfulness in them. and said, I will turn away my face from them, and will show what shall happen to them in the last days; for it is a perverse generation, sons in whom is no faith.

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Tanakh)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (KJV)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NET)

If they were wise, they would understand this, they would discern their latter end. O that they were wise, that they understood this, that they would consider their latter end! I wish that they were wise and could understand this, and that they could comprehend what will happen to them.”

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Septuagint BLB)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (Septuagint Elpenor)

οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον οὐκ ἐφρόνησαν συνιέναι ταῦτα· καταδεξάσθωσαν εἰς τὸν ἐπιόντα χρόνον

Deuteronomy 32:29 (NETS)

Deuteronomy 32:29 (English Elpenor)

They had no sense to understand these things. Let them accept them for the time to come. They had not sense to understand: let them reserve these things against the time to come.

Matthew 16:25, 26 (NET)

Matthew 16:25, 26 (KJV)

For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life because of me will find it. For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it.

Matthew 16:25 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 16:25 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 16:25 (Byzantine Majority Text)

ὃς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι ἀπολέσει αὐτήν· ὃς δ᾿ ἂν ἀπολέσῃ τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ εὑρήσει αὐτήν ος γαρ αν θελη την ψυχην αυτου σωσαι απολεσει αυτην ος δ αν απολεση την ψυχην αυτου ενεκεν εμου ευρησει αυτην ος γαρ αν θελη την ψυχην αυτου σωσαι απολεσει αυτην ος δ αν απολεση την ψυχην αυτου ενεκεν εμου ευρησει αυτην
For what does it benefit a person if he gains the whole world but forfeits his life? Or what can a person give in exchange for his life? For what is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul? or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?

Matthew 16:26 (NET Parallel Greek)

Matthew 16:26 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

Matthew 16:26 (Byzantine Majority Text)

τί γὰρ ὠφεληθήσεται ἄνθρωπος ἐὰν τὸν κόσμον ὅλον κερδήσῃ τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ζημιωθῇ; ἢ τί δώσει ἄνθρωπος ἀντάλλαγμα τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ τι γαρ ωφελειται ανθρωπος εαν τον κοσμον ολον κερδηση την δε ψυχην αυτου ζημιωθη η τι δωσει ανθρωπος ανταλλαγμα της ψυχης αυτου τι γαρ ωφελειται ανθρωπος εαν τον κοσμον ολον κερδηση την δε ψυχην αυτου ζημιωθη η τι δωσει ανθρωπος ανταλλαγμα της ψυχης αυτου

3 Matthew 7:18 (ESV) 3 John, Part 4

4 Numbers 22:12 (The Complete Jewish Bible)

5 Numbers 22:38b (The Complete Jewish Bible)

6 Numbers 22:41-23:3a (ESV)

7 Matthew 7:18 (ESV)

8 3 John, Part 4 In The Complete Jewish Bible online the translation say also indicates the imperative mood: The Lord placed something into Balaam’s mouth, and He said, “Return to Balak and say as follows.” Apparently only λαλήσεις in the Septuagint, a 2nd person singular form of λαλέω, is clearly in the future tense and indicative mood.

10 Matthew 7:18 (ESV) 3 John, Part 4

11 Numbers 22:20 (NETS) Table

12 Numbers 22:35 (English Elpenor) Table

13 Numbers 23:5 (English Elpenor)

18 John 17:3 (ESV)

19 Numbers 22:6b (ESV) Table

20 Numbers 23:3b (ESV)

21 Numbers 23:5 (ESV)

22 Numbers 23:6 (English Elpenor)

24 Leviticus 20:26 (ESV)

25 Genesis 15:5 (ESV) Table

27 One other occurrence, Numbers 24:14, will be considered as it occurs in these essays.

28 Genesis 49:1 (ESV)

29 Numbers 24:20 (ESV)

30 Deuteronomy 4:30, 31 (ESV)

31 Deuteronomy 8:16 (ESV)

32 Deuteronomy 11:12 (ESV)

33 Deuteronomy 31:29 (ESV)

34 Deuteronomy 32:20 (ESV)

35 Deuteronomy 32:29 (ESV)

36 Numbers 23:10b (ESV)

37 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ἐὰν (if?) following for, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had αν (then?). Neither appears to have been translated into English.

38 The NET parallel Greek text and NA28 had ὠφεληθήσεται here, a form of ὠφελέω in the future tense, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus and Byzantine Majority Text had ωφελειται (KJV: profited) in the present tense.

39 Matthew 16:24-26 (ESV)

40 Romans 6:1-7 (ESV)

41 Numbers 23:10b (ESV)

42 Romans 6:8-14 (ESV)

43 Numbers 23:10b (The Complete Jewish Bible)

44 Numbers 23:10b (NETS)

Christianity, Part 12

There are 3 occurrences of πάντας in 1 Corinthians [see Table below] the Greek word translated all people in: And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people (πάντας, a form of πᾶς) to myself.1 This is a continuation of my consideration of the first (1 Corinthians 7:7 ESV):

I wish that all (πάντας ἀνθρώπους) were as I myself am. But each has his own gift from God, one of one kind and one of another [Table].

I think everyone (NET) is a good translation of πάντας ἀνθρώπους above, despite “Paul’s assumptions [in 1 Corinthians 7:32-34] about the beautiful preoccupations of an unmarried man and an unmarried or betrothed woman2 limited to “those who were born…of the flesh of Adam” and born “from above…by the Spirit.”3 Here I want to explore the beauty of the story of Abraham, Sarah and Abimelech more thoroughly. It began when Abram and Sarai journeyed to Egypt.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:10-13 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:10-13 (NET)

Genesis 12:10-13 (NETS)

Genesis 12:10-13 (English Elpenor)

And there was a famine in the land; and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was sore in the land. There was a famine in the land, so Abram went down to Egypt to stay for a while because the famine was severe. And a famine occurred upon the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to reside there as an alien, for the famine prevailed upon the land. And there was a famine in the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there, because the famine prevailed in the land.
And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife (אִשְׁתּ֔וֹ): ‘Behold now, I know that thou art a fair (יְפַת) woman (אִשָּׁ֥ה) to look upon (מַרְאֶ֖ה). As he approached Egypt, he said to his wife (‘iššâ, אשתו) Sarai, “Look, I know that you are a beautiful woman [NET note 34: Heb “a woman (‘iššâ, אשה) beautiful (yāp̄ê, יפת) of appearance (mar’ê, מראה) are you”]. And it came about when Abram drew near to enter into Egypt that Abram said to his wife (τῇ γυναικὶ αὐτοῦ) Sara, “I do know that your are a woman (γυνὴ) beautiful in countenance (εὐπρόσωπος), And it came to pass when Abram drew nigh to enter into Egypt, Abram said to Sara his wife (τῇ γυναικί), I know that thou art a fair (εὐπρόσωπος) woman (γυνὴ).
And it will come to pass, when the Egyptians shall see thee, that they will say: This is his wife (אִשְׁתּ֣וֹ); and they will kill me, but thee they will keep alive. When the Egyptians see you they will say, ‘This is his wife (‘iššâ, אשתו).’ Then they will kill me but will keep you alive. it will be, therefore, that should the Egyptians see you, they will say, ‘This is his wife’ (γυνὴ αὐτοῦ), and they will kill me, but you they will keep for themselves. It shall come to pass then that when the Egyptians shall see thee, they shall say, This is his wife (γυνὴ αὐτοῦ), and they shall slay me, but they shall save thee alive.
Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister; that it may be well with me for thy sake, and that my soul may live because of thee.’ So tell them you are my sister so that it may go well for me because of you and my life will be spared on account of you.” Say, therefore, ‘I am his sister’, so that it may go well with me because of you, and my soul will live on your account.” Say, therefore, I am his sister, that it may be well with me on account of thee, and my soul shall live because of thee.

I am harder on Abram/Abraham about this fear than I should be. I’ve never lived in a world where anyone thought to kill me before having sex with my girlfriends or wives. Only God’s care makes Abram’s fear seem foolish. I’ve certainly feared matters of much less import when I should have trusted Him. And Abram’s fear—should the Egyptians see you, they will say, ‘This is his wife’, and they will kill me, but you they will keep for themselves4—sounds very much like a rationalization of the religious mind among those who have some compunction about sex with another man’s wife.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:14-16 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:14-16 (NET)

Genesis 12:14-16 (NETS)

Genesis 12:14-16 (English Elpenor)

And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians beheld the woman (הָ֣אִשָּׁ֔ה) that she was very (מְאֹֽד) fair (יָפָ֥ה). When Abram entered Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman (‘iššâ, האשה) was very (mᵊ’ōḏ, מאד) beautiful (yāp̄ê, יפה). And it came about when Abram entered into Egypt—as the Egyptians saw the woman (τὴν γυναῖκα), that she was very (σφόδρα) beautiful (καλὴ)— And it came to pass when Abram entered into Egypt– the Egyptians having seen his wife (τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ) that she was very (σφόδρα) beautiful (καλὴ)–
And the princes of Pharaoh saw her, and praised her to Pharaoh; and the woman was taken (וַתֻּקַּ֥ח) into Pharaoh’s house [Table]. When Pharaoh’s officials saw her, they praised her to Pharaoh. So Abram’s wife was taken (lāqaḥ, ותקח) into the household of Pharaoh, that then the rulers of Pharao saw her and praised her to Pharao and brought (εἰσήγαγον) her into Pharao’s house [Table]. that the princes of Pharao saw her, and praised her to Pharao and brought (εἰσήγαγον) her into the house of Pharao.
And he dealt well with Abram for her sake; and he had sheep, and oxen, and he-asses, and men-servants, and maid-servants, and she-asses, and camels [Table]. and he did treat Abram well on account of her. Abram received sheep and cattle, male donkeys, male servants, female servants, female donkeys, and camels. And for her sake they dealt well with Abram, and he had sheep and calves and donkeys, male and female slaves, mules and camels [Table]. And they treated Abram well on her account, and he had sheep, and calves, and asses, and men-servants, and women-servants, and mules, and camels.

The Hebrew word יָפָ֥ה (yāp̄ê), fair (Tanakh, KJV), beautiful (NET), was translated καλὴ, a form of καλός, in the Septuagint. I want to review what happened after Abimelech took Sarah to contrast that beauty to the story of Pharaoh and Sarai.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 20:3 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 20:3 (NET)

Genesis 20:3 (NETS) Table

Genesis 20:3 (English Elpenor)

But G-d came to Abimelech in a dream of the night, and said to him: ‘Behold, thou shalt die, because of the woman (הָֽאִשָּׁ֣ה) whom thou hast taken (לָקַ֔חְתָּ); for she is a man’s wife’. But God appeared to Abimelech in a dream at night and said to him, “You are as good as dead because of the woman (‘iššâ, האשה) you have taken (lāqaḥ, לקחת), for she is someone else’s wife.” And God came in to Abimelech in his sleep during the night and said, “Look, you are about to die by reason of the woman (τῆς γυναικός) whom you have taken (ἔλαβες), whereas she is married to a man.” And God came to Abimelech by night in sleep, and said, Behold, thou diest for the woman (τῆς γυναικός), whom thou hast taken (ἔλαβες), whereas she has lived with a husband.

God did not warn Pharaoh in a dream:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:17 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 12:17 (NET)

Genesis 12:17 (NETS) Table

Genesis 12:17 (English Elpenor)

And HaShem plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai Abram’s wife (אֵ֥שֶׁת). But the Lord struck Pharaoh and his household with severe diseases because of Sarai, Abram’s wife (‘iššâ, אשת). And God tried Pharao and his house with great and grievous trials because of Sara, Abram’s wife (τῆς γυναικὸς). And God afflicted Pharao with great and severe afflictions, and his house, because of Sara, Abram’s wife (τῆς γυναικὸς).

Was Abimelech somehow different from Pharoah?

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 20:4a (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 20:4a (NET)

Genesis 20:4a (NETS) Table

Genesis 20:4a (English Elpenor)

Now Abimelech had not come near (קָרַ֖ב) her; Now Abimelech had not gone near (qāraḇ, קרב) her. Now Abimelech had not touched (ἥψατο) her, But Abimelech had not touched (ἥψατο) her,

The implication is strong that Pharoah hadcome near (qāraḇ, קָרַ֖ב) her (Tanakh), he hadtouched (ἥψατο) her (NETS, English Elpenor). Is that why God appeared to Abimelech in a dream at night,5 but struck Pharaoh and his household with severe diseases?6 Well, maybe, since the law, which came [more than] 430 years afterward7 said, “You shall not commit adultery8?

But that answer only prompts another question, for God said to Abimelech:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 20:6b (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 20:6b (NET)

Genesis 20:6b (NETS) Table

Genesis 20:6b (English Elpenor)

I also withheld thee from sinning against Me. Therefore suffered I thee not to touch (לִנְגֹּ֥עַ) her. I have kept you from sinning against me and..I did not allow you to touch (nāḡaʿ, לנגע) her. I was the one who spared you so that you did not sin in regard to me. Therefore I did not allow you to touch (ἅψασθαι) her. I spared thee, so that thou shouldest not sin against me, therefore I suffered thee not to touch (ἅψασθαι) her.

Here the implication that Pharoah sinned against God by touching Sarai borders on certainty.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 12:18, 19 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:18, 19 (NET)

Genesis 12:18, 19 (NETS)

Genesis 12:18, 19 (English Elpenor)

And Pharaoh called Abram, and said: ‘What is this that thou hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife (אִשְׁתְּךָ֖)? So Pharaoh summoned Abram and said, “What is this you have done to me? Why didn’t you tell me that she was your wife (‘iššâ,אשתך)? Now when Pharao had called Abram he said, “What is this you have done to me, that you did not tell me that she is your wife (γυνή σού)? And Pharao having called Abram, said, What is this thou hast done to me, that thou didst not tell me that she was thy wife (γυνή σου)?
Why saidst thou: She is my sister? so that I took (וָֽאֶקַּ֥ח) her to be my wife (לְאִשָּׁ֑ה); now therefore behold thy wife (אִשְׁתְּךָ֖), take her (קַ֥ח), and go thy way.’ Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took (lāqaḥ, ואקח) her to be my wife (‘iššâ, לאשה)? Now, here is your wife (‘iššâ, אשתך). Take her (lāqaḥ, קח) and go!” Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’? And I took (ἔλαβον) her to myself for a wife (γυναῖκα). And now here is your wife ( γυνή σου) before you; take her (λαβὼν); hurry off.” Wherefore didst thou say, She is my sister? and I took (ἔλαβον) her for a wife (γυναῖκα) to myself; and now, behold, thy wife ( γυνή σου) is before thee, take her (λαβὼν) and go quickly away.

So, if God did not allow [Abimelech] to touch Sarah, why didn’t He do the same for Pharaoh and Sarai? Before I go on, I should acknowledge that Rashi potentially disputed my “certainty” that Pharaoh “touched” Sarai:9

And the Lord plagued Pharaoh[with] great plagues: He was stricken with the plague of “ra’athan,” making intercourse harmful to him. Gen. Rabbah (41:2)

as well as his household: lit. and his house. As the Targum states: and upon the people of his house, (and its midrashic interpretation (Tan. Lech Lecha 8) is that this includes its walls, pillars, and utensils. In an old Rashi).

on account of Sarai: [The words עַל דְבַר שָׂרַי mean literally] according to her words: she would say to the angel, “Strike,” and he would strike. [from Tan. Lech Lecha 5]

From the word דְּבַ֥ר (dāḇār), a word not translated independently into English, Rashi constructed a scene where Sarai called on an angel to strike Pharaoh and his household. The word “strike” was וַיְנַגַּ֨ע (nāḡaʿ), translated plagued (Tanakh, KJV) and struck (NET), from the same root as לִנְגֹּ֥ע (nāḡaʿ), translated to touch (Tanakh, KJV, NET) when God told Abimelech: I did not allow you to touch her.10 Rashi didn’t say explicitly whether Sarai told the angel to strike before or after Pharaoh “touched” her. But consider God’s command to Abimelech:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 20:7 (Tanakh)

Genesis 20:7 (NET)

Genesis 20:7 (NETS)

Genesis 20:7 (English Elpenor)

Now therefore restore the man’s wife (אֵֽשֶׁת); for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live; and if thou restore her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine.’ But now give back the man’s wife (‘iššâ, אשת). Indeed he is a prophet and he will pray for you; thus you will live. But if you don’t give her back, know that you will surely die along with all who belong to you.” And now return the woman (τὴν γυναῖκα) to the man, for he is a prophet, and he will pray for you, and you will live. If, however, you do not restore her, know that you shall die, you and all that are yours.” But now return the man his wife (τὴν γυναῖκα); for he is a prophet, and shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live; but if thou restore her not, know that thou shalt die and all thine.

Then consider Rashi’s commentary:11

return the man’s wife: And do not think that perhaps she will be repugnant to him, and he will not accept her, or that he will hate you and not pray for you. (Abimelech said to Him, “Who will let him know that I did not touch her?” He replied,)

because he is a prophet: And he knows that you did not touch her; therefore, “he will pray for you.” – [from Tan. Buber, Vayera 25]

The suggestion here, that Sarai would or should “be repugnant” to Abram if she told the angel to strike after Pharaoh “touched” her, implies that Rashi intended before Pharaoh “touched” her. I was a little surprised that many if not most commentators seemed to hold that the Lord struck Pharaoh and his household with severe diseases12 before Pharaoh “touched” Sarai. It was also the hope or expectation of most people I found online.13 It would’ve been my own preference. That’s why I’m pursuing the question.

It just seems to me now that the contrast between the two stories implies that Pharaoh “touched” Sarai. I’ll back off from my “certainty.” The text doesn’t explicitly say that Pharaoh “touched” Sarai any more than it says that Sarai “would say to the angel, ‘Strike,’ and he would strike.” The same phrase עַל־דְּבַ֥ר, made up of two words עַל (ʿal) and דְּבַ֥ר (dāḇār), is found in Genesis 20:11.

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 20:11 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 20:11 (NET)

Genesis 20:11 (NETS) Table

Genesis 20:11 (English Elpenor)

And Abraham said: ‘Because I thought: Surely the fear of G-d is not in this place; and they will slay me for my wife’s sake. Abraham replied, “Because I thought, ‘Surely no one fears God in this place. They will kill me because of my wife. And Abraam said, “Because I said, It appears there is no piety in this place, and so they will kill me because of my wife. And Abraam said, Why I said, Surely there is not the worship of God in this place, and they will slay me because of my wife.

Here that two word phrase was translated forsake (Tanakh) and because of (NET). A note (28) in the NET reads: “Heb ‘over the matter of.’” That seems to be the most reasonable understanding of the phrase in Genesis 12:17. The story of Sarai calling on an angel to defend her virtue would have been a good one to tell, if it actually happened. It sounds a little too much like the chivalric code:

The code of chivalry that developed in medieval Europe had its roots in earlier centuries. It arose in the Carolingian Empire from the idealisation of the cavalryman—involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others—especially in Francia, among horse soldiers in Charlemagne’s cavalry.[4]: 2 [5]

It’s not too hard to imagine that a medieval French rabbi, learning and teaching at a time when these ideals of justice and virtue were percolating, thought that God would put his knight at the fair lady Sarai’s disposal. I’m a little distressed how unchivalrous Abram seems 918 years after Rashi died. This is how Abraham explained it to Abimelech:

Masoretic Text

Septuagint

Genesis 20:13 (Tanakh) Table

Genesis 20:13 (NET)

Genesis 20:13 (NETS) Table

Genesis 20:13 (English Elpenor)

And it came to pass, when G-d caused me to wander from my father’s house, that I said unto her: This is thy kindness (חַסְדֵּ֔ךְ) which thou shalt show unto me; at every place whither we shall come, say of me: He is my brother.’ When God made me wander from my father’s house, I told her, ‘This is what you can do to show your loyalty (ḥeseḏ, חסדך) to me: Every place we go, say about me, “He is my brother.”’” Now it came about when God brought me forth from my father’s house, that then I said to her, ‘This righteousness (δικαιοσύνην) you shall do for me: in every place, there where we enter, say about me, He is my brother.’” And it came to pass when God brought me forth out of the house of my father, that I said to her, This righteousness (δικαιοσύνην) thou shalt perform to me, in every place into which we may enter, say of me, He is my brother.

The Hebrew word חַסְדֵּ֔ךְ (ḥeseḏ), translated kindness (Tanakh, KJV) and loyalty (NET), was rendered δικαιοσύνην (righteousness) by the rabbis who translated the Septuagint. So, rather than cavil at Abraham’s apparent lack of medieval European moral sensibilities, I should marvel at how far Sarai/Sarah was willing to go to obey her husband, her owner, her lord.

Without speaking a word against Abraham, Peter drew a sharp contrast quietly commending Sarah as one who did good and [did] not fear anything that is frightening.14 And the Lord didn’t need to constantly critique and criticize Abraham as I am prone to do, since He had already given him a wife who demonstrated such faithful, patient obedience without fear, that he may be won15 without a word by the conduct of16 his wife.

I’ll pick this up in another essay. The table mentioned above follows.

Occurrences of πάντας in 1 Corinthians

Reference

NET Parallel Greek

ESV
1 Corinthians 7:7 θέλω δὲ πάντας ἀνθρώπους εἶναι ὡς καὶ ἐμαυτόν I wish that all were as I myself am.
1 Corinthians 14:5

θέλω δὲ πάντας ὑμᾶς λαλεῖν γλώσσαις

Now I want you all to speak in tongues,

1 Corinthians 15:25 ἄχρι οὗ θῇ πάντας τοὺς ἐχθροὺς ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ until he has put all his enemies under his feet.

Tables comparing Genesis 12:10; 12:11; 12:12; 12:13; 12:14; 12:18; 12:19 and 20:7 in the Tanakh, KJV and NET, and tables comparing the Greek of Genesis 12:10; 12:11; 12:12; 12:13; 12:14; 12:18; 12:19 and 20:7 in the Septuagint (BLB and Elpenor), and a table comparing 1 Peter 3:1 in the NET and KJV follow.

Genesis 12:10 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:10 (KJV)

Genesis 12:10 (NET)

And there was a famine in the land; and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was sore in the land. And there was a famine in the land: and Abram went down into Egypt to sojourn there; for the famine was grievous in the land. There was a famine in the land, so Abram went down to Egypt to stay for a while because the famine was severe.

Genesis 12:10 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:10 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καὶ ἐγένετο λιμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ κατέβη Αβραμ εἰς Αἴγυπτον παροικῆσαι ἐκεῖ ὅτι ἐνίσχυσεν ὁ λιμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς Καὶ ἐγένετο λιμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, καὶ κατέβη ῞Αβραμ εἰς Αἴγυπτον παροικῆσαι ἐκεῖ, ὅτι ἐνίσχυσεν ὁ λιμὸς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς

Genesis 12:10 (NETS)

Genesis 12:10 (English Elpenor)

And a famine occurred upon the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to reside there as an alien, for the famine prevailed upon the land. And there was a famine in the land, and Abram went down to Egypt to sojourn there, because the famine prevailed in the land.

Genesis 12:11 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:11 (KJV)

Genesis 12:11 (NET)

And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife: ‘Behold now, I know that thou art a fair woman to look upon. And it came to pass, when he was come near to enter into Egypt, that he said unto Sarai his wife, Behold now, I know that thou art a fair woman to look upon: As he approached Egypt, he said to his wife Sarai, “Look, I know that you are a beautiful woman.

Genesis 12:11 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:11 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα ἤγγισεν Αβραμ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς Αἴγυπτον εἶπεν Αβραμ Σαρα τῇ γυναικὶ αὐτοῦ γινώσκω ἐγὼ ὅτι γυνὴ εὐπρόσωπος εἶ ἐγένετο δέ, ἡνίκα ἤγγισεν ῞Αβραμ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς Αἴγυπτον, εἶπεν ῞Αβραμ Σάρᾳ τῇ γυναικί· γινώσκω ἐγώ, ὅτι γυνὴ εὐπρόσωπος εἶ

Genesis 12:11 (NETS)

Genesis 12:11 (English Elpenor)

And it came about when Abram drew near to enter into Egypt that Abram said to his wife Sara, “I do know that your are a woman beautiful in countenance, And it came to pass when Abram drew nigh to enter into Egypt, Abram said to Sara his wife, I know that thou art a fair woman.

Genesis 12:12 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:12 (KJV)

Genesis 12:12 (NET)

And it will come to pass, when the Egyptians shall see thee, that they will say: This is his wife; and they will kill me, but thee they will keep alive. Therefore it shall come to pass, when the Egyptians shall see thee, that they shall say, This is his wife: and they will kill me, but they will save thee alive. When the Egyptians see you they will say, ‘This is his wife.’ Then they will kill me but will keep you alive.

Genesis 12:12 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:12 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἔσται οὖν ὡς ἂν ἴδωσίν σε οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι ἐροῦσιν ὅτι γυνὴ αὐτοῦ αὕτη καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσίν με σὲ δὲ περιποιήσονται ἔσται οὖν, ὡς ἂν ἴδωσί σε οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι, ἐροῦσιν ὅτι γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ἐστιν αὐτή, καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσί με, σὲ δὲ περιποιήσονται

Genesis 12:12 (NETS)

Genesis 12:12 (English Elpenor)

it will be, therefore, that should the Egyptians see you, they will say, ‘This is his wife’, and they will kill me, but you they will keep for themselves. It shall come to pass then that when the Egyptians shall see thee, they shall say, This is his wife, and they shall slay me, but they shall save thee alive.

Genesis 12:13 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:13 (KJV)

Genesis 12:13 (NET)

Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister; that it may be well with me for thy sake, and that my soul may live because of thee.’ Say, I pray thee, thou art my sister: that it may be well with me for thy sake; and my soul shall live because of thee. So tell them you are my sister so that it may go well for me because of you and my life will be spared on account of you.”

Genesis 12:13 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:13 (Septuagint Elpenor)

εἰπὸν οὖν ὅτι ἀδελφὴ αὐτοῦ εἰμι ὅπως ἂν εὖ μοι γένηται διὰ σέ καὶ ζήσεται ἡ ψυχή μου ἕνεκεν σοῦ εἰπὸν οὖν, ὅτι ἀδελφὴ αὐτοῦ εἰμι, ὅπως ἂν εὖ μοι γένηται διὰ σέ, καὶ ζήσεται ἡ ψυχή μου ἕνεκέν σου

Genesis 12:13 (NETS)

Genesis 12:13 (English Elpenor)

Say, therefore, ‘I am his sister’, so that it may go well with me because of you, and my soul will live on your account.” Say, therefore, I am his sister, that it may be well with me on account of thee, and my soul shall live because of thee.

Genesis 12:14 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:14 (KJV)

Genesis 12:14 (NET)

And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians beheld the woman that she was very fair. And it came to pass, that, when Abram was come into Egypt, the Egyptians beheld the woman that she was very fair. When Abram entered Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful.

Genesis 12:14 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:14 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἐγένετο δὲ ἡνίκα εἰσῆλθεν Αβραμ εἰς Αἴγυπτον ἰδόντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι τὴν γυναῖκα ὅτι καλὴ ἦν σφόδρα ἐγένετο δέ, ἡνίκα εἰσῆλθεν ῞Αβραμ εἰς Αἴγυπτον, ἰδόντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ, ὅτι καλὴ ἦν σφόδρα

Genesis 12:14 (NETS)

Genesis 12:14 (English Elpenor)

And it came about when Abram entered into Egypt—as the Egyptians saw the woman, that she was very beautiful— And it came to pass when Abram entered into Egypt– the Egyptians having seen his wife that she was very beautiful–

Genesis 12:18 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:18 (KJV)

Genesis 12:18 (NET)

And Pharaoh called Abram, and said: ‘What is this that thou hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife? And Pharaoh called Abram, and said, What is this that thou hast done unto me? why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife? So Pharaoh summoned Abram and said, “What is this you have done to me? Why didn’t you tell me that she was your wife?

Genesis 12:18 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:18 (Septuagint Elpenor)

καλέσας δὲ Φαραω τὸν Αβραμ εἶπεν τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι ὅτι οὐκ ἀπήγγειλάς μοι ὅτι γυνή σού ἐστιν καλέσας δὲ Φαραὼ τὸν ῞Αβραμ εἶπε· τί τοῦτο ἐποίησάς μοι, ὅτι οὐκ ἀπήγγειλάς μοι, ὅτι γυνή σου ἐστίν;

Genesis 12:18 (NETS)

Genesis 12:18 (English Elpenor)

Now when Pharao had called Abram he said, “What is this you have done to me, that you did not tell me that she is your wife? And Pharao having called Abram, said, What is this thou hast done to me, that thou didst not tell me that she was thy wife?

Genesis 12:19 (Tanakh)

Genesis 12:19 (KJV)

Genesis 12:19 (NET)

Why saidst thou: She is my sister? so that I took her to be my wife; now therefore behold thy wife, take her, and go thy way.’ Why saidst thou, She is my sister? so I might have taken her to me to wife: now therefore behold thy wife, take her, and go thy way. Why did you say, ‘She is my sister,’ so that I took her to be my wife? Now, here is your wife. Take her and go!”

Genesis 12:19 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 12:19 (Septuagint Elpenor)

ἵνα τί εἶπας ὅτι ἀδελφή μού ἐστιν καὶ ἔλαβον αὐτὴν ἐμαυτῷ εἰς γυναῖκα καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἡ γυνή σου ἐναντίον σου λαβὼν ἀπότρεχε ἱνατί εἶπας ὅτι ἀδελφή μου ἐστί; καὶ ἔλαβον αὐτὴν ἐμαυτῷ γυναῖκα, καὶ νῦν ἰδοὺ ἡ γυνή σου ἔναντί σου· λαβὼν ἀπότρεχε

Genesis 12:19 (NETS)

Genesis 12:19 (English Elpenor)

Why did you say, ‘She is my sister’? And I took her to myself for a wife. And now here is your wife before you; take her; hurry off.” Wherefore didst thou say, She is my sister? and I took her for a wife to myself; and now, behold, thy wife is before thee, take her and go quickly away.

Genesis 20:7 (Tanakh)

Genesis 20:7 (KJV)

Genesis 20:7 (NET)

Now therefore restore the man’s wife; for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live; and if thou restore her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine.’ Now therefore restore the man his wife; for he is a prophet, and he shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live: and if thou restore her not, know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine. But now give back the man’s wife. Indeed he is a prophet and he will pray for you; thus you will live. But if you don’t give her back, know that you will surely die along with all who belong to you.”

Genesis 20:7 (Septuagint BLB)

Genesis 20:7 (Septuagint Elpenor)

νῦν δὲ ἀπόδος τὴν γυναῖκα τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ὅτι προφήτης ἐστὶν καὶ προσεύξεται περὶ σοῦ καὶ ζήσῃ εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀποδίδως γνῶθι ὅτι ἀποθανῇ σὺ καὶ πάντα τὰ σά νῦν δὲ ἀπόδος τὴν γυναῖκα τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ, ὅτι προφήτης ἐστὶ καὶ προσεύξεται περὶ σοῦ καὶ ζήσῃ· εἰ δὲ μὴ ἀποδίδως, γνώσῃ ὅτι ἀποθανῇ σὺ καὶ πάντα τὰ σά

Genesis 20:7 (NETS)

Genesis 20:7 (English Elpenor)

And now return the woman to the man, for he is a prophet, and he will pray for you, and you will live. If, however, you do not restore her, know that you shall die, you and all that are yours.” But now return the man his wife; for he is a prophet, and shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live; but if thou restore her not, know that thou shalt die and all thine.

1 Peter 3:1 (NET)

1 Peter 3:1 (KJV)

In the same way, wives, be subject to your own husbands. Then, even if some are disobedient to the word, they will be won over without a word by the way you live, Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands; that, if any obey not the word, they also may without the word be won by the conversation of the wives;

1 Peter 3:1 (NET Parallel Greek)

1 Peter 3:1 (Stephanus Textus Receptus)

1 Peter 3:1 (Byzantine Majority Text)

Ὁμοίως [αἱ] γυναῖκες, ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἰδίοις ἀνδράσιν, ἵνα |καὶ| εἴ τινες ἀπειθοῦσιν τῷ λόγῳ, διὰ τῆς τῶν γυναικῶν ἀναστροφῆς ἄνευ λόγου κερδηθήσονται ομοιως αι γυναικες υποτασσομεναι τοις ιδιοις ανδρασιν ινα και ει τινες απειθουσιν τω λογω δια της των γυναικων αναστροφης ανευ λογου κερδηθησωνται ομοιως αι γυναικες υποτασσομεναι τοις ιδιοις ανδρασιν ινα και ει τινες απειθουσιν τω λογω δια της των γυναικων αναστροφης ανευ λογου κερδηθησονται

1 John 12:32 (ESV)

4 Genesis 12:13 (NETS)

5 Genesis 20:3a (NET) Table

6 Genesis 12:17a (NET) Table

7 Galatians 3:17a (ESV) Table

8 Exodus 20:14 (ESV) Table

9 From Rashi’s commentary to Genesis 12:17 (Tanakh), chabad.org

10 Genesis 20:6b (NET) Table

11 From Rashi’s commentary to Genesis 20:7 (Tanakh), chabad.org

12 Genesis 12:17a (NET) Table

14 1 Peter 3:6b (ESV)

15 The NET parallel Greek text, NA28 and Byzantine Majority Text had κερδηθήσονται (NET: they will be won over) here in the future tense and indicative mood, where the Stephanus Textus Receptus had κερδηθησωνται (KJV: theymaybe won) in the aorist tense and subjunctive mood.

16 1 Peter 3:1b (ESV)